VOWELS

Question 1

VOWELS #1

Answer 1

Ladfoged & Maddieson (1986) sound produced with little or no constraint of the vocal tract (phonetics)

Question 2

VOWELS #2

Answer 2

syllabic (phonology)

Question 3

VOICING

Answer 3

sounds produced with the vibration of the vocal folds; vowels are almost always voiced (exceptions, Japanese /i/ and /ɯ/)

Question 4

HEIGHT

Answer 4

height of the tongue body; vowels divided into high vowels (close vowels) and low vowels (open vowels)

Question 5

FRONT / BACK

Answer 5

front/back position of the highest part of the tongue body: front, centre, back

Question 6

LIP SHAPE

Answer 6

rounded/ unrounded vowels

Question 7

NASALISATION

Answer 7

(~) the airflow passes through the oral and nasal cavity at the same time

Question 8

VOWEL LENGHT

Answer 8

(:) ENG: quality/quantity; EST: three different lengths

Question 9

ATR

Answer 9

Ladefoged, 1968: advanced tongue root; phenomenon in African languages (Igbo)

Question 10

RHOTICITY

Answer 10

a very uncommon phenomenon in the world’s languages

Question 11

SCHWA

Answer 11

thought to be the sound produced with the vocal tract in a neutral position; sound at the centre of the IPA quadrilateral

Question 12

MONOPTHONGS vs DIPTHONGS

Answer 12

vowels noticeably change their quality over time

Question 13

TENSE vs LAX VOWELS

Answer 13

traditionally seen as the difference in the amount of muscular effort implied in producing a vowel; actually, it hasn’t been scientifically measured, so Ladfoged and Johnson (2011) suggest that we see these as phonotactic constraints on certain vowels

Question 14

CARDINAL VOWELS

Answer 14

system developed by Daniel Jones at the beginning of the 20th century; designed to present reference vowels (extremes); no produced in many languages; divided in primary/secondary.