VRU 2020 Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
Carvajal et al 2020; Anatomic and volumetric characterization of the cisterna chyli using CT lymphangiography and computer-assisted design software in dogs with idiopathic chylothorax: Where was the cisterna chyli usually located in dogs?
A
- Usually dorsal and right-sided.
- Located between L1-L4
- Extends as cranially as T11
2
Q
Carvajal et al 2020; Anatomic and volumetric characterization of the cisterna chyli using CT lymphangiography and computer-assisted design software in dogs with idiopathic chylothorax: Where was medial total CC volume to body weight ratio?
A
0.07 ml/kg in dogs with chylothorax.
3
Q
Carvajal et al 2020; Anatomic and volumetric characterization of the cisterna chyli using CT lymphangiography and computer-assisted design software in dogs with idiopathic chylothorax: How many parts is the CC comprised of?
Cited source
A
Two parts.
Dorsal ‘saccular’ dilation located adjacent to dorsal aspect of abdominal aorta, usually between celiac artery and the left renal hilus.
Highly variable ventral portion, which is usually plexiform.
4
Q
Holland et al 2020; Aortic to caudal vena cava ratio measurements using abdominal ultrasound are increased in dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension: What are secondary pre-existing conditions of systemic hypertension in dogs and their relative incidences?
Cited source
A
- Chronic kidney disease (60-90%)
- Hyperadrenocorticism (59-86%)
- Diabetes mellitus (46%)
- Pheochromocytoma (~50%)
- Previous Palladia (37%) or phenylpropanolamine use
5
Q
Holland et al 2020; Aortic to caudal vena cava ratio measurements using abdominal ultrasound are increased in dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension: What was the aorta to CVC ratio in normal dogs and dogs with systemic hypertension?
A
Normal = 1.0
Systemic hypertension = 1.50
6
Q
Holland et al 2020; Aortic to caudal vena cava ratio measurements using abdominal ultrasound are increased in dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension: What should the relationship of the aorta and CVC be?
A
Cranial to the bifurcation, they should be relatively equal in size.
7
Q
Holland et al 2020; Aortic to caudal vena cava ratio measurements using abdominal ultrasound are increased in dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension: What are causes of an artifactually INCREASED Ao:CVC ratio?
A
1) Artifactual compression of CVC during measurement.
2) Volume depletion
8
Q
Holland et al 2020; Aortic to caudal vena cava ratio measurements using abdominal ultrasound are increased in dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension: What are causes of transiently normal or increased CVC diameter?
A
- Fluid therapy
- Sedation (acepromazine and medetomidine)
- Underlying cardiovascular disease
9
Q
Holland et al 2020; Aortic to caudal vena cava ratio measurements using abdominal ultrasound are increased in dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension: How common was proteinuria in the dogs with systemic hypertension?
A
65% had proteinuria and 45% have a UPC > 0.50.
10
Q
Takagi et al 2020; Assessment of tumor enhancement by contrast-enhanced CT in solid tumor-bearing dogs treated with toceranib phosphate: What impact does Palladia have on tumor contrast and size?
A
Palladia can decrease tumor contrast enhancement and size.
Results in an average 17% decrease in contrast enhancement.
The change in enhancement is no correlated with change in size.
11
Q
Won et al 2020; Association of meniscal injury to joint space width on standard tibial plateau leveling osteotomy lateral radiographic projections of the canine stifle: What is the measurement used to determine joint space narrowing?
A
Performed on standard lateromedial TPLO radiograph.
Two parallel lines are drawn (femoral condyles must be superimposed, i.e. well positioned rad), one parallel to tibial plateau and one parallel to femoral condyles. Line drawn between these two indicates joint space width.
See image.
12
Q
Won et al 2020; Association of meniscal injury to joint space width on standard tibial plateau leveling osteotomy lateral radiographic projections of the canine stifle: What is the joint space width that indicates a meniscal tear? What is the specificity and sensitivity?
A
Joint space width <3.43 mm in 90% specific, but only 41% sensitive in dogs weighing 31 kg.
13
Q
Fages et al 2020; Atypical and malignant canine intracranial meningiomas may have lower apparent diffusion coefficient values than benign tumors: What was the major takeaway?
A
Higher grade meningiomas (grade II & III) have lower ADC values than benign (grade I).
14
Q
Kaimio et al 2020; Aural CT characteristics of American Cocker Spaniels have features of both mesaticephalic and brachycephalic breeds: How often does otitis media accompany chronic otitis externa?
Cited source
A
80%
15
Q
Kaimio et al 2020; Aural CT characteristics of American Cocker Spaniels have features of both mesaticephalic and brachycephalic breeds: Was there a difference in the external ear canal diameter in Cocker Spaniels?
A
No, there was no difference, indicating than an anatomically narrower horizontal ear canal is not the explanation why OE is overrepresented in Cocker Spaniels.
16
Q
Kaimio et al 2020; Aural CT characteristics of American Cocker Spaniels have features of both mesaticephalic and brachycephalic breeds: What was the major difference in American Cocker Spaniels on CT?
A
Mildly thicker tympanic bulla walls and smaller tympanic bulla volume.
17
Q
Kaimio et al 2020; Aural CT characteristics of American Cocker Spaniels have features of both mesaticephalic and brachycephalic breeds: How would a trigeminal nerve sheath tumor or mass cause bulla effusion?
Cited source
A
Denervation of the tensor veli palatini muscle and dysfunction of the tuba auditiva.
18
Q
Plested et al 2020; Canine intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion into the systemic circulation is commonly through primary hepatic veins as assessed with CT angiography: Where did most IHPSS insert?
A
92% of IHPSS inserted into a primary hepatic vein or phrenic vein.
19
Q
Plested et al 2020; Canine intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion into the systemic circulation is commonly through primary hepatic veins as assessed with CT angiography: What was the most common shunt and where did it insert?
A
Single right divisional (44%). Most commonly a C-shaped or tortuous vessel.
Common insertions were right lateral and caudate hepatic veins.
20
Q
Plested et al 2020; Canine intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion into the systemic circulation is commonly through primary hepatic veins as assessed with CT angiography: What was the incidence, morphology, and insertions of left divisional shunts?
A
Left divisional occurred 33% of the time. Typically a short communication between the left hepatic vein and left portal vein (patent ductus venosus).
Common insertions were the left hepatic vein or the left phrenic vein near midline.
21
Q
Plested et al 2020; Canine intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion into the systemic circulation is commonly through primary hepatic veins as assessed with CT angiography: What was the incidence, morphology, and insertions of central divisional shunts?
A
Central divisional occurred 13% of the time. Typically a focal dilation of the portal vein.
The most common insertion was directly on the CVC from the left portal branch, but also inserted via the quadrate or central hepatic veins.
22
Q
Plested et al 2020; Canine intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion into the systemic circulation is commonly through primary hepatic veins as assessed with CT angiography: Normal hepatic venous anatomy.
A
23
Q
Plested et al 2020; Canine intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion into the systemic circulation is commonly through primary hepatic veins as assessed with CT angiography: Which breed is predisposed to left divisional IHPSS? Right divisional IHPSS?
Cited source
A
Left = Labrador Retrievers and Irish Wolfhounds
Right = Australian Cattle Dogs
24
Q
Miles & Schwarz 2020; Canine nasal septum deviation can be a normal variation and correlates with increasing skull indices: Was there a difference in nasal septum deviation between healthy dogs and dogs with nasal pathology?
A
No, no significant difference.
25
Miles & Schwarz 2020; Canine nasal septum deviation can be a normal variation and correlates with increasing skull indices: Which disease process resulted in increased severity of nasal septum deviation?
Nasal neoplasia.
26
Miles & Schwarz 2020; Canine nasal septum deviation can be a normal variation and correlates with increasing skull indices: What changes were seen in brachycephalics?
The angle of nasal septum deviation increased as the cephalic/skull index increased (i.e. more brachycephalic = increased angle).
But overall prevelance of nasal septum deviation was similar between brachycephalic and mesaticephalic.
27
Miles & Schwarz 2020; Canine nasal septum deviation can be a normal variation and correlates with increasing skull indices: What should be a top differential in a dog with localized turbinate destruction?
**Cited source**
Aspergillosis rhinitis.
28
Miles & Schwarz 2020; Canine nasal septum deviation can be a normal variation and correlates with increasing skull indices: Which skull type is predisposed to nasal disease
**Cited source**
Dolichocephalics.
29
Hwang et al 2020; Changes of ultrasonographic pattern of the spleen examined with a high-frequency linear transducer during growth in puppies: What were the changes identified and when were the changes the most marked?
