VTNE Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
What organ is the primary site of drug metabolism?
A
Liver
2
Q
What disease is characterized by impaired carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism with insulin deficiency?
A
Diabetes mellitus
3
Q
What scissors are used for most soft tissue dissection?
A
Metzenbaum scissors
4
Q
Which retractor is made of thin metal that is easily bent and used for retracting abdominal and thoracic organs?
A
Malleable retractor
5
Q
When doing an enclosed extraction, a flap with two releasing incisions is called?
A
Pedicle flap
6
Q
What parasite has egg packets that contain 20 to 30 individual hexacanth embryos and has the flea as the intermediate host?
A
Dipylidium caninum or tapeworm
7
Q
What is the definition of cylindruria?
A
Increased number of casts in the urine
8
Q
What is the inability to breathe without the patient being in an upright position?
A
Orthopnea
9
Q
What is the humidity range that most captive reptile species respond to?
A
50-70% with jungle species being higher and desert species being lower
10
Q
How thick should the lead apron, gloves, and thyroid shield be to ensure good protection from secondary and scatter radiation?
A
0.5 mm
11
Q
What is helical scan mode on a CT scanner?
A
When the xray tube turns 360 degrees around the patient while the patient bed moves through the gantry
12
Q
When horses are administered a benzodiazepine tranquilizer, they will experience?
A
- Muscle fasciculations
- Weakness
- Mild ataxia
- Skeletal muscle relaxation
- Anticonvulsant activty
(appetite stimulation is only in cats)
13
Q
When the patient is in stage IV of anesthesia it will exhibit what symptoms?
A
- Pupils widely dilated
- Breathing stops
- All reflexes are absent
- The heart stops
14
Q
When an animal is giving birth vaginally what is the position that the fetus is in when the fetus is breech?
A
The fetus is in the posterior presentation and the hind legs are retained so that the rump of the fetus is presented first
15
Q
Which route of administration are you able to administer large volumes of fluids for slow absorption?
A
SQ
16
Q
What percent of the body is made up of water?
A
60%
17
Q
What are the indications for a blood transfusion?
A
- Acute hemorrhage
- Chronic anemia
- Hemolytic anemia
18
Q
Opioids fall into what schedule of controlled drugs?
A
Schedule III
19
Q
According to Colorado State University pain scale a pain score of 4 has what signs?
A
- Constantly groaning or screaming when unattended
- Difficult to distract from pain
- May react aggressively to palpation
20
Q
What is the purpose of Omeprazole?
A
antacid
21
Q
What barbiturate is more lipid soluble?
A
Thiopental which is a thiobarbiturate
22
Q
In what phase of wound healing does endothelin protein initially cause vasodilation?
A
Inflammation
23
Q
What is the purpose of a Robert Jones bandage?
A
To stabilize the joint below and above a fracture site while providing some bending and rotational stability
24
Q
What setting needs to be changed on a dental xray machine?
A
The time. Most dental xrays have fixed kvp and mA.
25
What type of malocclusion does mandibular prognathism fall under
Class III Occlusion
26
What two enzyme tests are performed in the clinic to assess liver function?
AST and ALT
27
Which variation in rbc cell shape is seen as more darkly stained with reduce or no central pallor?
Spherocyte
28
After urinary catheterization in a dog or cat, the patient is monitored for adequate urine output. How much urine should a normotensive, normovolemic patient with intact renal function produce in an hour?
1-2 ml/kg/hr
29
What is the most important aspect of good venipuncture?
Proper restraint and proper distension and immobilization of the vessel
30
How would you position the unaffected limb for a mediolateral view of the femur?
Flex the unaffected limb, adduct and pull laterally
31
What contrast media is used exclusively for radiographic examination of the gi tract and can be administered either orally or rectally?
Barium sulfate
32
What structures are bypassed when using a non-rebreathing circuit as compared to a rebreathing circuit?
Carbon dioxide canister, pressure manometer, and unidirectional valves
33
What vital center in the body does anesthesia affect?
Central nervous system
34
What are common causes of distributive shock?
sepsis, anaphylaxis, and neurogenic states
35
What is the normal blood volume in dogs and cats?
Dogs 8-9% and Cats 6-7%
36
What type of heart failure is diuretic therapy, particularly Furosemide, used to treat?
Congestive Heart Failure
37
What is the common absorbent used in toxicity cases?
activated charcoal
38
Butorphanol is used as an analgesic post-operatively to treat what type of pain?
Visceral pain
39
What part of the pain pathway involves the sensory impulses being conducted to the spinal cord?
Transmission
40
When should you never induce vomiting?
Unconscious animals, when easily evaporated liquids like gasoline have been ingested, or in an animal who may have ingested a linear foreign object
41
What drug is commonly used in emergencies to treat status epilepticus?
Diazepam
42
Which drains are gravity dependent
passive
43
What is interdigital hyperplasia in cattle?
A thickening of the interdigital skin that causes a mass to protrude between the claws. AKA an interdigital fibroma or corn
44
If left undisturbed plaque can form on teeth as quickly as?
24 hours
45
A caudal crossbite is an example of this type of malocclusion?
Class 1
46
What type of crystals appear in the urine of an animal that has been poisoned with ethylene glycol?
Calcium oxalate
47
When performing a manual CBC, marked rouleaux formation is normal in the sample of what animal?
Horses
48
What is the difference between vomiting and regurgitation?
Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of contents from the stomach and upper intestine, while regurgitation is the passive expulsion of material from the mouth, pharynx, or esophagus
49
4 Facts about chemotherapeutic drugs
1. Have potential to cause defects in developing fetuses 2. Can be given IM, IV, and oral 3. No safe level of occupational exposure has been identified 4. Some IV chemotherapy agents can cause tissue necrosis if given outside the vein
50
How should you position an animal for a mediolateral view of the femur
In lateral recumbency with the affected leg down
51
If a film is too light but the anatomical features aren't visible what should you do?
Increase kVp by 10-15%
52
How often should artificial tears or other corneal lubricant be instilled in the eyes of an anesthetized patient undergoing a lengthy procedure?
every hour
53
What is the most common reason for anesthetic emergencies?
Human error
54
What is the very first thing a CVT should do if they suspect their patient has a chest injury?
Provide the patient with oxygen
55
A concerned owner calls and says she suspects her cat is constipated. He has been lethargic, vocal, and straining in the litter box. Why should this cat be brought in immediately?
The cat most likely has a urethral obstruction
56
What can grapes and raisins cause in dogs if ingested in high amounts/
Acute kidney failure
57
What are common clinical signs of diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis?
PU/PD; depression or lethargy; and acetone smell to breath
58
What is the order of the steps of nociception?
Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception
59
What are side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs?
Liver and renal toxicity, increased bleeding times, and GI ulceration
60
Which class of abx is known for causing severe diarrhea which can result in death for guinea pigs, ferrets, hamsters, and rabbits if given orally?
Penicillins
61
Which cyclooxygenase is very important for causing the secretion of stomach-protective mucus, maintaining blood supply to the stomach, and decreasing acid production that is not inhibited by selective NSAIDs like firocoxib
COX-1
62
Which stage of anesthesia is your surgical patient in if he/she is struggling, vocalizing, and paddling right after receiving its premedication?
Stage 2
63
What instrument measures pressure within a cuff and that is commonly used with a Doppler monitor?
Sphygomomanometer
64
What is the correct dental formula for a rabbit?
2 (I 2/1 C 0/0 P 3/2 M 2-3/3)
65
Tooth resporption, neck lesions, and cervical line lesions are very common in which species?
Feline
66
What common feline parasite can infect an unborn fetus inside a woman and cause serious birth defects?
