Packman: Human Behavior

Question 1

What’s this?
Intelligence testing
First to realize that children are not little adults with a lack of intelligence
It proposes discrete stages of development, marked by qualitative differences, rather than a gradual increase in number and complexity of behaviors, concepts, ideas, etc.

Answer 1

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Question 2

What is the goal of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?

Answer 2

to explain the mechanisms and processes by which the infant, and then the child, develops into an individual who can reason and think using hypotheses

Question 3

What’s this?
The basic building blocks of intelligent behavior
a set of linked mental representations of the world, which we use both to understand and to respond to situations
Scripts

Answer 3

schema

Question 4

Newborns have innate schema. What are some examples of this?

Answer 4

sucking, grasping, rooting

Question 5

What’s this?
Using existing schema to deal with new information
Lenny Lenny

Answer 5

Assimilation

Question 6

What’s this?

when the existing schema (knowledge) does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation.

Answer 6

accommodation

Question 7

What’s this?

When a child’s schema can deal with new information through assimilation

Answer 7

equilibrium

Question 8

What’s this?
occurs when information cannot fit into existing schema through assimilation
Force which drives development and leaning

Answer 8

disequilibrium

Question 9

What’s the order from assimilation to accommodation?

Answer 9

assimilation
equilibration
new situation
disequilibrium
accommodation

Question 10

What stage of Piaget’s theory is this? At what age does it occur?
Reflexes – repeat acts which get needs met
Egocentrism
Basic feelings – sad, happy
Magical Thinking
Object permanence achieved around 8 months

Answer 10

sensorimotor

birth - 2 years

Question 11

What stage of Piaget’s theory is this? At what age does it occur?
mentally represent events and objects (the semiotic function), and engage in symbolic play. Their thoughts and communications are typically egocentric (i.e. about themselves).
Can only focus on one aspect of problem
**Hasn’t mastered conservation
Magical Thinking

Answer 11

preoperational

2-7 years

Question 12

What stage of Piaget's theory is this?
Beginning of logical thought
**Mastery of conservation and classification
Seriation 
Concrete problem solving

Answer 12

concrete operational

age 7-12

Question 13

What stage of Piaget’s theory is this?
Capable of abstraction
Thought is flexible

Answer 13

formal operational

12-adult

Question 14

What is conservation?

Answer 14

the ability to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container
Ex: Cooper with the water
**develops in concrete operation stage

Question 15

What’s this?
Believed Moral Development continued beyond childhood
Children are constantly moving forward unless the development is impeded by something
Once children move forward, they cannot go back

Answer 15

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral development

Question 16

What 3 stages make up Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Answer 16

preconventional
conventional
postconventional
**each has 2 stages

Question 17

What stage of Kholberg’s theory is this?
(obedience and punishment driven)
heteronomous – strict adherence to rules with an inability to see another’s perspective
Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment
Focused on direct consequences of actions

Answer 17

Stage 1 of the preconventional stage *0-2

Question 18

What stage of Kholberg's theory is this?
(self interest driven)
Follow rules for personal gain (reward)
Beginning to see another’s perspective
Trading for what they want
Does what they perceive as best

Answer 18

Stage 2 of the preconventional stage *up to 9

Question 19

What stage of Kholberg’s theory is this?
judge the morality of actions by comparing them to society’s views and expectations
acceptance of society’s conventions concerning right and wrong

Answer 19

conventional morality * 2-6 or 9 to adolescence

Question 20

What stage of Kholberg’s theory is this?
(interpersonal accord and conformity driven)
“Good Girl / Good Boy”
Focused on meeting social expectations – rule obeyed for approval
Opinions shaped by family rather than society
Beginning of empathy and trust and love
“right, mom?”

Answer 20

stage 3

Question 21

What stage of Kholberg’s theory is this?
(6-12) (authority and social order obedience driven)
Consider general society and follow laws
Beyond need for approval
struggle when societal laws conflict with basic human rights
Deal with breaking law or conform

Answer 21

stage 4

Question 22

What stage of Kholberg’s theory is this?
Principled level
People make decisions separate from society
Follow their own guidelines
view rules as useful but changeable mechanisms—ideally rules can maintain the general social order and protect human rights
post-conventional individuals elevate their own moral evaluation of a situation over social conventions, their behavior, especially at stage six, can be confused with that of those at the pre-conventional level

Answer 22

postconventional

Question 23

What stage of Kholberg’s theory is this?
(social contract driven)
World holds different rights and laws and all should be respected
Laws are social contracts and those that are not for the greater good (helping the greatest number of people) should be changed
The basis of a Democratic government

Answer 23

stage 5

Question 24

What stage of Kholberg’s theory is this?
(universal ethical principles driven)
Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws
Decisions are made on a case by case basis based upon empathy
the individual acts because it is right, and not because it is instrumental, expected, legal, or previously agreed upon

Answer 24

stage 6