Growing puppies initially have a granular appearance to the parenchyma at 4 weeks of age, followed by a reticulonodular pattern (mottled/honeycomb) that is most severe at **28-36 weeks** of age.
The parenchyma becomes the normal granular homogeneous pattern at 60 weeks.
30
Lourinho et al 2020; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in 27 pugs: What is constrictive myelopathy?
**Cited source**
It is characterized by the presence of fibrous connective tissue and granulation tissue affecting the dura mater that compresses the spinal cord and leads to focal gliosis.
31
Lourinho et al 2020; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in 27 pugs: What is the possible link between caudal articular process dysplasia (CAP) and constrictive myelopathy?
**Cited source**
It is hypothesized that CAP can create focal vertebral instability, which, over time, may result in peri-dural vascular changes and dural fibrosis or adhesions.
32
Lourinho et al 2020; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in 27 pugs: What is the typical clinical presentation of constrictive myelopathy?
**Cited source**
Slow progressive T3-L3 myelopathy (hindlimb ataxia/paresis) +/- fecal or urinary incontinence. Sometimes reported as acute onset, but maybe owners missed the signs.
Spinal pain is not a common feature.
Middle aged to older pugs (median 7-8 years)
33
Lourinho et al 2020; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in 27 pugs: What were CT myelogram findings of constrictive myelopathy?
**Cited source**
Abrupt attenuation, narrowing or irregular course of the contrast columns from T11 to L1.
34
Lourinho et al 2020; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in 27 pugs: In recent studies, how often is a vertebral malformation seen adjacent to a focal myelopathy?
**Cited source**
90%.
35
Lourinho et al 2020; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in 27 pugs: In recent studies, what were the most common conditions diagnosed on MRI of pugs undergoing work up of T3-L3 myelopathy?
**Cited source**
Most to least common:
1) IVDD
2) Subarachnoid diverticulum
3) Pia-arachnoid fibrosis (likely constrictive myelopathy)
4) Vertebral instability
36
Lourinho et al 2020; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in 27 pugs: What were the MRI findings of constrictive myelopathy in this study?
Combination of:
**CAP dysplasia**
Irregular subarachnoid space
**Bilateral ventrolateral extradural lesion ("V-shaped")**
Moderate focal spinal cord compression
**Intramedullary changes (focal gliosis)**
37
Lourinho et al 2020; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in 27 pugs: Where does CAP occur in Pugs and what is the distribution of pathology within the spine?
**Cited source**
Most often occurs in caudal thoracic spine (caudal to 10).
Usually higher number of vertebrae affected and multiple adjacent vertebrae affected compared to other breeds that get CAP.
38
Lourinho et al 2020; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in 27 pugs: How much stability do articular process joints contribute to spine?
**Cited source**
Up to 30%. Prevent extension & axial rotation in caudal thoracic spine, but more to do with weight bearing in cranial spine.
39
Lourinho et al 2020; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in 27 pugs: T/F - Pugs with hemivertebrae were recently reported to be 10 times more likely to become clinically symptomatic when compared to other brachycephalic breeds with the same malformation.
**Cited source**
True.
40
Lourinho et al 2020; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in 27 pugs: Determining the difference between subarachnoid diverticulum (SAD) and arachnoid space changes secondary to constrictive myelopathy can be challenging. What are features that help differentiate the two?
SAD:
- Uniform teardrop-shaped lesion adjacent to the spinal cord and contiguous with the subarachnoid space
- Dorsal location
- No contrast enhancement
CM:
- Subarachnoid space irregularity with mixed T2W signal intensity due to the hypointense material/bands within the subarachnoid space
- Circumferential or focal dorsal enhancement of the meninges in the majority of the cases post-contrast
41
Lourinho et al 2020; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in 27 pugs: How many Pugs had fecal/urinary incontinence? What is the cause?
60%.
Likely secondary to a lesion in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord that interferes with the cranial projecting sensory pathway for both defecation and urination.
42
Weber et al 2020; Comparison of high-field MRI and multidetector CT for grading Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: What is the definition of chiari-like malformation?
*Cited source**
Chiari-like malformation is the decrease in volume of the caudal cranial fossa, potentially leading to a caudal descent of the cerebellum and brainstem into or through the foramen magnum.
43
Weber et al 2020; Comparison of high-field MRI and multidetector CT for grading Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: What was the incidence of atlantoaxial overlap in a previous study on CKCS?
**Cited source**
1 out of 5 CKCS had atlantoaxial overlap.
44
Weber et al 2020; Comparison of high-field MRI and multidetector CT for grading Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: What is the MRI appearance of BVA/KC chiari-like malformation grade 0?
*Cited source**
Grade 0 CM (CM0) was characterized as a rounded cerebellum with signal consistent with CSF between the caudal cerebellar vermis and the foramen magnum.
45
Weber et al 2020; Comparison of high-field MRI and multidetector CT for grading Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: What is the MRI appearance of BVA/KC chiari-like malformation grade 1?
*Cited source**
Grade 1 CM (CM1) was characterized by an indentation of the caudal cerebellum by the supraoccipital bone, but the **presence of CSF between the caudal vermis and the foramen magnum is maintained**.
If T2weighted hyperintense CSF was caudal to the vermis and rostral to the foramen magnum then anecdotally observers reported being more confident grading CM1.
46
Weber et al 2020; Comparison of high-field MRI and multidetector CT for grading Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: What is the MRI appearance of BVA/KC chiari-like malformation grade 2?
*Cited source**
Grade 2 CM (CM2) was characterized by an indentation in the caudal cerebellum with the vermis impacted into or herniated through the foramen magnum.
47
Weber et al 2020; Comparison of high-field MRI and multidetector CT for grading Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: What are the MRI BVA/KC grades of syringomyelia?
*Cited source**
Grade 0 SM (SM0) indicates a normal central canal and no presyrinx.
Grade 1 SM (SM1) was central canal dilation less than 2 mm in diameter.
Grade 2 SM (SM2) was central canal dilation greater than 2 mm or separate syrinx/presyrinx.
48
Brand et al 2020; Computed tomographic features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs: What were the most common CT abnormalities seen in the gallbladder?
1) Intraluminal nodules
2) Gallbladder wall thickening
3) Hyperattenuating soft tissue or mineral material
Significant overlap of all these findings with the different confirmed gallbladder pathologies imaged.
49
Brand et al 2020; Computed tomographic features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs: What were the most common gallbladder pathologies seen with intraluminal nodules in the gallbladder?
- CMH
- Gallbladder mucocele
- Bactibilia
- Cholecystitis.
50
Brand et al 2020; Computed tomographic features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs: What were the most common gallbladder pathologies seen with gallbladder wall thickening? Was gallbladder wall thickening always present when pathology was present?
- CMH
- Gallbladder mucocele
- Gallbladder wall edema
Average wall thickness was around 4 mm +/- 2 mm.
Wall thickening was not always present when pathology was present, meaning if the wall is normal, gallbladder pathology is not excluded.
51
Brand et al 2020; Computed tomographic features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs: What is the HU of normal bile?
**Cited source**
34-35.8
52
Brand et al 2020; Computed tomographic features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs: What were the most common gallbladder pathologies seen with hyperattenuating material in the gallbladder?
- CMH
- Gallbladder mucocele
- Gallbladder wall edema
- Bactibilia
- Cholecystitis
- Cholelithiasis
Presence of material with bactibilia, cholecystitis, and gallbladder wall edema was not expected and is thought to represent concurrent pathology or sludge. Attached images show gallbladder wall edema with CMH.
Per the reviewers, gallbladder wall thickness was best visualized and measured on PRE-CONTRAST images.
53
Brand et al 2020; Computed tomographic features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs: What were the most common gallbladder abnormality of all the pathologies evaluated?
Mineral attenuating material.
54
Brand et al 2020; Computed tomographic features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs: Was the mineral material central in gallbladder mucoceles in this study?
No; however, only 67% of mucoceles in the previous paper had that appearance and there were 8 mucoceles in this study.
55
Brand et al 2020; Computed tomographic features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs: What gallbladder pathology had the lowest HU and what is a proposed mechanism?
Bactibilia (HU ~20). Inflammation may lead to less concentrated bile and reduction of HU.
56
Dancer et al 2020; Computed tomographic findings in a Bluetick Coonhound with a longitudinal thoracic tracheal tear: What were the CT findings of a tracheal tear?
Disruption of the dorsal tracheal membrane with mild to moderate overlap of the membrane. See images.
57
Lin et al 2020; Computed tomographic lymphangiography via intra-metatarsal pad injection is feasible in dogs with chylothorax: What was the success rate for metatarsal pad injection? How was the procedure done?