Toxoplasma gondii
67
The next test you would perform to help identify the species of a bacteria which stained as a gram positive cocci would be?
Catalase
68
You receive a call from a client of yours who is a dairy farmer that reports he has a cow that just went through partruition one hour ago and is now in sternal recumbency and is also having muscle tremors. Is this an emergency and what is the most likely cause?
Yes; Periparturient Hypocalcemia
69
What vitamin do guinea pigs have to have supplemented in their diet because they do not synthesize it themselves normally?
Vitamin c
70
Abdominal radiographs should be taken when the patient is at maximum?
Expiration
71
What is used to provide dynamic real-time imaging of anatomical structures with a continuous beam of xrays?
Fluoroscopy
72
Which inhalant anesthetic is considered to have the fewest adverse cardiovascular effects and is therefore considered to be the inhalant agent of choice for patients with cardiac disease?
Isoflurane
73
What is an ultra short acting nonbarbiturate injectable anesthetic which is given IV for induction and short term maintenance of general anesthesia?
Propofol
74
What type of shock is characterized by a decreased intravascular volume, usually caused by blood loss, third space loss, and/or excessive fluid loss through vomiting/diarrhea/dieresis?
Hypovolemic shock
75
While checking your anesthetized patient you discover they have been given 3x the amount of fluids they should have what do you do?
Turn off fluid and consult with veterinarian while monitoring the patients respirations constantly
76
What is the most common reproductive emergency for male dogs and cats and is characterized by an inability to retract their penis?
Paraphimosis
77
A male cat comes into the clinic with stranguria, pollakiuria, and hematuria while also being restless, very vocal, and constantly grooming his urogenital area. What is the most common disorder?
Urinary obstruction
78
Detecting by the nervous system of the potential for or the actual occurrence of tissue injury is called
nociception
79
What class of analgesic medication decreases inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis and are commonly used to provide analgesia postoperatively and in patients with less severe or inflammatory pain?
NSAIDS
80
To reduce intracranial pressure resulting in trauma, what can be administered every 4-8 hours?
Mannitol
81
GDV is a life threatening emergency. Its main damaging effect is the obstruction of what?
portal vein
82
What do you measure to place a nasal oxygenation catheter?
Measure from the nose to the medial canthus of the eye
83
What is an example of a colloid solution?
Hetastarch
84
Using the triadan system, the proper way of describing the cat's first lower molar is?
First molar is always 09
85
Normal scissor occlusion is when the maxillary fourth premolars occlude?
level with the mandibular first molar
86
What vitamins are water soluble?
B and C
87
What are cecotrophs?
Nighttime rabbit feces that are covered in mucus to protect them from the acid pH of the stomach and are high in water, nitrogen, electrolytes, and vitamin B. Rabbits will often ingest these.
88
Dalmations are the only species to excrete what in their urine?
uric acid
89
Arterial blood is most commonly used for
Blood gas samples
90
Overinflation of the lungs during artificial ventilation can cause what?
Ruptured alveoli or emphysema
91
Your anesthetized patient is dyspneic. What do you do?
1. Turn down the vaporizer 2. Check the ET tube 3. Check the oxygen flow
92
What does it mean when a drug has a narrow therapeutic range?
the effective and toxic doses are quite close to each other
93
A cow is accidentally dosed with an equine dose of xylazine. What should be administered immediately?
Yohimbine
94
What is the main purpose of the xray developer?
Reduce the silver halide in the film emulsion to metallic silver
95
If using rare earth screens, what spectrum of light must the film be sensitive to?
Green
96
What suture material persists in the body the longest?
Polypropylene
97
What is the difference between an elective and non-elective procedure?
Elective are performed at the veterinarian and owners convenience. Non-elective must be done urgently and are usually on compromised animals
98
Where in the pain pathway does secondary sensitization or "windup" occur?
Spinal cord
99
Administering analgesics before tissue injury is known as
preemptive analgesia
100
In what position should the elevator be used when extracting a tooth using vertical rotation?
Parallel to the root
101
Healthy gingival flora is made up of what type of bacteria?
Gram positive aerobic bacteria
102
What can cause leukopenia in critical small animal patients?
1. Patients undergoing chemotherapy
2. Patients with increased neutrophils and macrophages as well as decreased lymphocytes and eosinophils
3. Patients with bone marrow neoplasia, immune-mediated diseases, aplasia, and other degenerative disorders
103
What part of the patient should be warmed first in trauma cases?
Body core
104
What type of examination is echocardiography?
Non-invasive
105
Caval syndrome can cause?
Hemoglobinuria
106
WHat is the most profound adverse effect of opioids?
Respiratory depression
107
What effect do mineralocorticoids have on the body?
Water and electrolyte balance in the body and no anti-inflammatory effect
108
WHere in the body of the primary host is Dirofilaria immitis found?
109
What is the prepatent period for Taenia pisiformis?
56 days
110
Which type of orthopedic implant is the most resistant to corrosion?
Titanium
111
Inadequate surgical preparation can do what?
inhibit surgical technique, increase risk for infection, and prolonged anesthesia
112
What percentage of cats are diagnosed with myocardial disease?
80%
113
Coughing is a common size of CHG in what species?
Dogs
114
What must xrays be labeled with?
Clinic name and location; date; owners name; and patients name
115
Xray film is sensitive to what?
Heat, light, and pressure
116
An agent with a higher MAC is more or less potent than an agent with a low MAC?
High MAC is less potent
117
Even though sevoflurane is perceived to be safer than isoflurane, it causes more of what?
Hypotension
118
What species are more at risk for adverse effects after administration of NSAIDs?
Cats
119
Which channel do the -caine local anesthetics use to block nerve transmission?
Sodium channel
120
What is the inotrope and chronotrope of Cardiac Glycosides?
Positive inotrope and negative chronotrope
121
Which 3 drugs are included in triple antibiotic topical ointment?
neomycin, polymyxin b, and bacitracin a
122
Describe catgut suture
Natural, absorbable, and multifilament
123
What is the recommended treatment for a feline with a closed pyometra?
OHE
124
Describe a normal occlusion in a canine
1. Described as a scissor bite
2. Mandibular incisors rest on the palatal side of the maxillary incisors
3. First mandibular premolar fits midway between the maxillary canine and 1st premolar
125
What is the most common treatment for feline tooth resorption?
tooth extraction
126
Regenerative anemia is differentiated from non-regenerative anemia by the abundance of which cell type on the blood smear?
Reticulocytes
127
Which parasite requires a fecal sedimentation to optimize recovery and examination of their ova?
Trematodes
128
What is the most common use for distal limb bandages on a horse?
inflammation
129
What is the usual method for diagnosing displaced abomasum in cattle?
percussion
130
While ultrasounding a fluid filled bladder, the tissue on the far side of the bladder is hyperechoic. WHat is this an example of?
acoustic enhancement
131
Which settings are recommended for thoracic radiographics?
High kVp, Low mAs
132
What is the benefit of balance anesthesia?
1. Maximizes the benefits of each drug
2. Minimizes the adverse effects of each drug
3. Minimizes the volume of drugs used
133
A common anesthetic problem encountered by brachycephalic dogs?
High tendency toward airway obstruction
134
Describe hypovolemic shock?
a decrease in intravascular volume resulting in decreased venous return and ventricular filling
135
Describe the trauma triad of death
acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy
136
Neuroleptanalgesia is a state of potent sedation achieved by combining which two drug categories?
opioids and tranquilizers
137
When are analgesics contraindicated for pain?
always
138
What arrythmia is described as a rapid disorganized contractions of the ventricles resulting in the inability of the heart to pump blood?
ventricle fibrillation
139
What is a radiographic contrast study evaluating the urinary bladder?
cystography
140
What drug is a centrally acting antitussive that is available by injection and oral forms?
butorphanol
141
Although commonly used for pruritis this drug category can also be used as an antiemetic because they work by blocking input from the vestibular system to the chemoreceptor trigger zone?
antihistamines
142
A patient begins to regurgitate while waking up from a surgery. WHat do you do?
