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IMM/CAN > VRL INFCTNS > Flashcards

VRL INFCTNS Flashcards

1
Q

● severe acute respiratory illness.
● Saudi Arabia in 2012

A

MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (MERS-CoV)

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2
Q

What is the ETIOLOGIC AGENT OF MERS-CoV?

A

MERS-Coronavirus

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3
Q

What is the MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF MERS-CoV?

A

Close contact with infected person

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4
Q

What is the INCUBATION PERIOD OF MERS-CoV?

A

5 to 6 days, but can range from 2 to 14 days

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5
Q

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MERS-CoV?

A

-FEVER
-COUGH
-SHORTNESS OF BREATH
-DIARRHEA
-NAUSEA AND VOMITING

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6
Q

What are the DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS for MERS-CoV?

A

● Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
● ELISA

● Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -
CONFIRMATORY TEST (used to detect viral RNA)

● ELISA-
SCREENING TEST used to detect the presence and concentration of specific antibodies
that bind to a viral protein.

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7
Q

What is the MEDICAL MANAGEMENT for MERS-CoV?

A

● Currently NO VACCINE is available to treat
MERS-COV
● TREATMENT IS SUPPORTIVE and based on a person’s
clinical condition

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8
Q

What are the PREVENTION for MERS-Cov?

A

● Wash hands often with soap and water for 20
seconds or use alcohol-based sanitizers
● Cover nose and mouth with tissue when coughing
or sneezing, then throw tissue in the trash.
● Avoid touching the eyes, nose and mouth with
unwashed hands.
● Avoid personal contact such as kissing or sharing
cups or eating utensils with sick people.
● Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces
such as doorknobs and toys

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9
Q

is a serious, potentially life-threatening viral infection

A

SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)

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10
Q

caused by the_____________ family, the SARS
associated coronavirus (SARS CoV).

A

Coronaviridae

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11
Q

● Symptoms related with the lower respiratory tract
● Initially discovered in China
● Characterized by a phase of cytokine storms

A

SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)

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12
Q

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SARS?

A

● Fever 38 °C
● Fatigue
● Headaches
● Chills
● Myalgias
● Malaise
● anorexia

Less common features include the following:
- Sputum production
- Sore throat
- Coryza
- Nausea and vomiting -Dizziness
- Diarrhea

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13
Q

Stage 2 is the lower respiratory tract phase and is
characterized by:

A

● Dry cough
● Dyspnea
● Progressive hypoxemia in many cases
● Respiratory failure that requires mechanical
ventilation

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14
Q

What are the DIAGNOSTIC TESTS for SARS?

A

● PULSE OXIMETRY

● BLOOD CULTURES

● SPUTUM GRAM STAIN AND CULTURE
- To lure out other infection

●VIRAL RESPIRATORY PATHOGEN TEST- influenza test A and
B viruses and respiratory syncytial virus
- Lure out types of viral infection

● LEGIONELLA AND PNEUMOCOCCAL URINARY ANTIGEN

● WBC-decreased
●Mild hyponatremia and hypokalemia
●Elevated lactate dehydrogenase alanine
aminotransferase and hepatic transaminase
●Elevated creatine kinase level -Serum antibodies to
SARS-CoV in single serum specimen
●RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction)

●CHEST REDIOGRAPH - interstitial infiltrates

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15
Q

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT for SARS:

A

● CORTICOSTEROIDS
- Decrease mucus production
● ANTIVIRAL AGENTS (Ribavirin)
● PROTEASE INHIBITORS (Lopinavir, Ritonavir)
● INTERFERON
● MONOCLONAL ANTIBOIDES- emergency prophylaxis,
neutralizes virus activity in vitro and in vivo *
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
● NITRIC OXIDE
● GLYCYRRHIZIN - inhibits vitro replication of the virus
● VACCINE- phase 1 clinical trial 2004

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16
Q

What is the ETIOLOGIC AGENT of SWINE FLU (H1N1)?