Thoracic duct enhancement occurred in 90% of cases with 75% of cases exhibiting excellent or good quality enhancement.
Procedure:
1) Prepare at least 1 mL/kg contrast medium
2) Divide it into two equal aliquots
3) Inject into the metatarsal pads bilaterally (15-30 seconds)
4) Thoroughly massage the pads and legs for 3-4 min
5) Start the first CT scan within 5 min after initiating the injection
6) Scan every 30-60 seconds until good enhancement is seen if 5 minute first scan is inadequate.
58
Lin et al 2020; Computed tomographic lymphangiography via intra-metatarsal pad injection is feasible in dogs with chylothorax: Where were the thoracic duct branches located in most dogs?
78% of dogs had TD branches to the RIGHT of the aorta at T10-T12.
59
Lin et al 2020; Computed tomographic lymphangiography via intra-metatarsal pad injection is feasible in dogs with chylothorax: Was the cisterna chyli a consistent morphological structure?
No, it significantly varied in appearance. Sometimes it was left-sided and other times there were no apparent structures associated with the cisterna chyli.
60
Dickson et al 2020; Computed tomography in two recumbencies aid in the identification of pulmonary bullae in dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax: Which two recumbencies help aid in the identification of pulmonary bullae?
Ventral and Dorsal.
61
Dickson et al 2020; Computed tomography in two recumbencies aid in the identification of pulmonary bullae in dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax: Which was the only factor that impacted visualization of pulmonary bullae? Which factors did not impact visualization?
Atelectasis was the only factor impacting visualization.
Degree of pneumothorax, IV contrast, and size of pulmonary bullae did not help visualization.
62
Trikoupi et al 2020; Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography: A new, radiation-free, alternative method for imaging of urinary bladder and urethra in healthy dogs: What is Sonovue?
**Cited source**
Second generation contrast agent.
Composed of sulfur hexafluoride gas in a phospholipid shell.
Advantages over 1st generation contrast agents include:
- Higher stability
- Higher resistance to rupturing
- Longer duration of the microbubbles
63
Trikoupi et al 2020; Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography: A new, radiation-free, alternative method for imaging of urinary bladder and urethra in healthy dogs: What was an uncommon issue encountered and what caused it?
Layering of the contrast during injection due to inadequate emptying of the urinary bladder prior to injection.
Lighter contrast microbubbles remain in non-dependent region of UB and denser urine stayed in dependent region, creating pseudolayering.
64
Trikoupi et al 2020; Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography: A new, radiation-free, alternative method for imaging of urinary bladder and urethra in healthy dogs: What MI is used in normal gray scale imaging? What MI should be used when using contrast agents?
**Cited source**
Standard gray scale MI = 0.60.
Use LOW MI (0.08-0.10) to prevent premature rupture of microbubbles.
65
Yoon et al 2020; CT and radiographic evaluation of bronchial collapsibility at forced expiration in asymptomatic brachycephalic dogs: What was the max expiratory bronchial collapsibility and which bronchus was consistently the most collapsed in asymptomatic brachycephalic dogs?
~85% max collapsibility within the cranial segmental bronchus of the left cranial lung lobe.
66
Yoon et al 2020; CT and radiographic evaluation of bronchial collapsibility at forced expiration in asymptomatic brachycephalic dogs: How does radiography compare to transverse CT images when assessing bronchial collapsibility.
Radiography tends to overestimate bronchial collapse, especially within the right caudal lobar bronchus.
67
French et al 2020; CT angiographic changes in dogs with acute pancreatitis: A prospective longitudinal study: What was the most significant change seen on repeat CT exams in acute pancreatitis patients?
Improvement of peripancreatic changes/fat stranding. No significant changes in size, contrast enhancement, or sequelae.
So, repeat CT examinations to look for necrotizing pancreatitis is not recommended, because the first exam is adequate for diagnosis.
68
French et al 2020; CT angiographic changes in dogs with acute pancreatitis: A prospective longitudinal study: What CT changes with pancreatitis are associated with increased hospitalization, relapses, and higher cPLI results?
**Cited source**
- Heterogeneous contrast enhancement (necrotizing panc)
- Portal vein thrombosis
68
Specchi & Bertolini 2020; CT angiography identifies collaterals in dogs with splenic vein obstruction and presumed regional splenic vein hypertension: What is sinistral portal hypertension?
Occlusion of the splenic vein leading to localized portal hypertension; however, portal vein is normal.
Regional splenic vein hypertension is the preferred terminology.
69
Specchi & Bertolini 2020; CT angiography identifies collaterals in dogs with splenic vein obstruction and presumed regional splenic vein hypertension: What are common concurrent conditions associated with splenic vein thrombosis?
**Cited source**
- Neoplasia (lymphoma most common)
- Exogenous corticosteroid administration
- SIRS
- DIC
- Pancreatitis
- Immune-mediated disease (IMHA)
70
Specchi & Bertolini 2020; CT angiography identifies collaterals in dogs with splenic vein obstruction and presumed regional splenic vein hypertension: What are the specific criteria to diagnose SV regional hypertension?
- Presence of segmental SV obstruction
- Presence of collateral splenosystemic pathways
- Absence of portal vein/portal branches obstruction
- Absence of direct/indirect signs of portal hypertension (ascites, portosystemic collaterals)
71
Specchi & Bertolini 2020; CT angiography identifies collaterals in dogs with splenic vein obstruction and presumed regional splenic vein hypertension: How can splenic torsion result in regional SV hypertension?
Acute torsions occurring at the hilus do not allow time for collateral circulation to develop; however, more chronic torsions or torsions that occur distal to the hilus may allow development of collaterals.
72
Specchi & Bertolini 2020; CT angiography identifies collaterals in dogs with splenic vein obstruction and presumed regional splenic vein hypertension: Which collaterals were seen with this condition?
- Left gastroepiploic (4/4 dogs)
- Left gastric (2/4 dogs)
- Splenogonadal (1/4 dogs)
73
Hughes et al 2020; CT characteristics of primary splenic torsion in eight dogs: What are the CT characteristics of a splenic torsion?
- Enlarged spleen with rounded margins and a "C-shape"
- Absent splenic parenchymal or vascular enhancement; mean HU of 51 with median difference of 1.1 HU between pre- and post-contrast (<10 HU difference consistent with absent enhancement)
- "Whirl sign" with brightly hyperattenuating **pre-contrast** center (median HU ~166)
- Free abdominal fluid
- Normal gastric positioning (i.e. rule out GDV with secondary splenic torsion/malpositioning)
- Lack of splenic lymphadenopathy
-
74
Hughes et al 2020; CT characteristics of primary splenic torsion in eight dogs: What might you see with partial splenic torsion? What are ddx for partial splenic torsion?
Splenic parenchymal enhancement may be normal to reduced in cases of partial torsion.
Partial torsion may be difficult to differentiate from splenic vein thrombosis/infarction, so these are good ddx to have.
75
Hughes et al 2020; CT characteristics of primary splenic torsion in eight dogs: What causes pre-contrast hyperattenuating center at whirl sign?
Hyperattenuation is due to acute arterial/venous thrombosis and increased density of compressed fibrovascular pedicle.
76
Hughes et al 2020; CT characteristics of primary splenic torsion in eight dogs: What is an infectious agent is possible associated with splenic torsion and what are the US characteristics?
**Cited source**
Babesia gibsoni. Tick-borne disease with high prevalence in Asia (India has prevalence of 47%!)
On ultrasound, dogs with have an enlarged heterogeneously hypoechoic spleen.
2 cases in Hong Kong with B. gibsoni that had splenic torsion.
77
Moreno-Aguado et al 2020; CT findings in 20 dogs and six cats with confirmed nasal foreign bodies: What are the most common causes of chronic nasal disease in dogs? What are they in cats?
Dogs:
1) Nasal neoplasia
2) Lymphocytic-lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis
3) Fungal disease
Cats:
1) Neoplasia
2) Chronic rhinitis
78
Moreno-Aguado et al 2020; CT findings in 20 dogs and six cats with confirmed nasal foreign bodies: What is the prevalence of nasal foreign bodies in dogs and cats?
**Cited source**
Dogs: 5-20%
Cats: 2.6-10%
79
Moreno-Aguado et al 2020; CT findings in 20 dogs and six cats with confirmed nasal foreign bodies: What is the typical CT appearance of nasal foreign bodies?