Tell the vet, ensure the cuff of the ET tube is properly inflated, and tip the head down
143
If buccal mm cannot be evaluated, what other areas of the body can be used to examine CRT?
genitals and conjunctiva of the eye
144
AN animal is HBC. WHile another cvt is gathering history what is the first thing you assess?
Determine if an airway is present
145
What protozoan is the reason pregnant women need to use caution while cleaning the litter box?
toxoplasmosis
146
Are fleas species specific?
Yes but can carry other species
147
A pt with CHF is presented for dehydration. What fluids do you get?
NaCl
148
During induction of a 15 kg canine using a mask, what should the oxygen flow rate be set at?
3-5 L/min
149
What stage/plane is your patient in if the HR and RR are elevated, the pupils are dilated, and the patient seems to be fighting the anesthesia?
Stage 2
150
A non-rebreathing system uses (high or low) oxygen flow rate? This (increases or decreases) cost because of the amount of oxygen and anesthetic used?
High and increases
151
Although IM injections are most commonly used, Ketamine can also be given in what route to fractious cats?
orally
152
Providing analgesia before tissue injury is called?
preemptive analgesia
153
Pain that is unidentifiable or of an unknown cause is
idiopathic
154
What is the gestation period of a bovine?
283 days
155
When are kittens typically weaned?
7-9 weeks
156
When measuring central venous pressure, the tip of the central venous catheter must rest where?
vena cava
157
How are rapid acting anesthetics better controlled?
continuous administration
158
What is it called when you surgically make a cut into the chest wall?
Thoracotomy
159
Which drug commonly causes post-operative hyperthermia?
Ketamine
160
What instrument is used for supragingival scaling only?
Scaler
161
Brachygnathism results in what?
Severe overbite
162
A rise in BUN and CREAT indicates?
Renal disease
163
What are irrelevant lab findings that are usually a result of the procedure itself?
artifact
164
What is muscle atrophy
decreased muscle mass
165
What is an isotonic solution?
a fluid with the same osmotic pressure as blood
166
What is an artifact?
an insignificant mark on a radiograph
167
WHat is the purpose of a dosimeter badge?
To monitor exposure to radiation
168
What is the most common route of administration for insulin in diabetic patients?
SQ
169
What is the purpose of atipamezole?
anesthetic reversal
170
How is parvovirus spread?
Through infected feces
171
If a patient is experiencing acute sinus bradycardia what should be considered first?
Drug intoxication
172
Opisthotonus is most commonly seen in what kind of trauma?
Bunt trauma to head
173
What is the cause of cardogenic pulmonary edema?
Heart dysfunction
174
What is hyperalgesia?
Increased sensitivity to pain
175
What is the first phase of nociception?
Transduction
176
What is a narrow spectrum penicillin?
Penicillin G
177
What is the function of an antiemetic?
To stop vomiting
178
In what order do you drape a patient?
Quarter drapes, towel clamps, surgical drape
179
What type of suture is not absorbable?
silk
180
How many layers are there to the dental film packet?
4
181
What is the duration of a dental block if lidocaine is used?
1.5- 2 hours
182
What anticoagulant is in a blue top tube?
Citrate
183
What is an oxidase test?
A test to identify bacteria containing the respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase
184
The ribs should be what in an appropriate weight animal?
Felt but not seen
185
What are examples of a fearful animal?
Head low, painting, lips pulled back, urination, defecation, release of anal glands
186
What is focal film distance?
The distance between the target in the xray tube and the surface of the xray detector
187
What does radiographic density refer to?
The degree of blackness in the film
188
Is nystagmus relevant as a monitoring tool?
no
189
The term atelectasis refers to what?
Collapsed alveoli
190
A slow capillary refill time is suggestive of what?
Poor perfusion
191
Which drug is used to increase contractility of the heart?
Dopamine
192
What type of insulin would you use as an emergency dose?
Regular
193
Lateral strabismus may be observed after what ocular emergency?
Proptosis
194
Pain control in the surgical patient should be available during which stages of the hospitalization of a patient
All stages
195
What class of drug is morphine?
opioid
196
What are some examples of NSAIDs?
Meloxicam, caprofen, deracoxib
197
Which drug can be used to induce vomiting?
Histamine
198
What are examples of elective surgery?
spay, castration, declaw
199
What is the medical term for abdominal incision?
celiotomy
200
Which animal's teeth are considered to be hyspodont?
Horses
201
What are examples of malocclusion?
brachygnathism, prognathism, mesioclusion
202
Which tapeworm lays egg packets that look like grains of rice in fecal material?
Dipylidium caninum
203
What is a soft tick?
Otobius megnini or spinose ear tick
204
What are the five freedoms of animal welfare?
FREEDOM FROM HUNGER AND THIRST.
FREEDOM FROM DISCOMFORT.
FREEDOM FROM PAIN, INJURY OR DISEASE.
FREEDOM TO EXPRESS NORMAL BEHAVIOR.
FREEDOM FROM FEAR AND DISTRESS.
205
What are common signs of small bowel diarrhea?
melena, weight loss, increased volume of feces
206
What does DICOM stand for?
Digital imaging and communications in medicine
207
What does mAs stand for?
Milliamperage per second
208
What is the main reason for Guaifenesin in an induction protocol in horses?
muscle relaxation
209
What protocol would result in the fastest induction time and the best control over anesthetic depth?
IV induction with an ultra-short acting agent and maintenance with an inhalant
210
While monitoring a patient on an anesthetic machine, you realize that the oxygen tank has become empty. The best thing would be to:
Disconnect the patient from the circuit, put on a new oxygen tank, and then reconnect the patient to the circuit
211
Brain damage may occur when there is inadequate oxygenation of the tissues for the longer than?
4 minutes
212
A dog that has liver dysfunction may be hypoproteinemic and therefore requires ____________ for induction compared with that needed for a normal dog?
less barbiturate
213
Tachyarrythmias in the cat are best treated with
propanolol
214
What NSAID is known to increase bleeding times?
Ketoprofen
215
What is an anesthetic plan that includes multimodal analgesic therapy?
dexmedetomidine, morphine, ketamine
216
The __________ starts at the SA node and ends at the AV node
P wave
217
The _________ represents atrial depolarization
P wave
218
In monitoring anesthesia, Doppler blood pressure monitors are relatively inexpensive and provide what readings?
Systolic blood pressure
219
Pulse oximetry measures
hemoglobin saturation and heart rate
220
What is a small protein produced by the liver and acts as a sponge to hold water in the blood vessels?
Albumin
221
A low ________ can be seen with liver disease and an increase _________ is seen with kidney disease.
BUN/BUN
222
All drugs absorbed by the intestines pass through the ________ before entering the systemic circulation
liver
223
An injectable drug in lipophilic form that is slowly absorbed giving sustained effective drug concentrations is called
repository
224
A rule of thumb for treat or snack allowance is what percent of the daily energy intake?
10%
225
What is the primary energy source in livestock rations?
Carbohydrates
226
What is an agent of preventing infection by inhibiting the growth of infectious agents when applied to living tissues?
antiseptic
227
Celiotomy is a surgical incision into the
abdominal cavity
228
What scalers are used for supragingival removal of calculus? THey should not be inserted below the gumline.