A

INFLUENZA A VIRUS SUBTYPE H1N1

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17
Q

What is the MODE OF TRANSMISSION of SWINE FLU (H1N1)?

A

CLOSE AND DIRECT CONTACT WITH INFECTED PERSON

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18
Q

What is the INCUBATION PERIOD of SWINE FLU (H1N1)?

A

ranges from 1 to 4 days with an average
of 2 days up to 7 days

19
Q

-It is a type A influenza virus that affects pigs.
-It can pass to humans through contact or air contamination

A

SWINE FLU (H1N1)

20
Q

What are SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of SWINE FLU?

A

-COUGH
-FEVER
-SORE THROAT
-STUFFY OR RUNNY NOSE
-BODY ACHE
-HEADACHES
-CHILLS
-FATIGUE

21
Q

What are DIAGNOSTIC TESTS for SWINE FLU?

A

-PCR
-RAPID ANTIGEN OR ANTIBODY IMMUNOASSAYS
-VIRAL CULTURE

22
Q

What is the MEDICAL AND TREATMENT MANAGEMENT for SWINE FLU?

A

● Antipyretic
● Analgesics
● Increased fluid consumption
● Bedrest
● Antiviral agents (Oseltamivir/ Zanamivir
● Isolation
● Vaccination - Influenza virus vaccine trivalent
(Fluzone, Flucelvax)
● Influenza virus quadrivalent (Afluria Quadrivalent,
Fluarix)

23
Q

What is the PREVENTION AND PRECAUTION for SWINE FLU?

A

● Seek medical care if suspected with H1N1
● Isolate patient immediately in a negative pressure
air handling
● Wash hands frequently
● Wear face mask
● Social distancing or avoid large gatherings
● Routine cleaning and disinfection
● Pre-exposure prophylaxis

24
Q

What is the MODE OF TRANSMISSION of EBOLA VIRUS?

A

Direct contact with blood or bloody fluids, objects of a person infected with ebola and infected animals.

25
Q

What is the INCUBATION PERIOD of EBOLA VIRUS?

A

2 to 21 days after exposure to Ebola, but the average is 8 to 10 days.

26
Q

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of EBOLA VIRUS?

A

● Fever
● Severe headache
● Muscle pain
● Weakness
● Lack of appetite Internal bleeding
● Fatigue
● Diarrhea
● Vomiting
● Abdominal pain
● Unexplained hemorrhage

26
Q

What is the MEDICAL MANAGEMENT of EBOLA VIRUS?

A

● Symptoms of Ebola and complications are treated
as they appear
→ Palliative Care
● Provide intravenous fluids and balancing
electrolytes in the body
● Maintain oxygen status and blood pressure
→ There is hemorrhagic bleeding, so if there is
blood loss we need to monitor oxygen stat & bp.
● Treat other infections if they occur.
● ERVEBO - First US FDA approved vaccine
(December 2019)

26
Q

What are the DIAGNOSTICS TESTS for EBOLA VIRUS?

A

Within a few days after symptoms begin:
- Antigen-capture enzyme-linked
- immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing
- lgm ELISA
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- Virus isolation

Later in disease course or after recovery
● IgM and IgG antibodies

Retrospectively in deceased patients
● Immunohistochemistry testing
● PCR
● Virus isolation

26
Q

● also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia
● proliferation of the cellular elements of the prostate.

A

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY

26
Q

How to PREVENT EBOLA VIRUS?

A

● Practice careful hygiene
● Do not handle items that may have come in contact
with an infected person’s blood or body fluids
● Isolate patients with Ebola from other patients.
● Practice proper infection control and sterilization
measures
● Wear appropriate personal protective equipment
● Notify health officials if had direct contact with blood
or body fluids of a person who is sick with Ebola

27
Q

What are the CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS of BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY?

A

● Urinary frequency
● Urinary urgency
● Nocturia
● Hesitancy
● Incomplete bladder emptying Straining
● Decreased force of urine stream
● Dribbling

27
Q

What are the RISK FACTORS of BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY?