1) Linear (most common) or tubular shape (hollow material)
2) Different attenuation than expected for normal nasal anatomy
3) FB surrounded by gas and does not conform to normal anatomy
80
Moreno-Aguado et al 2020; CT findings in 20 dogs and six cats with confirmed nasal foreign bodies: What are some appearances of a few of the nasal foreign bodies within the study (grass blade, plant seed, wooden)? [none are statistically significant]
Grass blade:
- Linear
- Homogeneous attenuation between 20-400 HU
Grass seed:
- Linear or tubular shaped
- Can vary depending on part of plant involved
Wooden:
- Linear, sometimes tubular
- Length longer than width and mean attenuation of 111 (cited study)
81
Moreno-Aguado et al 2020; CT findings in 20 dogs and six cats with confirmed nasal foreign bodies: What are common secondary abnormalities identified in cases with nasal FB?
- Unilateral distribution (85%)
- Fluid accumulation (100%)
- Mucosal thickening (48%)
- Turbinate loss (44%)
82
Moreno-Aguado et al 2020; CT findings in 20 dogs and six cats with confirmed nasal foreign bodies: What secondary CT features of nasal FB are associated with chronicity?
Turbinate destruction and mucosal thickening.
83
Moreno-Aguado et al 2020; CT findings in 20 dogs and six cats with confirmed nasal foreign bodies: T/F - FB are more easily visualized in cats than in dogs or heavy patients.
True.
84
Trehiou et al 2020; CT is helpful for the detection and presurgical planning of lung perforation in dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax induced by grass awn migration: What is the seasonal incidence of grass awn foreign bodies?
**Cited source**
Spring and summer
85
Trehiou et al 2020; CT is helpful for the detection and presurgical planning of lung perforation in dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax induced by grass awn migration: What are the common findings on CT with grass awn migration?
- Ipsilateral pneumothorax to perforation site
- **Soft tissue attenuating focus lying against an extensive pleural thickening ** (perforation site)
- Visualization of a grass awn
86
Trehiou et al 2020; CT is helpful for the detection and presurgical planning of lung perforation in dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax induced by grass awn migration: What was the most common site of involvement/perforation?
Caudal lung lobes
87
Trehiou et al 2020; CT is helpful for the detection and presurgical planning of lung perforation in dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax induced by grass awn migration: What characteristics can help tell the difference between atelectasis and perforation site?
Atelectasis tended to be dependent (dogs scanned in sternal, so ventral) with **ill-defined borders**.
Perforation site tended to be dorsal with **well-defined borders.**
88
Trehiou et al 2020; CT is helpful for the detection and presurgical planning of lung perforation in dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax induced by grass awn migration: What is the incidence of multifocal grass awn-induced pulmonary lesions in a previous study and the current study?
In a previous study, they were infrequent (14%), but in this study they were seen in (40.9%) of cases.
These lesions may represent a disseminated infectious pneumonia secondary to grass awn migration or presence of multiple grass awns.
Absence of adjacent pleural thickening allows distinction from perforation site.
89
Trehiou et al 2020; CT is helpful for the detection and presurgical planning of lung perforation in dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax induced by grass awn migration: What was the most common location of the grass awns? What are the CT characteristics?
Location: Diaphragmatic crura or sublumbar musculature.
Appearance:
- Linear
- Mixed hyperattenuating soft tissue and gas material
- Irregular borders of diaphragm or sublumbar muscles with heterogeneous enhancement
Best identified on low window setting.
**Important to include this anatomy when grass awn migration is suspected**
90
Trehiou et al 2020; CT is helpful for the detection and presurgical planning of lung perforation in dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax induced by grass awn migration: How is the distribution of pneumothorax secondary to grass awn different from pulmonary bleb/bulla?
**Cited source**
Pulmonary blebs tend to involve the cranial lung lobes, as opposed to grass awns, which involve the caudal lung lobes.
91
Kadic et al 2020; Description of a rare osteochondrosis lesion of the medial aspect of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia in seven Thoroughbred horses: Where do OC lesions most commonly occur in the equine tarsus? List them in order of most to decreased incidence.
1) Distal intermediate ridge of the tibia
2) Lateral trochlear ridge of the talus
3) Medial malleolus of the tibia
92
Kadic et al 2020; Description of a rare osteochondrosis lesion of the medial aspect of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia in seven Thoroughbred horses: What special view is needed to visualized atypical OC lesions of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia?
A D10L-PMO view.
In the figure, normal in on the left and an atypical OC is depicted on the right.
93
Drury et al 2020; Diaphragmatic dysfunction in dogs with cervical spinal disorders before and after surgery using fluoroscopy, motion-mode ultrasound and radiography was not different than a group of control dogs: What were the major findings?
No increase in diaphragmatic dysfunction following cervical decompressive surgery.
Fluoroscopy is the better modality to diagnose diaphragmatic dysfunction compared to rads and US.
94
Drury et al 2020; Diaphragmatic dysfunction in dogs with cervical spinal disorders before and after surgery using fluoroscopy, motion-mode ultrasound and radiography was not different than a group of control dogs: T/F - Most dogs with diaphragmatic dysfunction were symptomatic.
False. Most dogs with dysfunction were asymptomatic.
95
Lampe et al 2020; Dynamic MRI is reliable for evaluation of the lumbosacral spine in healthy dogs: What were the major findings?
Quantitative measurements, such as foraminal size, were smaller in EXTENDED positions and greater in FLEXED positions.
Positioning patients in extended position may reveal dynamic narrowing that is not apparent with neutral or flexed positioning.
96
Lampe et al 2020; Dynamic MRI is reliable for evaluation of the lumbosacral spine in healthy dogs: What is a SPACE sequence? What are its advantages?
**Cited source**
SPACE is a variant of the 3D turbo SE sequence.
It uses nonselective, short, refocusing pulse trains consisting of radiofrequency pulses with variable flip angles, allowing for high sampling efficiency.
Advantages:
- Less sensitive to susceptibility, flow, and chemical shift artifacts
- Provide high-resolution isotropic images that can be reconstructed in multiple planes
97
Earley et al 2020; Early partial portal venous contrast enhancement in canine CT-Angiography: What does early partial portal vein enhancement indicate?
It is NOT pathognomonic for arterioportal malformation and is a normal incidental finding.
98
Chhoey et al 2020; Effect of expiratory phase for radiographic detection of left heart enlargement in dogs with mitral regurgitation: What is the average VHS of normal dogs and what is the recommended cut off (non-breed specific)?
**Cited source**
9.7 +/- 0.5 (range 8.5 - 10.6)
>10.5 is the cut off for determination of cardiomegaly in adult dogs.
98
Chhoey et al 2020; Effect of expiratory phase for radiographic detection of left heart enlargement in dogs with mitral regurgitation: What is the average VLAS of normal dogs and what is the recommended cut off (non-breed specific)?
**Cited source**
VLAS < 2.1 is normal.
VLAS > 2.3 is considered a useful predictor of LA enlargement.
99
Chhoey et al 2020; Effect of expiratory phase for radiographic detection of left heart enlargement in dogs with mitral regurgitation: Which phase of inspiration was left-sided enlargement more apparent?
**Cited source**
On expiratory images. There was increased visualization of the left atrium/auricle in dogs with MR on expiratory films compared to inspiratory films.
However, VHS was NOT affected by phase of respiration (for normal or abnormal dogs) and there was no difference between inspiration and expiration of the cardiac silhouette in normal dogs.
100
Chhoey et al 2020; Effect of expiratory phase for radiographic detection of left heart enlargement in dogs with mitral regurgitation: Which cardiac parameters had higher correlation with left atrial enlargement on expiratory radiographs?
**Cited source**
La/Ao and VLAS.
The VD view was more sensitive to LA enlargement on expiratory films when LA/Ao used as the gold standard.
100
101
Park et al 2020; Feline pancreatic ducts are consistently identified on CT and more likely to be dilated in the body of pancreas in cats with elevated feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity: What are potential causes of PD dilation?
- Pancreatitis
- Age-associated changes
- Response to the pre-secretin administration
- Ductal obstruction secondary to neoplasia or pancreatolith/choledocholelith.
102
Park et al 2020; Feline pancreatic ducts are consistently identified on CT and more likely to be dilated in the body of pancreas in cats with elevated feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity: What phase is PD dilation best seen? What is the shape and size of the pancreatic duct in normal cats?
PD is best visualized during the portal phase within the body of the pancreas.
The PD is usually tubular or tapered in shape, with a few having a beaded appearance.
The mean maximal diameter was 1.5-1.7 mm (range 0.9 mm - 3.3 mm)
Figure includes pre-contrast, arterial, portal, and delayed phases from left to right.
103
Park et al 2020; Feline pancreatic ducts are consistently identified on CT and more likely to be dilated in the body of pancreas in cats with elevated feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity: What was the average size of a dilated pancreatic duct in cats with an elevated fPLI? What are proposed mechanisms why this occurs?