Hand
229
To perform the _________ block, retract the lip dorsally and palpate just dorsal to the distal root of the maxillary third premolar
rostral maxillary
230
What is dystocia?
when a bitch experiences prolonged gestation and can be characterized as active straining for more than 60 minutes without delivery of the fetus
231
What is paraphomosis?
the inability to retract the penis within the prepuce
232
What type of history do you get if dystocia is suspected?
normal history and obstetric
233
What breeds of dogs are dystocias often seen in?
Large heads and wide shoulders
234
What does it mean when a drug reduces the seizure threshold?
The drug will increase the frequency of the seizure that an animal will have
235
What do NSAIDS stand for?
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
236
What does the vaporizer on an anesthetic machine do?
Convert a liquid anesthetic such as isoflurane or sevoflurane to a gaseous state and to add controlled amounts of this vaporized anesthetic to the carrier gases
237
What are the three drugs in a triple dip?
ketamine, xylazine, guaifenesin
238
What are the four regional dental blocks for dental procedures?
Rostral maxillary
caudal maxillary
rostral mandibular
caudal mandibular
239
What view is the parallel technique used for in dental radiology?
Caudal mandibular
240
What do increased numbers in neutrophils indicate?
INfection or inflammation
241
A coon hound that hunts rabbits and ducks has strange white pieces in his feces and is losing weight. What is the most likely parasite?
Taenia pisiformis
242
A dachshund leaps off the couch and now is acting paralyzed but still has deep pain response in her hind end. What is the most likely cause?
Intervertebral disc disease
243
What is the most common stifle injury in a dog?
Cruciate ligament rupture
244
What are the borders for a lateral thoracic view of a dog?
The thoracic inlet to the first lumbar vertebrae
245
What are the borders of the ventrodorsal abdominal view in a cat?
T9 vertebrae cranially to the greater trochanter caudally to include the coxofemoral joints
246
What is the normal respiratory rate of a dog and cat under anesthesia?
8-20 bpm
247
What is the ideal reflex to test for anesthetic depth if the face is unavailable to use?
pedal reflex
248
What are the 3 forms of heart failure?
1. Forward or low output fialure
2. Congestive failure
3. Combo of lower output and congestive
249
What are the four different forms of shock?
1. hypovolemic
2. cardiogenic
3. obstructive
4. distributive
250
What is the definition of thrombopathia and what patients is it seen in?
A function defect noted in patients with a history of bleeding
251
What does the cardiovascular emergency FATE stand for?
Feline Aortic Thromboembolism
252
What is nociception?
The perception of pain
253
What are the phases of nociception?
Transmission, transduction, modulation
254
What class of drug is xylazine?
Alpha 2
255
4.5% solution is how many mgs/ml?
45
256
What is the dental formula of an adult dog?
2 (3/3I, 1/1C, 4/4PM, 2/3M)
257
What is the triden number for the right mandibular canine tooth on an adult cat?
404
258
What piece of equipment is appropriate to examine eyes with?
Opthalmascope
259
The abbreviation ID indicates which route of administration?
Intra-dermal
260
What radiographic quality does KvP control?
Contrast
261
If the bones on your film appear as grey, what corrective steps should be taken?
Increase KVP
262
What is included in the triad of anesthesia?
Analgeisa, unconsciousness, muscle relaxation
263
What monitoring device measures end title CO2
Capnometer
264
What are steps of a triage process?
Recognize
Assess
Act
Reasess
265
What is the common treatment for an elevated temperature?
Administer fluids
266
What is the main goal of shock therapy?
Improve oxygen delivery
267
When triaging patients which is the most immediate surgery?
Seizures
268
What drug is the most potent analgesic?
Fentanyl
269
Which drug class is not reversible?
NSAID
270
What does CRTZ stand for?
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone
271
Which drug would best treat lyme disease?
Tetracycline
272
What are the types of penetrating towel clamps?
Roeder, Jones, and Backhaus
273
Items that are electric, fiberoptic, plastic, rubber, or other similar materials cannot be _____________ sterilized.
Steam
274
The dental formula in a lagomorph is
2 x (I2/1, C0/0, P 3/2, M2-3/3)
275
Mandibular prognathism is a ________ occlusion
Class III
276
A left shift is?
Increased number of immature neutrophils in the blood
277
Lead poisoning can cause
basophilic stippling
278
If using milk replacers for foals, make sure they are prepared correctly because of high_________ content which can be difficult for the foal to digest
salt
279
Double contrast procedures are utilized to view which body part?
Organs
280
When taking a right lateral abdominal view, the cranial and caudal borders are?
T7 and the greater trochanter
281
Pulse oximeter measures?
Saturation of hemoglobin
282
Nystagmus is commonly seen in which animal during anesthesia?
Horse
283
Pulmonary contusions are caused by
blunt force trauma
284
Uveitis can cause
Blepharospasm, hypopyon and miosis
285
The toxin found in chocolate that effects dogs and cats is
theobromine
286
Onions are toxic in this form?
Raw, cooked, or dehydrated
287
Morphie is classes as an?
Opioid
288
Pain originating from the organs is called:
visceral
289
What is the only approved aulticide available in treatment of heartworm disease?
melarsomine dihydrochloride
290
Aminoglycosides significant adverse effects to be aware of include:
Ototoxicosis and nephrotoxicosis
291
The suture needle point used for suturing an organ like liver and kidney
Blunt
292
Which tissue heals more slowly and requires the use of nonabsorbable suture?
Tendon
293
The bisecting angle technique is used in which of the areas of the mouth?
rostral maxilla, rostral mandible, caudal maxilla
(parallel is used for posterior mandible)
294
The dental formula for the adult cat is
2 (3/3I, 1/1C 3/2P, 1/1M)
295
Normal horses have which urinary crystal in their urine?
Calcium carbonate
296
Exposure of urine to UV light, may cause deterioration of
Bilirubin
297
Common signs of catheter related phlebitis include
pitting edema
298
SQ fluids are contraindicated in which of the following?
severe dehydration or shock
299
The machine setting that has the greatest influence on radiographic contrast is
Kilovoltage
300
Barium sulfate is contraindicated
if bowel perforation is suspected
301
What is the most common acid-base abnormality in anesthetized patients?
Respiratory alkalosis
302
An animal under stage III, plane 2 of anesthesia would exhibit which of the following signs
regular respiration and relaxed skeletal muscle tone
303
Closed chest compressions are often effective in
animals with pneumothorax
304
Hyperkalemia is often a feature of which emergency disease?
urethral obstruction
305
What is most common complication with rodenticide ingestion?
Hemorrhage
306
The drug most commonly used to treat asystole during CPCR
Epinephrine
307
The most commonly used NSAID in large animals is
Phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine
308
The stinging sensation caused by injection of local anesthetics, can be reduced by adding a small amount of _________ to the local agent.
Sodium bicarbonate
309
What class of antibiotics can cause yellow discoloration of teeth due to calcium binding?
Tetracyclines
310
Who controls the veterinary vaccines?
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
311
This local anesthetic has a 4-8 minute onset of action and 6-10 hour duration of action
bupivacaine
312
Tooth resorptions are first discovered on what part of the tooth?
Neck
313
What is preemptive analgesia?
Administering analgesics before surgery decreases analgesic requirements and minimizes CNS sensitization
314
What two drugs can be used for an epidural for surgical analgesia and immobilization?
lidocaine and bupivacaine
315
How often should you apply eye lube into the eyes of an anesthetized patient?
every hour
316
How often should you turn a recovering patient to prevent pooling of blood in the lung and tissue?
Every 10-15 minutes
317
What equine vaccine is given before castration?
tetanus
318
What is the method of forcing an animal to the ground usually with ropes?
