Pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
What is AMDUCA?
A
Animal Medical Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994
2
Q
What is ELDA?
A
Extra Label Drug Use
3
Q
What is DMPK?
A
Drug Metabolism Pharmocokinetic Studies
4
Q
What is FDA?
A
Food and Drug Administration
5
Q
What is EPA?
A
Environmental Protection Agency
6
Q
What is DATCP
A
Department of Agriculture Trade and Consumer Protection
7
Q
What is FARAD?
A
Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank
8
Q
What is VFD
A
Veterinary Feed Directive
9
Q
Rounding Rules for SYringes
A
less than 1 round to 0.01 cc
1-6 Round to .1 cc
Greater than 6 round to 1 cc
10
Q
What syringe do you use?
A
Use one no more than 10x the amount being administered
11
Q
What is percentage solid solute
A
weight/volume
12
Q
What is liquid percentage solute?
A
volume/volume
13
Q
What are the suffixes for tranquilizers and sedative?
A
azine
az
dine
14
Q
What are examples of tranquilizers and sedatives?
A
phenothiazene
Benzodiazepine
A2 Agonists -dine & xylazine
15
Q
What are induction agents?
A
Barbiturates starting with thio and oxy
Dissociative anesthetics ending in mine
Miscellaneous such as propofol and guiafenesin
16
Q
What do local anesthetics end in?
A
-caine such as lidocaine
17
Q
What are examples of narcotics?
A
Butorphanol and Oxymorphone
18
Q
What are examples of Opiods
A
Fentanyl
Codeine
Buprenorphine
Tramadol
19
Q
What are the reversals of analgesics?
A
Naloxone
Nalorphine
Naltrexone
20
Q
What are the receptors for analgesics and what do they affect?
A
mu -CNS, cough, respiratory decrease
kappa - spinal cord
delta - minimal animal effects
21
Q
What is an emergency anti-convulsant?
A
Diazepam
22
Q
What are maintenance anti-convulsants?
A
Pheonbarbital, primidone, Potassium bromide
23
Q
What are the long term affects of phenobarbital?
A
PU/PD, hepatoxicity, Decreased CNS
24
Q
What are CNS stimulants?
A
Yohimbine, Tolazoline
Atipamezole
Methylxanthines
25
What reverses Yohimbine and tolazoline
xylazine
26
What reverses medetomidine?
Atipamezole
27
What are anticholinergics?
atropine and glycopyrrolate
28
What is used for euthanasia?
pentobarbital sodium
29
What are the antibiotic classes of betta lactam?
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Bacitracin
30
What is the mode of action for betta lactam abx?
Cellwall
31
What are the side effects of betta lacatam abx?
allergies
32
What is the abx that work on the cell membrane?
Polymixin B
33
What are the side effects of Polymixin B
Many
34
What are the abx that work by protein synthesis?
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Macrolides
Lincosamides
35
What is the side of aminoglycosides?
Kidney/ototoxicity
36
What are the side effects of tetracycline?
affect bone/teeth
37
What is the side effect of chloramphenicol?
aplastic anemia
38
What species should macrolides never be used in?
Horses
39
What are the suffixes for aminoglycosides?
cidal
micin
40
What are the suffixes for macrolides?
mycin
41
What is the microanatomy of cardiovascular drugs?
Contractile Muscle Cells
Conduction Cells
Receptors
42
What are the conduction cells?
Depolarization or firing and repolarization or resetting
43
What does the p wave do?
activation of atria
44
What does the QRS wave do?
activation of ventricles
45
What does the t wave do?
Recovery wave
46
What are thecardiovascular receptors?
cholinergic and andrengic
47
What is the path of depolarization?
SA node, AV node, right and left Bundle of HIS, perkinje fibers, ventricular muscle cells
48
What controls sinus rhythm?
SA node
49
What is depolarization and repolarization do at a cellular level?
Charged ions such as Na+, K+, and Ca++ exchange places across a cell membrane
50
In depolarization and repolarization what does the change in cellular charge do?
causes the cell to contract and sets off a wave of depolarization across the entire heart
51
What is the resting state of the cell ?
The NaK ATPase Pump moves ions across cell membrane to polarize
52
In cardio what is preload?
the pressure exerted on the ventricle wall by the load or volume of blood in the ventricles just before ventricular contraction
53
In cardio what is a conduction Cell?
special cardiac cells that quickly pass along a depolarization wave throughout the the heart resulting in coordinated contraction
54
In cardio, what is automaticity?
the ability of certain heat cells to depolarize spontaneously on their own
55
What is the SA node?
pacemaker of the heart
56
What is the P wave?
the part of the ECG that represents atrial depolarization
57
What is the AV node?
the specialized structure throuh which depolarization waves in the atria must pass to get to the ventricles; it delays the depolarization wave as it passes
58
What is the P-QRS Interval?
the part of the ECG that represents movement of the depolarization wave through the AV node
59
What is the QRS complex?