Average size was 1.9 - 2.4 mm.
Causes of PD dilatation in feline pancreatitis:
- Progressive atrophy of both endocrine and exocrine tissues
- Ductal inflammation
- Partial to complete ductal obstruction secondary to mucous or pancreatolith
- Epithelial metaplasia
- Ductal mucinous hyperplasia
104
King et al 2020; Hepatic CT attenuation differs in three species of freshwater turtles and hepatic Hounsfield units increase with folliculogenesis in wild Blanding’s turtles: What HU indicates hepatic lipidosis in turtles? Was there a significant difference between captive and wild turtles?
<20 HU indicates hepatic lipidosis.
Captive freshwater turtles (Vietnamese pond turtle) had HU of 5 compared to wild Blanding's turtles (95 HU).
A = Vietnamese pond turtle
B = Norther snake neck turtle
C = Blanding turtle
105
King et al 2020; Hepatic CT attenuation differs in three species of freshwater turtles and hepatic Hounsfield units increase with folliculogenesis in wild Blanding’s turtles: What is the cause of the higher HU in wild Blanding turtles?
Folliculogenesis, which is the process by which intrahepatic fat stores are utilized for energy and reduces the amount of fat within the liver.
106
Kottmeier et al 2020; High-field (3 Tesla) MRI of the navicular apparatus of sound horses shows good agreement to histopathology: What specific changes to the articular cartilage and fibrocartilage were seen on MRI compared to histopathology?
The articular cartilage was THINNER, and the fibrocartilage of the flexor surface was THICKER.
107
Kottmeier et al 2020; High-field (3 Tesla) MRI of the navicular apparatus of sound horses shows good agreement to histopathology: Why is knowing that the fibrocartilage appears thicker on 3T MRI important?
**Cited source**
Thinning of the navicular flexor surface fibrocartilage is an early indicator of navicular degeneration.
108
Hanson et al 2020; Imaging features of disseminated xanthogranulomatous inflammation in eclectus parrots: What are xanthogranulomas?
**Cited source**
Non-neoplastic masses containing intracellular lipid and cholesterol deposits among an inflammatory infiltrate of vacuolated macrophages and giant cells.
109
Hanson et al 2020; Imaging features of disseminated xanthogranulomatous inflammation in eclectus parrots: What is a xanthoma?
**Cited source**
Characterized by the deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material in large foam cells accumulating in the skin and tendons, forming a discrete mass.
110
Hanson et al 2020; Imaging features of disseminated xanthogranulomatous inflammation in eclectus parrots: What are the most common radiographic imaging features?
Decreased serosal detail and celomic distension
Multifocal variably sized celomic mineralization
+/- Extracelomic mineralized masses
In the figure, arrows pointing to mineralized left caudal lung lobe mass. Barium given in bottom set to highlight moderate to severe proventricular dilation.
111
Hanson et al 2020; Imaging features of disseminated xanthogranulomatous inflammation in eclectus parrots: What are the most common US imaging features?
Celomic effusion with foci of celomic mineralization
Hepatomegaly
112
Hanson et al 2020; Imaging features of disseminated xanthogranulomatous inflammation in eclectus parrots: What are the most common CT imaging features?
- Multifocal celomic mineralization with moderate to severe celomic effusion
- Diffuse severe proventricular and intestinal dilation
- Atherosclerosis of the major arterial trunks
113
Hanson et al 2020; Imaging features of disseminated xanthogranulomatous inflammation in eclectus parrots: What are common clinicopathologic findings with disseminated xanthogranulomatosis?
- Elevated bile acids
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Hypertriglyceridemia
**History of inappropriate, high-fat, or nontraditional diets
113
Castillo et al 2020; Inner ear fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI signal intensity in dogs with vestibular disease: In which vestibular disease did inner ear fluid fail to suppress? Was there a correlation with CSF results?
Otitis media/interna. There was no correlation between finding failure to suppress and evidence of CSF inflammation, even through there is communication between the perilymph in the bony labyrinth and CSF.
114
Vandenberghe et al 2020; Magnetic resonance imaging of a giant frontal hemorrhagic mucocele with intracranial extension in a cat: What is a sinusal mucocele? How do these occur?
**Cited source**
Epithelial lined mucous containing cyst within a paranasal sinus.
These occur when the ostia, which communicate between paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity, become blocked and prevent drainage of mucous.
115
Vandenberghe et al 2020; Magnetic resonance imaging of a giant frontal hemorrhagic mucocele with intracranial extension in a cat: What is a major historical finding in animals that develop sinusal mucoceles?
**Cited source**
History of head trauma.
116
Vandenberghe et al 2020; Magnetic resonance imaging of a giant frontal hemorrhagic mucocele with intracranial extension in a cat: What is a major characteristic of the sinusal mucocele in this case that helped distinguish it from neoplasia?
Peripheral contrast enhancement.
117
Reeve et al 2020; Mediastinal lymphoma in dogs is homogeneous compared to thymic epithelial neoplasia and is more likely to envelop the cranial vena cava in CT images: What are the two most common mediastinal masses in dogs? Which one is more common?
**Cited source**
Lymphoma (most common) and thymoma.
118
Reeve et al 2020; Mediastinal lymphoma in dogs is homogeneous compared to thymic epithelial neoplasia and is more likely to envelop the cranial vena cava in CT images: Which neoplasm of the two (lymphoma or thymoma) more commonly exhibits cystic structures?
**Cited source**
Thymoma.
119
Reeve et al 2020; Mediastinal lymphoma in dogs is homogeneous compared to thymic epithelial neoplasia and is more likely to envelop the cranial vena cava in CT images: What type of lymphoma usually involves the mediastinum?
**Cited source**
T-cell.
120
Reeve et al 2020; Mediastinal lymphoma in dogs is homogeneous compared to thymic epithelial neoplasia and is more likely to envelop the cranial vena cava in CT images: What were characteristics more indicative of thymic neoplasia?
Heterogeneous contrast enhancement (due to cystic structures and possible mediastinal fat invasion) and older aged patients.
121
Reeve et al 2020; Mediastinal lymphoma in dogs is homogeneous compared to thymic epithelial neoplasia and is more likely to envelop the cranial vena cava in CT images: What were characteristics more indicative of mediastinal lymphoma?
Homogeneous contrast enhancement and cranial vena cava **envelopment**.
122
Reeve et al 2020; Mediastinal lymphoma in dogs is homogeneous compared to thymic epithelial neoplasia and is more likely to envelop the cranial vena cava in CT images: Which breed of dog commonly gets mediastinal masses (thymoma or mediastinal lymphoma)?
**Cited source**
Labrador Retrievers.
123
Reeve et al 2020; Mediastinal lymphoma in dogs is homogeneous compared to thymic epithelial neoplasia and is more likely to envelop the cranial vena cava in CT images: How often does paraneoplastic megaesophagus in cases of thymoma?
**Cited source**
40%.
124
Reeve et al 2020; Mediastinal lymphoma in dogs is homogeneous compared to thymic epithelial neoplasia and is more likely to envelop the cranial vena cava in CT images: What factors were not significantly different between thymoma and mediastinal lymphoma?
- Presence of lymphadenopathy
- Morphology
- Presence of calcification
- Cranial vena cava **invasion**
- Collateral vessels
- Pleural effusion
125
Reeve et al 2020; Mediastinal lymphoma in dogs is homogeneous compared to thymic epithelial neoplasia and is more likely to envelop the cranial vena cava in CT images: What was the most common location for thymoma and mediastinal lymphoma?
Left of midline.
126
Kwan et al 2020; Mensuration of the rabbit pituitary gland from computed tomography: What are the measurements of the normal pituitary gland on MRI?
**Cited source**
3.5 mm x 3.5 mm x 5.0 mm.
127
Kwan et al 2020; Mensuration of the rabbit pituitary gland from computed tomography: What is the most common pituitary mass in rabbits? What signs does it cause?
**Cited source**
Prolactinoma.
Results in diffuse mammary hyperplasia and dysplasia. This can progress to cystic mammary adenocarcinoma in rabbits.
128
Kwan et al 2020; Mensuration of the rabbit pituitary gland from computed tomography: What were the measurements of the normal rabbit pituitary gland on CT? What about pituitary gland height to brain area ratio?
Measurements: 4.2 mm x 4.5 mm x 6.0 mm.
Ratio: 1.1 (higher than in dogs and cats). In dogs it is <0.31.
129
Won & Yoon 2020; MRI utricle diameter asymmetry is significantly greater in dogs with idiopathic vestibular syndrome compared with unaffected dogs: How was the utricle asymmetry ratio calculated? What was the cut off?