Casting
319
In what layer of skin and other area of the body do Cheyletiella species reside in?
keratin layer of the skin and hair coat
320
What high count may indicate parasitism?
Eosinophil
321
When taking a lateral thorax view, when should the radiograph be taken?
Maximum inspiration
322
Is there a difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?
Yes
323
What is the gestation period for a dog?
58-70 days
324
The most commonly used bleeding time test in vet med is
buccal mucosal bleeding time
325
Hypoxemia is defined as a partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood of less than?
80 mmHg
326
What species are insulinomas common in?
Ferrets over 3-4 years old
327
This common otc is toxic to cats because they cannot biotransform it
Acetaminophen
328
During general anesthesia, is the patient conscious or in pain?
no
329
Dissociatives are injectable anesthetic agents used for brief or minor procedures. What do dissociative agents cause?
intact reflexes due to muscle rigidity
330
Hedstrom files or H files are hand files commonly used for dentin removal. How are H files used?
In a fast push-pull motion
331
In veterinary dentistry, vet techs are generally permitted to perform what?
subgingival tooth scaling
332
If ceftiofur sodium is administered to sheep or goats, what disease is most likely treating?
acute interdigital necrobacillosis
333
How many milliliters of 50% dextrose solution will you need to add to 1.0 LRS in order to make a 5% Dex solution?
100 ml
334
What term best describes a scraping technique?
Curettage
335
What feature makes a carmalt forceps the ligating instrument of choice in OHEs?
Longitudal serrations
336
Blood cortisol levels that are either too high or too low indicate malfunction of which organ?
adrenal glands
337
An activated clotting time is used to evaluate coagulation cascade pathways, and it uses a tube that contains what?
Diatamaceous earth
338
What is the medical term for chewing?
mastication
339
What is the term used to describe an antiseptic agents that works by inhibiting the growth cycle of bacteria?
Bacteriostatic agents
340
/*An intravenous pyelogram is used to diagnose abnormalities of kidneys and ureters. True or false?
true
341
What appears gray on a radiograph?
Fluid
342
What is dyspnea?
Difficult breathing
343
A doppler is a device used to indirectly measure what key indicator?
BLood pressure
344
What is opisthtonus?
Patients body stiffens and bends backwards
345
What pain med is often administered transdermally?
Fentanyl
346
What is ileus?
Disruption of normal bowel movement
347
Wind up is the process of?
increased sensitivity of the spinal cord
348
Sucralfate forms a sticky paste in the stomach that?
binds with proteins found in ulcers
349
Systolic blood pressure is produced by
The contraction of the left ventricle
350
Anesthetic agents found in milk appear to have what affect on newborns?
little effect
351
Peg teeth are abnormally-formed supernumerary teeth that generally occur where?
Canine and incisor regions
352
How many hours does it take for plaque to form?
6-8
353
The presence of waxy casts in urine indicate?
Chronic and severe degeneration of renal tubes
354
Nematodes have no
Respiratory system
355
For cystocentesis in dogs where is the lcorrect place to place the needle
Caudal to the umbilicus and to the side of the sheath
356
At what point in gestation might a bitch be palpated for pregnancy
21-30 days
357
The receptor components in a film based imaging system are
cassette, intensifying screen, and film
358
WHat three views are incorporated in the Penn HIP evaluation?
ventro-dorsal hip extended
distraction view
compression view
359
Neuorleptanalgesia is achieved by giving what two drugs at the same time
opiod and a tranquilizer
360
Aside from sedation, acepromazaine can be used as an
antiemetic and anitarrhthmyci
361
When do signs of aspiration pneumonia typically occur after the patient has inspired
24-36 hours
362
What pressure should suction equipment be able to reach?
760 mm Hg
363
When using percussion on a body surface, a very low pitched resonant sound indicates
air filled structure under body wall
364
normal bleeding time in cats and dogs
4 indogs and 3 in cats
365
Blocking both the corneal branch of the zygomatic temporal nerve and the corneal branch of the infratrochlear nerv is important in what animal?
caprine
366
Tramadol is given orally, acts on the mu receptor, and is what type of drug?
nonopiate
367
opioid analgesic often used in transdermal patches to control postsurgical pain is?
fentanyl
368
Butorphanol is a drug that functions on more than one bodysystem. it is:
antitussive and narcotic analgesic
369
Eclampsia produces elevated body temperatures resulting from
heat produced from muscle movement
370
Dystocia in the dog or cat may be defined as active straining without delivery of a fetus for
more than 60 minutes
371
Triage in correct order? unconsciousness, dyspnea, abscess
true
372
Vomiting should not be induced in patients that have ingested?
Kerosene
373
Which drug should be avoided in the stallion because it may cause permanent prolapse of the penis
acepromazine
374
When should barium sulfate not be used
urinary bladder examination
375
Which animal normally has cloudy urine and why
Horses and calcium carbonate crystals
376
What category of antibacterials can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
tetracyclines/doxycycline
377
What is the dosage for a 72# dog if you are giving the 2.6 ml of ketamine if the concentration is 100 mg/ml
7.9 mg/kg
378
What is the reason that a drug is considered a controlled sustance?
side effects are too severe
379
What is the prferred rinse for povidone-iodine in prep?
isopropyl alcohol
380
Which synthetic suture dissolves the fastest?
vicryl
381
What is the 13/14 curette used for?
both subgingival and supra gingival sclaing of the molars
382
What kind of artifact is presnt if the teeth appear to be too short?
foreshortening
383
What is the most common place to obtain bone marrow aspirate from?
ilium, humerus, and femur
384
Which color tube is used for CBC
purple top
385
In maintaining a long term IV catheter what are some signs to watch for?
Redness or swelling
ability to flush every 4-6 hours
swelling of the paw below the catheter
386
In an abdominal pressure bandage what is the order tha thte bandage pressure is released?
caudal middle rostral
387
What is the most common radiograph view that you will perform in emergency practice?
abdominal
388
What are criteria of a VD hip extended view for OFA radiographs
Femurs are parallel toe ach other
Entire pelvis, femurs, and stifles are included
patellae are positioned over the centers of the femoral condyles
389
What happens if you place the universal f tubeing on the andesthesia machine backwards?
oxygen takes the path of least resistance and avoids going into the lungs
390
WHich of the following are components of balanced anesthesia?
specific drugs for analgesia
sedation
muscle relaxation
amnesia
391
What is the most common emergency in male cats?
urinary obstruction
392
Is gastric dilation and volvulus considered a true emergency?
true
393
Is it more common for an animal to go into cardiac or respiratory arrest?
respiratory
394
What is the most common treatment in cases where there is suspected corosive toxin ingestion in the last few hours?
activated charcoal
395
What is the term used to describe the movement of drug molecules across a cellular memberane by using a carrier molecule and not requireing the cell to used any energy
facilitated diffusion
396
What group of antimicrobials work by inactivating key enzymres involved in the bacterias synthesis of folic acid and what bacteria need to function
sulfonamides
397
Permanent brain damage may occur when there is inadequate oxygen of the tissue for longer than?
4 minutes
398
During anesthesia, a pulse oximeter reading of _____indicates the hemoglobin is adquately saturated with oxygen
98%
399
By aiming the radiograph machine at the sensor the film________ of the image may occur?
foreshortening
400
A mandibular prognathism is considered to be in which occlusion class
CLass III
401
What type of anticoagulant is primarily used for tests that require plasma samples?
Heparin
402
Fluorescence with the WOods lamp is only evident in approximately _______ of the cases that involve Microsporum canis
50%
403
What is the mosts common intramuscular injection site in the bovine that avoids valuable cuts of meat?
Lateral cervical muscle
404
During intraoperative surgery, an Esmarch bandage and a tourniquet are used for what?