Part of the ECG that represents ventricular depolarization
60
What is the T wave?
part of the ecg that represents ventricular repolarization
61
Significance of potassium in cardio?
when a cardiac cell is in the resting polarized state, this ion is mostly concentrated on the inside of the cell
62
Significance of sodium in cardio?
This ion ruses into the cardiac cell to initiate repolarization
63
What is the Sodium-Potassium-ATPase pump?
the specialized pump that maintains concentrations of sodium and potassium in their respective locations during the polarized resting state
64
What is the significance of calcium in cardio?
the influx of this ion produces the plateau phase of cardiac muscle cell depolarization
65
What is arrythmia?
any abnormal or irregular heart rhythm
66
What is the signifcance of epinephrine and norepinephrine in cardio
two catecholamines released by the sympathetic nervous system that produces its effect
67
What is the significance of B1 in cardio
stimulation of this receptor increases heart rate
68
What is the significance of cholinergic or muscarinic
stimulation of this receptor slows heart rate
69
What is the significance of B2 in cardio
stimulation of this receptor causes bronchodilation
70
What is A1?
stimulation of this receptor causes peripheral vasoconstriction
71
What is ectopic focus in cardio?
this is a site of depolarization in the heart that is other than on the normal conduction pathway sequence
72
What is premature ventricular contraction PCV?
large bizarre looking wave on the ECG caused by some cell in the ventricles depolarizing on its own out of sequence and disrupting normal ventricular depolarization
73
What is a 1st degree AV block?
abnormality seen on ECG as a prolongation of the PR interval representing a decreased conduction of the depolarization wave through the AV node
74
What is the suffix -olol
often indicates drug is a B-blocker or B1 antagonist antiarrythmic drug
75
What is upregulation?
the process by which cardiac cells become less sensitive to the effects of b-blocker antiarrythmics
76
What are baroreceptors?
these detect changes in atrial blood pressure
77
What is renin-angiotensin system?
this system helps regulate arterial blood pressure, water, and electrolytes through is action on the kidney and peripheral blood vessels
78
What is angiotensin?
the body's most potent vasoconstrictor converted to its active form by ACE or angiotensin converting enzyme
79
What is aldosterone?
the hormone that regulates the sodium reabsorption from the urine
80
What is a venodilator?
The term applied to drugs that selectively dilate veins
81
What is a diuretic?
term applied to drughs that can cause increased production of urine
82
What is lidocaine in cardio?
1. Antiarrythmic drug that acts by blocking the sodium channels
2. Drug of choice for control of ventricular ectopic foci
3. Must be given IV
4. Not effective PO because of GI irritation and first pass effect
83
What is mexiletine?
1. Orally administered sodium channel blocker
2. Antiarrythmic that is used to treat ventricular arrythmias
3. Minimal first pass effect
4. Typically available as a compound drug
84
What is propanolol?
nonspecific prototype B1 antagonist antiarrythmic drug
85
What is atenolol?
antiarrythmics that are more specific for b1 receptors than the non-specific prototype b-blocker
86
WHat is atenolol also known as?
esmolol, metoprolol, carvedilol
87
What are verapamil and diltiazem?
calcium channel blocker that is an antiarrythmic
88
What is digoxin?
Used as an antiarrythmic only to slow conduction the the AV node causing a 1st or 2nd degree av block by reducing the ventricular contraction rates in animals with atrial fibrillation
89
What is dobutamine?
epineprhine or norepinephrine
positive inotropic drug used only for short periods of times because of the downregulation effect
90
What is pimobendan?
inodialator
91
What is amlodipine?
calcium channel blocker arterial visodilator used in cats for hypertension caused by renal disease, hyperthyroidism, or diabetes mellitus
92
What is hydralazine?
direct arterial vasodilator used to relieve signs of CHF caused by mitral valve disease or used when ACE inhibitors fail to adequately control clinical signs of heart failure on their own
93
WHat is nitroglycerin?
venous vasodilator applied as a cream
94
What is enalapril aka?
captopril, benazepril, lisinopril
95
What is enalapril?
mixed vasodilator quite commonly used to treat dogs exhibiting clinical signs of cardiac disease; ace inhibitor
96
What is furosemide?
loop diuretic
97
What is chlorothiazide?
diuretics that works on the distal convoluted tubule to block sodium reabsorption; not as strong as loop diuretics
98
WHat is spironolacone-potassium
Sparing diuretic
99
What is aspirin used for in cardio?
reduce spontaneous clot formation
100
What is upregulation?
process of increasing a response to a stimulus specifically incrase of receptors on the cells surface
101
What is downregulation?
process by which a cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component