Ratio was calculated by dividing the smallest diameter utricle by the larger diameter utricle.
A cut off of <0.73 is consistent with side of clinical signs.
130
Won & Yoon 2020; MRI utricle diameter asymmetry is significantly greater in dogs with idiopathic vestibular syndrome compared with unaffected dogs: What does the asymmetry of the utricles possibly indicate?
Atrophy of the vestibular system.
131
Newman et al 2020; Multimodality imaging of an azygous continuation of the caudal vena cava in a dog with pulmonary thromboembolic disease: What conditions are associated with azygous continuation of the caudal vena cava?
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Portosystemic shunting
- Pulmonary thromboembolic disease (as seen in this case; multiple thrombi in severely dilated azygous vein resulted in PTE)
132
Taylor et al 2020; Norwich terriers possess a greater vertebral heart scale than the canine reference value: In Buchanan and Bucheler's 1995 VHS study, which factors studied did NOT impact VHS?
**Cited source**
- Wide or deep thorax
- Sex
- Right or left lateral recumbency
133
Taylor et al 2020; Norwich terriers possess a greater vertebral heart scale than the canine reference value: What is the VHS for Norwich terriers? Which factor affected VHS?
10.6 +/- 0.6
Increased body weight (BCS >6) was associated with increased VHS.
134
Lin & Chung et al 2020; Novel contrast agent VisphereTM is feasible for contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in dogs: What is Visphere?
Smaller diameter microbubble contrast agent with higher concentration compared to Sonozoid or Sonovue.
Perfluorocarbon gas in phospholipid shell.
135
Lin & Chung et al 2020; Novel contrast agent VisphereTM is feasible for contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in dogs: What is SonoVue? What are its indications?
**Cited source**
Sulfur hexafluoride gas with phospholipid shell.
Thought to be truly a "blood pool" contrast agent, so used for echocardiography, splenic lesions, renal lesions, and quantitative renal function assessment.
136
Lin & Chung et al 2020; Novel contrast agent VisphereTM is feasible for contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in dogs: What is Sonazoid? What are its indications?
**Cited source**
Perfluorobutane with phosphatidylserine shell
Broadly used for detection of hepatic lesions, because it undergoes late-phase enhancement caused by reticuloendothelial phagocytosis.
137
Lin & Chung et al 2020; Novel contrast agent VisphereTM is feasible for contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in dogs: What are the phases of contrast enhancement when using CEUS? Which contrast agents exhibit which phases?
**Cited source**
Early phase: arterial and portal phase; represents the blood pool phase. Early phase ranges from 15-60 seconds in dogs.
Late phase: intracellular contrast enhancement; associated with phagocytosis of reticuloendothelial cells (Kupffer cells).
SonoVue - Early phase
Sonazoid - Early and late phases
Visphere - Early and late (based on results of the study)
138
Lin & Chung et al 2020; Novel contrast agent VisphereTM is feasible for contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in dogs: What causes the difference in contrast patterns of the renal cortex and medulla? Which contrast agents provided better visualization of the medulla?
**Cited source**
Dual capillary bed system.
Early cortical enhancement = glomerular flow.
Delayed medullary enhancement = tubular flow.
Visphere and Sonozoid provided better renal medullary enhancement than SonoVue.
139
Lin & Chung et al 2020; Novel contrast agent VisphereTM is feasible for contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in dogs: Which CEUS parameter is the least variable renal perfusion parameter to monitor over the long term in dogs and cats?
**Cited source**
TTP. Delayed TTP helps detect early renal disease.
140
Lloyd-Edwards et al 2020; Presumed cholesterinic granulomas detected on CT in horses are associated with increased lateral ventricle height and age: What is the typical CT appearance of cholesterinic granulomas?
**Cited source**
- Usually bilateral masses of the choroid plexus in the base of the lateral ventricles
- Heterogeneous
- Irregularly mineralized
- Unreliably contrast enhance
141
Lloyd-Edwards et al 2020; Presumed cholesterinic granulomas detected on CT in horses are associated with increased lateral ventricle height and age: What age were cholesterinic granulomas most common? Were they associated with increased prevalence neurologic signs?
>15 years of age.
They were not associated with neurological signs in this study despite the increase in lateral ventricle height, but have previously been linked to forebrain signs in horses. Cholesterol granulomas in this study were smaller than those in case reports linked to neurological signs.
142
Huguet et al 2020; Radiographic anatomy of the equine distal tibia: What radiographic view highlights all the distal protuberances of the tibia?
Plantaro-15 distal 85 lateral dorsoproximal medial oblique
143
Huguet et al 2020; Radiographic anatomy of the equine distal tibia: Name the radiographic view and highlighted protuberances.
DLPMO.
1 = Cranial protuberance of lateral malleolus
2 = Caudal protuberance of lateral malleolus
3 = Medial malleolus
4 = Cranial DIRT
5 = Caudal DIRT
144
Huguet et al 2020; Radiographic anatomy of the equine distal tibia: Name the radiographic view and highlighted protuberances.
DMPLO.
1 = Cranial protuberance of lateral malleolus
2 = Caudal protuberance of lateral malleolus
3 = Medial malleolus
4 = Cranial DIRT
5 = Caudal DIRT
145
Huguet et al 2020; Radiographic anatomy of the equine distal tibia: Name the radiographic view and highlighted protuberances.
DP.
1 = Cranial protuberance of lateral malleolus
2 = Caudal protuberance of lateral malleolus
3 = Medial malleolus
4 = Cranial DIRT
5 = Caudal DIRT
146
Huguet et al 2020; Radiographic anatomy of the equine distal tibia: Name the radiographic view and highlighted protuberances.
Lateromedial.
1 = Cranial protuberance of lateral malleolus
2 = Caudal protuberance of lateral malleolus
3 = Medial malleolus
4 = Cranial DIRT
5 = Caudal DIRT
147
Vilaplana Grosso et al 2020; Radiographic and computed tomographic appearance of caseous lymphadenitis in a goat: What is the typical CT appearance of caseous lymphadenitis affecting lymph nodes?
An irregular laminated mineralization pattern; "onion-ring" appearance.
148
Ruby et al 2020; Radiographic differentiation of mediastinal versus pulmonary masses in dogs and cats can be challenging: What feature was more common with mediastinal masses?
Displacement of mediastinal structures.
149
Ruby et al 2020; Radiographic differentiation of mediastinal versus pulmonary masses in dogs and cats can be challenging: What feature was more common with pulmonary masses?
Mass lateral to midline within the caudal thorax was more likely to be pulmonary in origin.
150
Ruby et al 2020; Radiographic differentiation of mediastinal versus pulmonary masses in dogs and cats can be challenging: What are differentials for non neoplastic masses of mediastinal origin?
**Cited source**
- Reactive lymphadenopathy (sternal, mediastinal, or tracheobronchial)
- Branchial cyst
- Esophageal enlargement
- Hernia
- Abscess
- Hematoma
- Granuloma (ex. Spirocerca lupi infection)
151
Hickey et al 2020; Radiographic features of suspected suture-associated cystic calculi in dogs: What are the common radiographic features?
Multifocal, short, **usually linear** mineral calculi within the center of the urinary bladder.
Hollow on histopath.
152
Hickey et al 2020; Radiographic features of suspected suture-associated cystic calculi in dogs: What type of calculi were suture-associated calculi?
Calcium oxalate.
153
Vezzosi et al 2020; Radiographic vertebral left atrial size: A reference interval study in healthy adult dogs: How do you measure VLAS?
Measure from center of ventral aspect of carina to the caudal aspect of the left atrium where it intersects the dorsal border of the CVC.
Take line beginning at cranial edge of T4 and extend caudal and parallel to vertebral canal.
154
Vezzosi et al 2020; Radiographic vertebral left atrial size: A reference interval study in healthy adult dogs: What was the normal range for healthy dogs? Is this in accordance to a previous study that determined a VLAS >2.3 is abnormal?
The range was 1.4-2.2 in healthy dogs, which confirms that the >2.3 cut off is appropriate.
155
Walczak et al 2020; Radiography and ultrasonography of pneumatosis intestinalis in a cat: What is the appearance of pneumatosis intestinalis and what is the proposed cause in this case?
Multifocal small intramural small intestinal gas bubbles.
Necrotizing hemorrhagic enterotyphlocolitis secondary to C. difficile.
156
Kang et al 2020; Retrograde CT urethrography using a power injector quantitatively reveals effects of bladder distension on urethral size in healthy male Beagle dogs: What dose and rate on the power injector was used for this procedure? What is being shown on the CT image?