A bloodless field for the surgeon to operate in
405
When taking a radiogrpahic image, if the object is closer to the xray tube than it is to the image receptor, the object will be?
Magnified
406
With the heel effect, the xray beam intensity is greater toward the
cathode
407
At what pressure should an oxygen cylinder be when it is full?
2200 psi
408
In what stage of anesthesia does excitement occur?
Stage 2
409
When looking at an ECG what type of arrhythmia is characterized by wide and bizarre QRS complex?
Ventricular premature complex
410
What nutrient is helpful in correcting clotting times for an animal that has ingested rodenticide?
Vitamin K
411
Orthopnea may be a symptom of which of the following?
A patient in need of oxygen
412
Opisthotonus, a severe spasm causing the patients body to bend backward and stiffen, is most commonly seen in which type of trauma?
BLunt trauma to the head
413
NSAID medication are effective in the management of moderate to high levels of pain/ True or false?
False
414
What is allodynia?
A pain response to a stimulus that is not normally painful
415
What is the sample spun in a red top tube?
serum
416
Where are casts formed?
Tubules of the kidney
417
How do you raise the drug concentration from minimum effective to to therapeutic range?
Loading dose
418
An opioid that directly stimulates dopamine receptors int he CRTZ to produce emesis?
Apomorphine
419
WHat is the approximate time sutures are removed?
10-14 days
420
The most common fracture found on the fourth premolars is a
Slab fracture
421
Describe a caudal crossbite
One or more of the mandibular cheek teeth are buccal to the opposing maxillary cheek teeth when the mouth is closed
422
During nociception the transmission phase includes
The generation and transmission of a nerve impulse along the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord
423
Performing an OHE around 6 months does what?
decreases anesthetic risk in younger patients and prevents mammary neoplasia
424
The best way to treat pain is to prevent it. This is known as:
preemptive analgesia
425
IV catheter care should be performed every 48 hours or on an as needed, and should include
inspection for phlebitis and inspection for infection and thrombosis
426
THe ________ can be used to temporarily immobilize limbs distal to the elbow or stifle joints
Robert Jones bandage
427
Anesthetic agents and adjuncts differ according to the degree to which they stimulate target tissue receptors. Agonist-antagonists do what?
Bind to more than one receptor type and simultaneously stimlate at least one and block at least one
428
Induction of a canine or feline patient with propofol, methohexital, thiopental sodium, or etomidate is an example of
anesthetic induction with an iv inection of an ultra-short-acting agent to effect
429
In measuring the animal for Ventraldorsal thorax, the animal is in dorsal recumbency and the caliper is placed over the
caudal border of the scapula
430
A very deep chested Lab is coming in for VD and DV abdominal radiographs. To take advantage of the heel effect and help reduce density differences
THe thickest part of the animal should face the cathode
431
The earliest clinical sign of dehydration includes
Tacky or dry mm
432
Early stages of shock result from a progressive imbalance between the tissue oxygen supply and demand. Recognition of shock includes
Depression, tachycardia, increase or decrease of pulse quality, altered mental status, hypotension, pale mm
433
How many chest compressions per minute in CPR?
120-130 in cats and small dogs and 100 in large dogs
434
A secondary hemostatic coagulation screening test that may assess the extrinsic and common pathways in hematologic emergencies is
Prothrombin time
435
Furosemide is what type of diuretic?
Loop diuretic
436
What is a possible adverse effect of Aminoglycoside abx?
nephrotoxicity
437
What are advantages of multi-filament suture?
good knot security, stronger than monofilament, has little memory and is easy to work with
438
What instrument would be most commonly used to occlude small vessels during surgery?
Halsted mosquito hemostatic forceps
439
The parallel technique can be used for which of the following dental radiograph views?
caudal mandibular teeth
440
What is the purpose of polishing during a dental prophylaxis
Smooth the tooth surface to help prevent bacterial growth
441
What is the normal urine specific gravity range in cat?
1.001-1.080
442
What parasites are nematode?
Parsacaris equorum
Toxocara canis
Ancylostoma caninum
443
What are examples of material used for the secondary layer of a bandage
kling, cast padding, bandaging cotton
444
What type of restraint device is the ideal piece of equipment for equine procedures
Stocks
445
Which contrast agent is radiopaque and absorbs a large amount of radiation?
Barium sulfate
446
What information is required on a radiograph?
Name of patient
Date of exam
Name of practice
447
What is not included in a non-rebreathing system?
pressure manometer
448
What is included in the primary survey of a trauma patient?
Check for an airway
Assess circulation
Evaluate breathing
449
At what amount of blood loss do signs of shock generally develop?
60-70%
450
What fluid is a colloid that is commonly used in emergencies?
Whole blood
451
What are common clinical signs seen with esophageal foreign body emergencies?
Regurgitation
Excessive swallowing motions
Salivation
452
WHat type of drug would not inhibit transduction of pain?
Alpha 2 agonists
453
What are the principles of administering analgesia?
Preventing pain is the best way to treat it
Maintain an analgesic plane once established
Match analgesics to the degree of pain expected
454
What is ethylene oxide?
a colorless gas used for sterilization
455
What is the most commonly used scalpel blade in small animal surgery?
#10
456
What is a vet most likely checking for on a dental exam of a 2 year old horse?
bit injuries
457
What type of teeth are usually absent in female horses but present in male horses?
Canine
458
When must fresh frozen plasma be used with to ensure optimal clotting factors?
within 12 months
459
If an oxidase test is negative what color does it turn?
No color change
460
What stands for as needed
PRN
461
Which amino acid is qualified as nonessential?
glycine
462
What is the purpose of a dosimeter badge?
to monitor exposure to radiation
463
Which radionuclides is used for thyroid scintigraphy?
Iodine
464
Can anesthesia be safely administered to patients with elevated liver enzymes?
Yes
465
What measure is always taken with a patients eyes during anesthesia?
apply eye lubricant
466
How is parvovirus spread from one puppy to another?
Exposure to infected feces
467
What is a diaphragmatic hernia?
A tear in the diaphragm
468
What is the active ingredient in sugar free gum? An what is the active ingredient in chocolate?
Xylitol in sugar free and theobromine in chocolate
469
What nutrient is helpful in correcting clotting times in an animal that has ingested rodenticide?
Vitamin K
470
What is the third stage of nociception?
Transmission
471
What type of medication is used for long term pain management?
NSAID
472
How does fludrocortisone work to treat addisons disease?
By increasing sodium levels and decreasing potassium levels
473
What condition is contraindicated for acepromazine?
Epilepsy
474
Which breed of dog has increased sensitivty to avermectin?
Collies because of their more permeable blood brain barrier
475
What drug is banned in the use of food animals because of the potential to cause aplastic anemia in humans?
chloramphenicol
476
What antiseptic is commonly used in vet med?
Chlorhexidine
477
What suture type would be the most likely to cause an inflammatory reaction?
Catgut
478
How many decidiuous teeth do puppies have?
28
479
What is an example of a Class III occlusion?
Maxillary brachgnathism
480
What parasite can cause cutaneous larval migrans in humans?
Ancylostoma braziliense
481
A left shift when referring to blood sample means?
An increased number of band neutrophils
482
What site is not an ideal site for IM injections?
Gluteal muscles
483
Describe a scenario representing natural passive immunity?
A kitten sucking from a queen
484
What kind of arrythmia is characterized by an abnormally long PR interval
First degree AV block
485
What is an ideal contrast medium for a myelography
Water soluble nonionic organic bodies
486
What could happen if you use a ET tube that is too long?
increased mechanical dead space
487
What stage of anesthesia is associated with excitement, vocalization, paddling, and marked muscle tone?