A

-AGING PROCESS
-HORMONAL IMBALANCE (estrogen, androgen)

27
Q

What is the MEDICAL MANAGEMENT for BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY?

A

● PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT:
● Terazosin (Hytrin) - A1-adrenergic receptor blocker.
Relaxes bladder sphincter.

● Finasteride (Proscar) - Inhibits 5-alpha red.
Reduction of glandular hyperplasia

● Balloon dilation - To relax smooth muscle of the
bladder neck and prostate

● Immediate catheterization

● Watchful waiting - To monitor disease progression

27
Q

What are the DIAGNOSTIC TESTS for BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY?

A

● Digital rectal examination
● Urinalysis
● Urine culture
● Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Serum electrolytes
● Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
● Ultrasonography (patient w/ full bladder)
● Endoscopy of the lower urinary tract
● Cystoscopy
● Renal biopsy

28
Q

What is the SURGICAL MANAGEMENT for BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY?

A

● TURP (Transurethral Resection of the Prostate)
● Open prostatectomy
● Transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP)
● Transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT)
● Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate
(TUNA)
● Prostatic stents
● Laparoscopic prostatectomy

29
Q

What is the NURSING MANAGEMENT POST-OPERATIVE for BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY?

A

● Increase oral intake of client
● Maintain patency of continuous bladder irrigation
(cystoclysis)
● Practice asepsis
● Use sterile saline to prevent water intoxication
● Prevent thrombophlebitis
● Monitor for bleeding
● Post removal of catheter- observe for urinary
retention
● Teach Kegel’s exercises
● Avoid giving client anticholinergic agents
● Instruct client to avoid the following after discharge:
● Vigorous exercises
● Heavy lifting
● Straining
● Prolonged sitting and standinG
● Crossing the legs

30
Q

an Infection of the female reproductive organ

A

PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)

31
Q

What is the ETIOLOGIC AGENT of PID?

A

POLYMICROBIAL, but the common pathogens are
-N. Gonorrhoea and
-Chlamydia

32
Q

What are the RISK FACTORS of PID?

A

● Having sex under 25 yrears old
● Multiple partners
● Sex without any protections (condoms)
● Recently having intrauterine device (IUD) infected =
foreign body can cause infection
● Douching
● History of pelvic inflammatory disorder

33
Q

What are the CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS of PID?

A

● Asymptomatic until infection become severe
Additional Notes: some women with PID don’t have
symptoms, they are called asymptomatic until the
infection becomes severe
● Pain in lower abdomen (most common symptom)
● Pain in pelvic area
● Fever (temp above 38 °C = fever is sign of
infection)
● Painful sex
● Painful urination
● Irregular bleeding
● Increased of foul smelling vaginal discharges
● Tiredness
● Vomiting
● Fainting

34
Q

What are the DIAGNOSTIC TESTS for PID?

A

● Pelvic examination
● Cervical culture
● Urine test
● Pelvic ultrasound
● Endometrial biopsy
● Laparoscopy

35
Q

What is the MEDICAL MANAGEMENT for PID?

A

(common brand named antibiotics)
● Azithromycin
● Cephalosporin
● Ceftriaxone
● Doxycycline
● Clindamycin
● Metronidazole
● Unasyn
● Probenecid

36
Q

What are the LONG TERM COMPLICATION of PID?

A

● Infertility
● Ectopic pregnancy:occurs when a fertilized egg
implants and grows outside the main cavity of the
uterus.
● Chronic pelvic pain
● Tubo-ovarian abscess

37
Q

How to PREVENT PID?

A

● Teach client to practice safe sex (condom or
abstain)
● Screen for sexually transmitted infections
● Avoid douches
Additional Notes:
○ Normal flora of vaginal discharges =
Lactobacilli which helps fight off infections.
○ Lactic acid it produces also acts as a
chemical barrier.
○ Too much douching = flora may also be
killed or disappear.
● Teach clients to wipe from front to back after -
wiping back to front may spread bacteria from anus
to vagina and urethra which can lead to infection

IMM/CAN (4 decks)

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