Power injector: 0.3 ml/s
Dose: 1 ml/kg diluted contrast medium (15 mg I/ml) followed by 1 ml/kg additional diluted contrast boluses until contrast until ureteral reflux seen.
The CT image is demonstrating ureteral reflux, which is how they knew the bladder was distended.
157
Kang et al 2020; Retrograde CT urethrography using a power injector quantitatively reveals effects of bladder distension on urethral size in healthy male Beagle dogs: What are the parts of the male urethra and where do they start/end?
**Cited source**
Prostatic: From neck of urinary bladder to caudal edge of prostate
Membranous: Caudal edge of prostate to bulb of urethra (ischial arch)
Penile: Ischial arch to external urethral orifice
158
Kang et al 2020; Retrograde CT urethrography using a power injector quantitatively reveals effects of bladder distension on urethral size in healthy male Beagle dogs: Which portion of the urethra showed the least difference between empty and distended bladders?
Membranous portion of the urethra.
159
Kang et al 2020; Retrograde CT urethrography using a power injector quantitatively reveals effects of bladder distension on urethral size in healthy male Beagle dogs: Which portion of the urethra can look narrowed if not distended?
The cranial and middle portions of the prostatic urethra.
160
Kang et al 2020; Retrograde CT urethrography using a power injector quantitatively reveals effects of bladder distension on urethral size in healthy male Beagle dogs: Where is the most common site for urethral narrowing due to urethral spasm?
**Cited source**
The ischial arch.
161
Kang et al 2020; Retrograde CT urethrography using a power injector quantitatively reveals effects of bladder distension on urethral size in healthy male Beagle dogs: Where is the seminal hillock? What does it do to the shape of the urethra?
Seminal hillock is located within the middle portion of the prostatic. The bilateral ductus deferens open here. Reflux of contrast can be seen into the ducts in normal male dogs (see attached image)
Results in a "heart or U-shaped" urethra in a distended bladder and a "V-shaped" urethra in an empty bladder.
162
Smith et al 2020; Risk of intra-articular injection with longitudinal ultrasound-guided injection of collateral ligaments of the equine distal interphalangeal joint: T/F - Ultrasound guided injection of the collateral ligaments of the coffin joint is unlikely to be successful.
True.
163
Elser et al 2020; Serial abdominal radiographs do not significantly increase accuracy of diagnosis of gastrointestinal mechanical obstruction due to occult foreign bodies in dogs and cats: What is the accuracy of subjective assessment of abdominal radiographs in foreign body detection?
**Cited source**
61% to 81-89%
164
Elser et al 2020; Serial abdominal radiographs do not significantly increase accuracy of diagnosis of gastrointestinal mechanical obstruction due to occult foreign bodies in dogs and cats: For which types of foreign body obstructions may repeat radiographs not be as rewarding, because gas dilation does not progress?
Proximal SI obstructions and linear foreign bodies.
165
Moshnikova et al 2020; Sonographic findings of pinpoint hyperechoic foci in the small intestine, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes are indicative of canine Heterobilharzia americana infection: What were the intestinal findings?
- Heterogeneity of the small intestinal wall layers
- **Submucosal thickening (>1.5 mm)
- Focal or multifocal lesions (i.e. not diffuse)
- **Pinpoint hyperechoic foci within the wall**
- Heterogeneity and thickening of the colonic wall
166
Moshnikova et al 2020; Sonographic findings of pinpoint hyperechoic foci in the small intestine, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes are indicative of canine Heterobilharzia americana infection: What were the hepatic findings?
Numerous pinpoint distinct hyperechoic foci
167
Moshnikova et al 2020; Sonographic findings of pinpoint hyperechoic foci in the small intestine, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes are indicative of canine Heterobilharzia americana infection: What percentage of dogs had small intestinal abnormalities, hepatic abnormalities, or both?
82%. Small intestines and liver were the most common organs affected.
168
Moshnikova et al 2020; Sonographic findings of pinpoint hyperechoic foci in the small intestine, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes are indicative of canine Heterobilharzia americana infection: The combination of pinpoint hyperechoic foci within the small intestinal wall, hepatic parenchyma or mesenteric lymph nodes, and heterogeneous small intestinal layering was highly _______?
Specific. Specificity was 96.4% and PPV was 94%.
Only moderately sensitive.
169
Moshnikova et al 2020; Sonographic findings of pinpoint hyperechoic foci in the small intestine, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes are indicative of canine Heterobilharzia americana infection: Were there positive dogs without typical US abnormalities?
Yes. Six dogs (11%) had no abnormalities and three dogs only had hypoechoic hepatic nodules.
170
Moshnikova et al 2020; Sonographic findings of pinpoint hyperechoic foci in the small intestine, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes are indicative of canine Heterobilharzia americana infection: What other findings have been reported and were not as commonly seen in this study?
**Cited source**
- Hyperechoic foci within the pancreas
- Enlarged abdominal lymph nodes
- Peritoneal effusion
171
Cordella et al 2020; Splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis in dogs is frequently detected on multiphase multidetector-row CT as hypervascular nodules: In a previous study (2004), what HU cut off was determined to differentiate malignant versus benign splenic masses?
**Cited source**
55 HU.
Malignant masses have a lower HU compared to benign lesions, which tended to have higher HU.
<55 more likely malignant and >55 more likely benign.
Since then, studies have been done that have not show significant difference between benign and malignant lesions involving the liver and spleen on CT.
172
Cordella et al 2020; Splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis in dogs is frequently detected on multiphase multidetector-row CT as hypervascular nodules: In a study looking at splenic lesions with triple phase CT, what was the enhancement pattern for nodular hyperplasia versus hematoma and hemangiosarcoma?
**Cited source**
Nodular hyperplasia enhanced homogeneously while hematomas and hemangiosarcomas enhanced heterogeneously.
173
Cordella et al 2020; Splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis in dogs is frequently detected on multiphase multidetector-row CT as hypervascular nodules: What was the most frequent pattern of EMH in this study?
Multifocal hyperattenuating nodules during the arterial and portal phases.
Hyperattenuating due to hematopoietic activity.
From left to right, arterial, portal, and delayed phases in the included figure.
174
Cordella et al 2020; Splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis in dogs is frequently detected on multiphase multidetector-row CT as hypervascular nodules: What less common patterns of EMH were seen?
- Single splenic mass (tended to peripherally enhance, but can be hyper- or hypovascular)
- Diffusely heterogeneously splenic parenchyma
- Normal spleen
Hypoattenuating regions likely correspond to inactive EMH sites, characterized by iron and fatty deposition. Hyperattenuating areas and rim correspond to active regions.
175
Davies et al 2020; Standing CT of the equine head: Reducing radiation dose maintains image quality: What dose resulted in similar image quality to 300 mAs? What was the relationship between mAs and scatter?
150 mAs (half the dose).
Halving the mAs resulted in half the scatter radiation to personnel (linear relationship between technique and scatter radiation dose).
176
Gutierrez-Nibeyro et al 2020; Standing MRI lesions of the distal interphalangeal joint and podotrochlear apparatus occur with a high frequency in warmblood horses: Which lesions were associated with chronic lameness following conservative therapy?
- Trabecular navicular lesions
- Mild or severe flexor surface erosions
- Moderate sagittal or parasagittal DDFT tendinopathies
- Moderate collateral sesamoidian desmopathy
177
Weston et al 2020; Susceptibility weighted imaging at 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in dogs: Comparison with T2*-weighted gradient echo sequence and its clinical indications: Explain the difference in left and right handed MRI magnets in relation to paramagnetic and diamagnetic substances on SWI.
Left-handed magnets:
- Diamagnetic substances [calcium] produce negative phase shift -> loss of signal (dark)
- Paramagnetic substances [blood] produce positive shift -> increased signal (bright)
Right-handed magnets:
Diamagnetic and paramagnetic substances still produce the same types of shift, but it is displayed opposite on right handed magnets compared to left-handed magnets.
Paramagnetic substances are dark and diamagnetic substances are bright.
178
Weston et al 2020; Susceptibility weighted imaging at 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in dogs: Comparison with T2*-weighted gradient echo sequence and its clinical indications: What is the appearance of neovascularization on SWI? What was its correlation to post-contrast T1W?
Linear branching signal voids (see image). Intralesional hemorrhage appears as dots.
Neovascularization on SWI significantly correlated with presence of T1W post contrast enhancement.
179
Weston et al 2020; Susceptibility weighted imaging at 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in dogs: Comparison with T2-weighted gradient echo sequence and its clinical indications: How did SWI compare to T2?
Hemorrhagic lesions and venous structures (deoxyhemogloblin) were more conspicuous on SWI compared to T2*.