Stage II
488
What is a scenario that represents a major cross-match?
Donors RBCs mixed with recipeints plasma
489
Most common kind of shock seen in cats and dogs?
Hypovolemic shock
490
Unlike dogs cats develop what sign when experiencing shock
bradycardia
491
Which fluid is an isotonic fluid?
Lactated ringers solution
492
This phase of the pain pathway occurs in the spinal cord?
Modulation
493
What combination of drugs represents multimodal analgesia?
carprofen, lidocaine, and hydromorphone
494
What is minimum alveolar concentration?
The percent concentration of an agent required to prevent a response to surgical stimulation in 50% of patients and therefore is a measurement of the potency of an agent
495
How long should dogs and cats be fasted prior to undergoing anesthesia?
8-12 hours
496
What is the chronical order of wound healing?
Inflammation, proliferation, and maturation
497
When auscultating a patients lungs you hear crackles. What association would this be with?
pleural disease and/or pulmonary disease
498
What does FORL stand for?
Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions
499
WHat are the grades of malocclusions in order grade 1 to grade 4?
Grade 1: rostral cross bite
Grade 2: brachygnathism
Grade 3: prognathism
Grade 4: wry bite
500
What is the heel effect?
Having the thickest part of the animal towards the cathode side
501
The term kVp allows_____________ and the rem mAs allows the __________
penetration of xrays and the number of xrays
502
What solution is a colloid?
Blood
503
What percent of an animal's body weight is made up of water?
60%
504
A dog is presented to the clinic upon an emergency for seizures. What is the drug of choice?
Diazepam
505
An owner calls the clinic to ask what to do because their dog ingested a large amount of chocolate. What do you tell them to do?
Come into the clinic so the vet staff can administer an emetic drug and administer activated charcoal
506
AN owner comes into the clinic to see where her intact, female dog was in her estrousThe owner is going to breed her based upon your findings. How would you differentiate if she is in proestrus or diestrus?
They are the same thing so it doesnt matter. Wait 2 days and take another swab and look under the microscope
507
Tubes contain:
1. Purple
2. Green
3. BLue
1. EDTA
2. Heparin
3. Citrate
508
Windup....
Should be taken seriously and with the use of preemptive analgesia
509
We use the ______ pain scale
Colorado State
510
WHich Drug would be used to help stimulate a newborn to breathe after being born csection?
Doxapram
511
What drug is in the group called catecholamines?
Epinephrine
512
What sutures are natural sutures?
Plain gut
Chromatic catgut
Silk
513
Moncryl is?
Synthetic and absorbable
514
Which drug dosage from is not administered per OS
tincture
515
What are true statements about aspirin?
1. Aspirin blocks the cyclooxygenase pathway which decreases inflammation
2. Animal owners commonly give aspirin to their animals without veterinary advice
3. Aspirin is metabolized by cats much more slowly than other species
516
Instruments prepared through cold sterilization by soakin ina disinfecting solution?
Can be used on superficial lacerations or dental procedures
517
Sutures in order from smallest to largest?
11-0, 7-0, 1, 3
518
Periodontium describes attachment structures of the teeth which include:
gingival connective tissue
alveolar bone
periodontal ligament
cementum
519
Signs of Feline CHronic Ulcerative Gingivostomatitis
Inflamed gingiva
swollen bright red mucosa
gingival bleeding
520
What are correct statements when performing California Mastitis Test
1. The test screens milk based on a DNA reaction of the somatic cells to the test reagent
2. The results will appear within 10-15 seconds after the reagent is mixed with the milk samples
3. An equal amount of milk and reagent is added to each mixing cup in the sample tray
521
Schistocytes AKA
RBC fragments
522
Pneumonia can be caused by
Bacterial, viral or fungal infection
Aspiration of a foreign object
Aspiration of stomach contents
523
A cystocentesis should not be performed on a patient suspected of having
a bladder tumor
524
The borders for a ventrodorsal abdominal radiograph on a small animal are:
Diaphragm cranially to the greater trochanter caudally, including the pubic symphysis
525
The principle effects experienced by radiation personnel are
Malignancy and genetic defects
526
Stage 1 of anesthesia is noted by:
Disorientation and fear
527
When recovering a patient who is showing signs of respiratory distress after extubation, the term stridor refers to
Noisy respirations
528
What would cause theobromine toxicity?
Chocolate
529
Emergency patients who present with brick red brown or mottled pink red or purple mm may indicate:
Sepsis
Heat Stroke
Carbon Monoxide poisoning
530
The DVM may treat with Dextrose in an emergency for a patient suffering from
Insulin overdose
insulinoma
glycogen storage disease
531
When measuring arterial blood pressure, the normal ranges for systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures are approximately
100-160, 60-100, and 80-120 mmHg
532
MLK is added to IV fluids to provide to balanced analgesia, MLK stands for
Morphine, Lidocaine, and Ketamine
533
Opioids are classified as
agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists
534
To reduce intracranial pressure resulting in trauma, ________________ may be administered every 4-8 hours
mannitol
535
GDV is a life threatening emergency. Its main damaging effect is obstruction of the
Portal vein
536
To place a nasal oxygenation catheter you would
Measure to the medial canthus of the eye
537
What is a colloid sollution?
plasma and hetastarch
538
Normal scissor occlusion is when the maxillary fourth premolars occlude
buccally to the mandibular first molar
539
What vitamins are water soluble?
B and C
540
What statement is true about rabbit cecotrophs?
Are known as night feces; are eaten by the rabbit; are soft dark in color moist and coated in mucus; are rich in vitamins, electrolytes, and nutrients
541
Dalmations are the only species to excrete what in their urine?
uric acid
542
Arterial blood is most commonly used for
blood gas
543
Over inflation of the lungs during artificial ventilation
excessive air pressure may rupture the alveoli
544
THe patient is dyspneic> What should you do
Turn down the vaprizer, check the ET tube, and check the oxygen flow
545
When a drug has a narrow therapeutic range it means that
its effective and toxic doses are close to each other
546
A cow is accidentqally dosed with an equine dose of xylazine. What drug should be immediately administered?
Yohimbine
547
THe main purpose of the xray developer is to
Convert the exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver
548
If using rare earth screens, what spectrum of light must thefilm be sensitive to?
green
549
Which suture materal persists in the body the longest period?
prolene
550
What are elective procedures?
optional
551
Where in the pain pathway does secondary sensitization or windup occur
In the spinal cord
552
Administering analgesics before tissue injury is known as
preemptive analgesia
553
what type of drug is used to decrease pulmonary edema?
diuretics
554
What hormone directly stimulates the thyroid to produce and release hormones?
TSH from the pituitary gland
555
What sutures are made of synthetic material?
monocryl
ethilon
pds
556
What type of scissors are designed for dissection of delicate tissue?
Metzenbaum
557
How long does fluoride treatment need to be left on the teeth for?
3-5 minutes
558
What is the adult dental formula for a rabbit?
2 (2/1 I, 0/0 C, 3/2 P, 2-3/3 M)
559
When performing a bone marrow aspiration what degree angle should your needle be at?
45 degrees
560
What is the specific gravity of most parasite eggs?
1.100-1.200 g/ml
561
When presented with a wound that needs care, what is the first objective you must do?
Prevent further contamination
562
Guinea pigs require what vitamin supplement in their diet?
Vitamin c
563
When taking a small animal abdomen radiograph when is the best time to take the xrays?
End of expiration during brief pause
564
You are performing a GI study on a dog with a suspected GI perforation what contrast agent should you use?
