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Block 5 Week 2 Meg > Von Bartheld: Chemical Senses > Flashcards

Von Bartheld: Chemical Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory nerves project from the olfactory bulb through the (blank) and are vulnerable to damage

A

cribriform plate

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2
Q

Olfactory receptor cells have (blank) which binds odorants

A

cilia

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3
Q

(blank) percent of all mammalian genes are devoted to odorant receptors

A

3-5%

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4
Q

Explain how odorants end up opening up Na/Ca channels

A

Odorants bind GPCRs
Activates adenylate cyclase
Release cAMP
Opens Na/Ca channels

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5
Q

Different odorants stimulate (blank) receptor cells

A

different

*there are a zillion combinations of receptor codes that allow us to perceive a zillion distinct odors

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6
Q

Layers of the olfactory bulb

A 
G-MEG
glomeruli
external plexiform layer
mitral cell layer
granule cell layer
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7
Q

What do the retina and olfactory bulb have in common?

A

they both have interneurons - that connect receptor cells to other receptor cells, and to target cells

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8
Q

Describe the pathway from olfactory epithelium to the olfactory cortex

A
  1. olfactory receptor cells receive stimulus
  2. send it up axons, through the cribriform plate to glomeruli
  3. in the glomeruli, these filae synapse on dendrites from mitral and tufted cells
  4. mitral and tufted cells project to the olfactory cortex
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9
Q

Olfactory filae form (blank) in the olfactory bulb
Glomeruli are the sites where filae (blank) on dendrites from mitral and tufted cells
Mitral and tufted cells project to (blank)

A

glomeruli; synapse; olfactory cortex

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10
Q

What is the significance of the uncus?

A

If it becomes herniated, it will press on CN III

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11
Q

What the heck is the uncus?

A

Part of the parahippocampal gyrus *has its own fissure that separates it.
The part of the olfactory cortex that is on the temporal lobe covers the area of the uncus, which leads into the two significant clinical aspects of the uncus: uncinate fits and uncal herniations

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12
Q

Where does processing of pleasant and unpleasant information light up on MRI?

A

cingulate gyrus

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13
Q

What is unique about olfactory sense and its projection to the cortex?

A

the olfactory bulb projects DIRECTLY to the cortex

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14
Q

What happens to olfactory sensitivity with age?

A

declines

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15
Q

Anosmia

A

loss of smell

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16
Q

Hyposmia

A

reduction of smell

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17
Q

What is Kallmann sydrome an example of?

A

anosmia

*associated with hypogonadism

18
Q

Some causes of reduction of smell

A 
viral, sinus infection, head trauma
decrease with age
alteration in pregnancy
smoking 
malingering
hallucinations
19
Q

What 3 cranial nerves mediate taste?

A

7, 9, 10

20
Q

Which cranial nerve brings taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

CN 7

*to chorda tympani to nucleus solitarius

21
Q

Which cranial nerve brings taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

CN 9

*project to nucleus solitarius

22
Q

What cranial nerve brings taste from the epiglottis and larynx?

A

CN 10

*project to nucleus solitarius

23
Q

Where does all information about taste go to in the medulla? Where does it travel to in the thalamus?

A

nucleus solitarius; ventral posterior medial nucleus *then to insula of cortex

24
Q

Info about taste from the anterior 2/3 of tongue (CN7), posterior 1/3 of tongue (CN9) and epiglottis (CN10) all reaches the (blank) of the brainstem, and then travels to the (blank) of the thalamus. From there, it travels to the (blank) of the cortex.

A

nucleus solitarius; VPM; insula

25
Q

Which taste papillae do CN 9 supply?

A

circumvallate papillae

26
Q

What taste papillae do CN 7 supply?

A

fungiform

27
Q

Discus the distribution of different tastes on the tongue

A

sweet/unami most anterior
salty along periphery
sour along side further posterior
bitter most posterior

28
Q

Each taste bud contains about (blank) taste cells. How often are these sensory cells need to be replaced?

A

50-150; every 2 weeks *similar to olfactory cells

29
Q

Taste buds have a pore with (blank). They don’t have their own (blank), but can synapse with taste receptor cells.

A

microvilli; axons

30
Q

T/F: Both ionic channels and GPCRs contribute to the transduction of taste signals.

A

true

31
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in transduction of taste signals?

A

ATP

serotonin

32
Q

Ageusia

A

loss of taste

33
Q

Hypogeusia

A

reduction of taste

34
Q

Causes for loss or reduction of taste

A 
smoking
CF
Bell's Palsy
oropharyngeal tumors
chemotherapy *taste receptors need to turnover
35
Q

Cacogeusia

A

extremely unpleasant taste

36
Q

What chemosensitive structures are innervated by the trigeminal nerve?

A

nose
cornea
tongue
teeth

37
Q

What are the functions of chemosensitive structures?

A

to alert to harmful stimuli and initiate their removal

38
Q

There are some “solitary” receptor cells that resemble taste receptors but are innervated by the (blank) nerve

A

trigeminal

39
Q

General rule: three neurons to cortex. Explain.

A
  1. Receptor cell gives input to bipolar or ganglion cell
  2. travels to a sensory nucleus
  3. to the thalamus
    CORTEX
40
Q

What is the exception to the general rule “three neurons to cortex”

A

olfaction; olfactory bulb can project directly to the cortex!

41
Q

From the cochlear nuclei, there are ascending projections to the (blank) prior to the thalamus

A

superior olivary nucleus

*gives information about sound on the horizontal axis, where the sound is localized in space

Block 5 Week 2 Meg (10 decks)

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