180
Weston et al 2020; Susceptibility weighted imaging at 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in dogs: Comparison with T2-weighted gradient echo sequence and its clinical indications: Why does SWI produce increased conspicuity of hemorrhage and venous structures compared to T2?
SWI has higher SNR and spatial resolution by using longer TE times and thinner slices.
181
Weston et al 2020; Susceptibility weighted imaging at 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in dogs: Comparison with T2*-weighted gradient echo sequence and its clinical indications: What factors are responsible for the T2 and T1 properties of blood?
- Oxygen saturation
- Hematocrit
- RBC integrity
Ex. arterial blood has longer T2 relaxation compared to 70% saturated venous blood. SWI prolongs T2 relaxation effects, highlighting the differences between venous (deoxyhemoglobin) and arterial (oxyhemoglobin) blood.
181
Fitzharris et al 2020; The equine diaphragm: A novel technique for repeatable ultrasound measurement: Major findings?
Diaphragm identified between ICS 6-17.
Thickest at the 11th ICS on the left during inspiration.
Thinnest at the 16th ICS on the right during expiration.
181
Weston et al 2020; Susceptibility weighted imaging at 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in dogs: Comparison with T2*-weighted gradient echo sequence and its clinical indications: Is oxyhemoglobin diamagnetic or paramagnetic?
Diamagnetic.
Deoxyhemoglobin is paramagnetic with 4 unpaired electrons.
182
Pemberton et al 2020; The hypoattenuating ocular lens on CT is not always due to cataract formation: What is the normal HU of the lens?
**Cited source**
Pre- and post contrast did not change. Values range from 108-164.
183
Pemberton et al 2020; The hypoattenuating ocular lens on CT is not always due to cataract formation: What was the appearance of the lens on CT?
The CT filter resulted in a hypoattenuating rim with an isoattenuating core within the lens of multiple dogs and cats.
Nearly always bilaterally symmetrical.
If this finding is seen, don't assume it is a cataract.
184
Pulkkinen et al 2020; The intra- and intertester repeatability of radiographic elbow incongruity grading is high in chondrodystrophic dog breeds: What is the description for when premature closure of the distal ulnar growth plate results in cranial-caudal and mediolateral bending of the radius?
**Cited source**
Multiplanar angular deformity of the antebrachium and carpal valgus.
185
Pulkkinen et al 2020; The intra- and intertester repeatability of radiographic elbow incongruity grading is high in chondrodystrophic dog breeds: What radiographic positioning is used to grade elbow congruity in chondrodystrophic breeds?
**Cited source**
90 degree flexion of the elbow with the beam centered on the mid-radius.
186
Pulkkinen et al 2020; The intra- and intertester repeatability of radiographic elbow incongruity grading is high in chondrodystrophic dog breeds: What scoring system was used to grade incongruity in this study?
Width of humeroulnar joint on radiograph taken with elbow joint in 90 degree flexion and beam centered on mid-radius.
INC 0 (normal) - <1 mm
INC 1 (mild) - 1-2 mm
INC 2 (moderate) - 2-3 mm
INC 3 (severe) - >4 mm
187
Pulkkinen et al 2020; The intra- and intertester repeatability of radiographic elbow incongruity grading is high in chondrodystrophic dog breeds: T/F - Previous studies have found that even when the beam is not centered on the elbow joint, a congruent joint with not appear incongruent.
**Cited source**
True.
188
Ng et al 2020; The left lateral projection is comparable to horizontal beam radiography for identifying experimental small volume pneumoperitoneum in the canine abdomen: What are the two ways to perform horizontal beam radiography?
1) Place patient in dorsal recumbency and a lateral projection is acquired with a horizontally directed beam. (lateral horizontal)
2) Place patient in left lateral recumbency and a VD projection is acquired with a horizontally directed beam. (VD horizontal)
189
Ng et al 2020; The left lateral projection is comparable to horizontal beam radiography for identifying experimental small volume pneumoperitoneum in the canine abdomen: Which projections identified free peritoneal air the best?
Left lateral and lateral horizontal beam radiographs performed better at detecting 2.5 ml, 5 ml, and 10 ml of air compared to VD and horizontal VD radiographs.
190
Ng et al 2020; The left lateral projection is comparable to horizontal beam radiography for identifying experimental small volume pneumoperitoneum in the canine abdomen: T/F - The VD horizontal projection had the highest odds ratio for detecting 2.5 ml and 5 ml of free peritoneal air.
False. The VDH had the lowest odds ratio for 2.5 ml and 5 mL of air.
191
Ng et al 2020; The left lateral projection is comparable to horizontal beam radiography for identifying experimental small volume pneumoperitoneum in the canine abdomen: What is the lowest detectable amount of free peritoneal air using US?
**Cited source**
0.4 mL
192
Ng et al 2020; The left lateral projection is comparable to horizontal beam radiography for identifying experimental small volume pneumoperitoneum in the canine abdomen: At what volume of free peritoneal air does detection accuracy decrease?
2.5 mL or less.
193
Hohu et al 2020: What is your diagnosis?
Rice body accumulation secondary to chronic atlantal bursitis.
On US, appear as fusiform mildly hyperechoic structures within the atlantal bursa.
Rice bodies are accumulations of fibrin, blood cells, and necrotic tissue, and have been seen in human cases of chronic tenosynovitis.
194
Melero et al 2020; Ultrasonographic appearance of the coelomic cavity organs in healthy veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis): What organs were not visualized?
Spleen, adrenal glands, and pancreas.
195
Melero et al 2020; Ultrasonographic appearance of the coelomic cavity organs in healthy veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis): What is the US appearance of the ovaries?
Clusters of target structures with hyperechoic rim and hypoechoic center.
196
Melero et al 2020; Ultrasonographic appearance of the coelomic cavity organs in healthy veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis): What is the US appearance of developed eggs?
Ovoid structures with hyperechoic wall and hypo/anechoic contents.
197
Melero et al 2020; Ultrasonographic appearance of the coelomic cavity organs in healthy veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis): What does a hyperechoic structure with mild shadowing correspond to within the urinary bladder?
Urate salts.
198
Ivancic et al 2020; Ultrasonographic findings associated with normal pregnancy and fetal well-being in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Major findings?
Fetal biparietal diameter, thoracic width/height, aortic diameter, and blubber thickness correlated well with gestational age.
Uteroplacental thickening increased with each trimester.
199
Stock et al 2020; Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of a liver lobe torsion in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus): Which species of breed of rabbit is prone to liver lobe torsions and which lobe tends to torse?
Lop rabbits. The caudate lobe tends to undergo torsion.
200
Stock et al 2020; Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of a liver lobe torsion in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus): What other condition is commonly associated with liver lobe torsion in rabbits?
Gastrointestinal syndrome and gastric dilation. Unknown if gastrointestinal syndrome leads to torsion or if it is secondary.
201
Haanen et al 2020; Disseminated Rhodococcus equi in an Anglo-Nubian goat: What are the most common sites of R. equi infection?
Liver and lungs, followed by bone involvement (vertebrae, humerus, occipital bone).
202
Haanen et al 2020; Disseminated Rhodococcus equi in an Anglo-Nubian goat: What was different about the pulmonary nodules seen in this case compared to foals?
The pulmonary nodules were solid instead of cavitated, which is the usual appearance in foals.
203
Barge et al 2020; CT findings in five dogs with surgically confirmed colonic torsion: What were the most common CT findings seen?
- Whirl sign
- Displacement and distension of the cecum/colon
- Focal colonic narrowing
- Distension of the mesenteric vasculature
204
Barge et al 2020; CT findings in five dogs with surgically confirmed colonic torsion: Where was the site of torsion and direction in which torsion occured?
All dogs had torsion of the descending colon with anti-clockwise rotation.
Transverse colon may act as a sling with cecum as a "load", which then rotates around descending colon.
205
Barge et al 2020; CT findings in five dogs with surgically confirmed colonic torsion: What is the difference between colonic torsion and volvulus?
Colonic torsion is twisting of the colon around its longitudinal axis.
Colonic volvulus refers to rotation of the colon around its mesenteric pedicle.
Both conditions can occur at the same time and these terms are used interchangably in vet med.
206
Barge et al 2020; CT findings in five dogs with surgically confirmed colonic torsion: What factors may predispose dogs to develop colonic torsion?
Previous history of gastrointestinal disease or abdominal surgery.
207
Barge et al 2020; CT findings in five dogs with surgically confirmed colonic torsion: What sex and breeds develop colonic torsion?
Large breed adult male dogs. (Great Danes, Labradors, and German Shepherds)