Oral organic iodine-ionic solution
565
WHen performing a leak check on a low pressure system of a rebreathing system with a pressure of 30 cm of water, no leaks are present if the pressure decrease by how may cm of water in 10 seconds?
5 cm of water
566
What monitoring equipment is used to measure the level of CO2 present in inspired and expired air?
capnograph
567
You need to induce emesis ina dog what is the most reliable emetic?
apomorphine
568
What is the most common problem in exotic small animals?
Dental disease
569
What emergency drug does not affect 30-50% of rabbits due to an endogenous enzyme?
atropine
570
What is the toxic dose of theobromine?
250-500 mg/kg
571
Local infiltration injections of what drug can reduce pain associated with various painful procedures?
lidocaine or bupivicaine
572
Using the Colorado State University pain scale, what pain score would be given to a cat who is constantly yowling, growling, or hissing when unattended and may bite or chew at wound but unlikely to move if left alone
pain score 3
573
What is a doxycycline?
antimicrobial
574
What category of antibacterials can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity?
aminoglycosides
575
An onychectomy is the surgical removal of?
The claw and the distal phalanx of each digit
576
The purpose of the esmarch bandage is to
force blood out of the limb
577
This species has teeth that are brachyodont
Porcine
578
Anisognathism is referred to when
The upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw
579
What cestode is known as the cucumber seed tapeworm?
Dipylidium caninum
580
What parasite has the zoonotic potential for neurological larval migrans?
Baylisacaris procyonis
581
Throw away
582
FHL is characterized by
More than 80% of hepatocytes swelling with lipids
583
Always place the ________ part of the area being xrayed toward the cathode side of the xray tube
thickest
584
White spots on an xray could be from
hair
585
Horses should have water withheld _____ hours before anesthesia
0-2
586
According to the ASA a patient witha P4 physical status classification is _____ risk
high
587
___________in a shock state often present with bradycardia, rather than with tachycardia
cats
588
Normal mean arterial blood pressure for dogs and cats is
60-100 mmHg
589
Increased etCO2 may mean that the patient is
hypoventilating
590
Drugs that are safe to administer through an ET tube are easily remembered by the acronym NAVEL which is
find answer
591
Nociception has what phases
transduction, modulation, transmission, &
592
A circumferential ring block is commonly used for
declawing
593
What is pinkeye most often treated with for both sheep and goats?
tetracycline
594
NSAID medications are effective in the management of moderate to high levels of pain. True or false
false
595
Which of the following should occur as son as possible after GI surgery?
Feeding
596
What is helpful in the prevention of excess swelling around the surgical site following the recovery period?
exercise
597
Which teeth are generally used for prehending and holding?
canines
598
Malocclusion is the correct medical term used to describe abnormal positioning of the teeth. True or false?
true
599
WHich type of WBC would indicate allergic disease processes on skin cytology?
eosinophil
600
Rocky Mountain SPotted Fever ma occur in what regions?
anywhere ticks are found
601
What is the most common sign associated with lyme disease in horses?
Stiffness
602
What are the first signs usually noted by owners with puppies that have parvo?
V/D
603
During an xray what is the most significant cause of scatter radiation?
find answer
604
How does a metal foreign body appear on a radiograph?
Bright white
605
What device is a example of an intermittent monitoring device?
esophageal stethoscope
606
Upon reaching a deep anesthetic plane is a patient considered to be in the early stages of an overdose?
yes
607
Anisocoria may be a symptom of what?
Neurologic disease
608
What is the term to describe a condition in which the body does not receive adequate blood flow?
shock
609
Palliative care addresses pain through which approach
providing symptomatic care
610
If a patients pain is caused by thromboembolism what type of pain does the patient most likely have
cardiopulmonary
611
What stage of anesthesia can excitement occur
stage 2
612
When measuring central venous pressure where must the tip of the catheter rest
vena cava
613
What condition is long lasting and usually develops over an extended period of time?
chronic
614
Which diagnostic test is used to assess a horses lower airway?
brochoscopy
615
Which teeth are used to grind food?
molars
616
Which head type is most common among dogs?
mesaticephalic
617
What item is used to monitor the technicians exposure to radiation
dosimeter badge
618
IF an object is closer to the xray tube than it is to the image receptor, the object will appear
magnified
619
Can exposure to wildlife increase a dogs chance of contracting the distemper virus?
yes
620
What is a complex syndrome that results from altered blood flow or impaired delivery of oxygen to the tissues?
shock
621
What term indicates a patient is havin a difficult time breathing
dyspnea
622
How is parvovirus spread?
exposure to infected feces
623
An elevation of BUN indicates a disease of what organ
kidney
624
What is hyperalgesia?
increased sensitivty to pain
625
In the process of pain transmission which stage occurs when the neural processing in the spinal cord reaches the brain, causing pain to be recognized
perception
626
What is the other name for a nonproprietary name?
generic name
627
what agent is used as a reversal for opiods?
naloxone
628
What is the difference between laparoscopic and traditional surgical incisions
Laporoscopic are smaller and less traumatic
629
Which anesthetic agent will commonly result in post op hyperthermia?
ketamine
630
The drug group of choice for treating lyme disease is what
antibiotics
631
The reversal for xylazine is?
yohimbine
632
When scrubbing for surgery yourhands should be
above the elbows
633
Metzenbaum scissors are only used for
cutting tissue
634
Can dental radiographs aid in sulcus depth measurement
no
635
The tooth surface towards the cheek is
buccal
636
Icteric plasma will appear
yellow
637
Phagocytes are
wbcs
638
Which endocrine disease leads to weight loss and increased appetite in cats
hyperthyroidism
639
Which needle size hast the smalles diameter?
25-28 gauge
640
Which ultrasound frequency pentrates deepest?
4 MHz
641
If in your dental radiograph the tooth is elongated your beam was perpendicular to
the tooth
642
What is used to evaluate the depth of anesthesia
eye position
jaw tone
palpebral reflex
643
QRS complex represents
ventricular depolarization
644
The first drug of choice for status epilepticus is
diazepam
645
What is the most recommended treatment for canine paraphimosis
applying a warm compress
646
What is a doppler used for?
blood pressure measurement
647
a megaesophagus patient presents with exercise-induced collapse. What condition do you suspect?
myasthenia gravis
648
What is the correct order of the pain pathway?
Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception
649
Which anesthetic agent listed below commonly resultis in post op hyperthermia
hyperthermia
650
Define patent ductus arteriosus
the failed closure of a duct between the pulmonary arter and the aorta
651
If pyometra is not surgically corrected within a reasonable time, damage may occur to what organ?
kidneys
652
The patient is diagnosed with grade 3 periodontal disease. This means
The patient has 25-50% tooth structure loss
653
What will a vet most likely check during a routine dental exam on a 2 year old horse
bit injuries
654
What do blood collection tubes with light blue tops contain
sodium citrate solution
655
How is synovial fluid collected for testing
arthrocentesis
656
Regarding fluid therapy what is an isotonic solution?
Fluid with the same osmotic pressure as blood
657
What is the unit of measure used by the International System of Units to measure the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation?
gray
658
Which of the following will appear gray on a radiograph
fluid
659
What is an example of an objective means of observation
measurment of central venous pressure
660
IF a patient has a sever head inujury what is its anesthetic risk according to the american society of anesthesiologists
extreme p5
661
For equine emergency if a yearling needs a nasogastric tube placed what is the correct size
7/16" outer diameter 1/4" inner diameter 12' long
662
Name a lower respiratory disease
asthma
663
Define anisocoria
a difference in the size of the patients pupils
664
severe sepsis may result in?
hypotension
665
What type of medication is considered the primary and preferred means of long term pain managment
NSAIDa
666
Define allodynia
a pain response that is not usually painful
