VRU 2024

Question 1

Noh et al 2024; Nasopharyngeal collapse in non-brachycephalic dogs using dynamic CT: Were there significant differences between stertorous dogs and controls?

Answer 1

Yes. Stertorous dogs had decreased CSA max and min compared to controls.

Question 2

Noh et al 2024; Nasopharyngeal collapse in non-brachycephalic dogs using dynamic CT: Was soft palate thickness or length significantly different?

Answer 2

No. There was no difference between soft palate thickness (SPT) or length (SPL) between stertorous and control groups. This suggests SPT and SPL may not play a role in these dogs.

Question 3

Noh et al 2024; Nasopharyngeal collapse in non-brachycephalic dogs using dynamic CT: Where was the most ideal location to measure CSA in dogs when evaluating for collapse?

Answer 3

Foramen lacerum.

Question 4

Weisse et al 2024; Anatomic classification of feline EPSS: What is the shunt classification and incidence of this feline shunt?

Answer 4

Left gastric-phrenic (most common); 53%

Question 5

Weisse et al 2024; Anatomic classification of feline EPSS: What is the shunt classification and incidence of this feline shunt?

Answer 5

Left gastric-caval with posthepatic insertion; 11%

Question 6

Weisse et al 2024; Anatomic classification of feline EPSS: What is the shunt classification and incidence of this feline shunt?

Answer 6

Left colic-gonadal; 7%

Question 7

Weisse et al 2024; Anatomic classification of feline EPSS: What is the shunt classification and incidence of this feline shunt?

Answer 7

Left gastric-caval with prehepatic insertion; 4%

Question 8

Weisse et al 2024; Anatomic classification of feline EPSS: What is the shunt classification and incidence of this feline shunt?

Answer 8

Portocaval; 4%

Question 9

Weisse et al 2024; Anatomic classification of feline EPSS: What were the sex differences?

Answer 9

Males were represented almost 2x over females.
Males tended to present significantly younger at the time of CT compared to females.

Question 10

Weisse et al 2024; Anatomic classification of feline EPSS: What were the most common shunts?

Answer 10

1) Left gastric-phrenic
2) Left gastric-caval with posthepatic insertion
3) Left colic-gonadal

Question 11

Weisse et al 2024; Anatomic classification of feline EPSS: What were the most common systemic vessels of insertion?

Answer 11

1) Phrenic (55%)
2) Caval (28%)
3) Gonadal (7%)

Question 12

Weisse et al 2024; Anatomic classification of feline EPSS: Which shunts were more common in younger cats (<500 days)?

Answer 12

LGC-post and PC

Question 13

Weisse et al 2024; Anatomic classification of feline EPSS: Which shunts was most common in Ragdolls?

Answer 13

LGC-post

Question 14

Weisse et al 2024; Anatomic classification of feline EPSS: Which shunts had the best portal perfusion? Which shunts had the worst?

Answer 14

Best: Left colic-gonadal
Worst: LGC-pre (89%) and LGC-post (56%)
**PC also had poor portal perfusion but was not statistically significant.

Younger cats (which tended to have LCG-post and PC) shunts, also had lower portal perfusion compared to older cats.

Question 15

Weisse et al 2024; Anatomic classification of feline EPSS: What are the main differences between dogs and cats?

Answer 15

1) Cats rarely had an “aberrant left gastric vein” shunt morphology, which is more common in dogs.
2) Cats rarely had shunt insertion on the azygous vein, which is one of the most common systemic vessel insertions in dogs.
3) Cats rarely had contributing vessels to shunts. When it did occur, the right gastric vein was the most common (which is actually similar to dogs).
4) Cats had lower portal perfusion scores compared to dogs, which may account for why prognosis following shunt attenuation in cats is perceived as worse.

Question 16

Weisse et al 2024; Anatomic classification of feline EPSS: What was the most common portal vessel of origin?

Answer 16

Left gastric vein.

Question 17

Jimenez et al 2024; Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) and spontaneous pneumomediastinum in Sighthounds: What were the characteristic features of PIE on CT?

Answer 17

Thin circumferential or eccentric collections of gas surrounding pulmonary vessels.

Question 18

Jimenez et al 2024; Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) and spontaneous pneumomediastinum in Sighthounds: What is Macklin effect? What is the proposed pathophysiologic mechanism for PIE and spontaneous pneumomediastinum in Sighthounds?

Answer 18

Macklin Effect is defined as increased pressure within the alveoli, resulting in reduction of surrounding vascular size and rupture of the alveolar wall. Ruptured alveolar gas leaks into interstitium and tracks along vascular sheaths to lung hilus and into mediastinum.

Sighthounds have narrower chests and lower body fat percentage, which may lead to increased stretch of alveolar compared to other breeds.

Question 19

Jimenez et al 2024; Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) and spontaneous pneumomediastinum in Sighthounds: Was PIE and spontaneous pneumomediastinum in Sighthounds associated with respiratory disease or barotrauma secondary to PPV?

Answer 19

No, there was no association between respiratory disease or anesthesia (i.e. barotrauma).

Question 20

Jimenez et al 2024; Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) and spontaneous pneumomediastinum in Sighthounds: What was the prevalence of PIE and pneumomediastinum in Sighthounds compared to other breeds?

Answer 20

Sighthounds: 14.2%
Non-Sighthounds: 2.3%

Question 21

Urlings et al 2024; CT features of canine prostatic carcinoma: What were the most common prostatic features?

Answer 21

1) Heterogeneity pre- and post-contrast
2) Capsular distortion
3) Effacement, displacement, or invasion of prostatic urethra
4) Mineralization

Question 22

Urlings et al 2024; CT features of canine prostatic carcinoma: What were the most common extraprostatic features?

Answer 22

1) Medial iliac lymph node enlargement
2) Internal iliac lymph node enlargement
3) Periprostatic fluid or fat stranding

Question 23

Urlings et al 2024; CT features of canine prostatic carcinoma: What features were less common?

Answer 23

1) Lymph node mineralization
2) Urinary bladder trigone invasion
3) Ductus deferens invasion
4) Ureteral dilation
5) Hypertrophic osteopathy

Question 24

Urlings et al 2024; CT features of canine prostatic carcinoma: What was significant about the mineralization?

Answer 24

Mineralization was specifically around or within hypoattenuating regions. These areas are thought to represent necrosis.
This is clinically significant as sampling of these regions should be avoided due to lower diagnostic quality.

Also, mineralization of lymph nodes was rare, but when it occurred, it often happened with presence of bony metastasis, indicating more aggressive disease.

Prostatic mineralization WAS NOT present in 100%, so lack of mineralization does not exclude carcinoma.

Question 25

Urlings et al 2024; CT features of canine prostatic carcinoma: Where did bony metastasis occur?

Answer 25

All in vertebra close to the prostate.