Packman: Human Behavior Flashcards
What’s this?
Intelligence testing
First to realize that children are not little adults with a lack of intelligence
It proposes discrete stages of development, marked by qualitative differences, rather than a gradual increase in number and complexity of behaviors, concepts, ideas, etc.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
What is the goal of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
to explain the mechanisms and processes by which the infant, and then the child, develops into an individual who can reason and think using hypotheses
What’s this?
The basic building blocks of intelligent behavior
a set of linked mental representations of the world, which we use both to understand and to respond to situations
Scripts
schema
Newborns have innate schema. What are some examples of this?
sucking, grasping, rooting
What’s this?
Using existing schema to deal with new information
Lenny Lenny
Assimilation
What’s this?
when the existing schema (knowledge) does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation.
accommodation
What’s this?
When a child’s schema can deal with new information through assimilation
equilibrium
What’s this?
occurs when information cannot fit into existing schema through assimilation
Force which drives development and leaning
disequilibrium
What’s the order from assimilation to accommodation?
assimilation equilibration new situation disequilibrium accommodation
What stage of Piaget’s theory is this? At what age does it occur?
Reflexes – repeat acts which get needs met
Egocentrism
Basic feelings – sad, happy
Magical Thinking
Object permanence achieved around 8 months
sensorimotor
birth - 2 years
What stage of Piaget’s theory is this? At what age does it occur?
mentally represent events and objects (the semiotic function), and engage in symbolic play. Their thoughts and communications are typically egocentric (i.e. about themselves).
Can only focus on one aspect of problem
**Hasn’t mastered conservation
Magical Thinking
preoperational
2-7 years
What stage of Piaget's theory is this? Beginning of logical thought **Mastery of conservation and classification Seriation Concrete problem solving
concrete operational
age 7-12
What stage of Piaget’s theory is this?
Capable of abstraction
Thought is flexible
formal operational
12-adult
What is conservation?
the ability to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container
Ex: Cooper with the water
**develops in concrete operation stage
What’s this?
Believed Moral Development continued beyond childhood
Children are constantly moving forward unless the development is impeded by something
Once children move forward, they cannot go back
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral development
What 3 stages make up Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
preconventional
conventional
postconventional
**each has 2 stages
What stage of Kholberg’s theory is this?
(obedience and punishment driven)
heteronomous – strict adherence to rules with an inability to see another’s perspective
Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment
Focused on direct consequences of actions
Stage 1 of the preconventional stage *0-2
What stage of Kholberg's theory is this? (self interest driven) Follow rules for personal gain (reward) Beginning to see another’s perspective Trading for what they want Does what they perceive as best
Stage 2 of the preconventional stage *up to 9
What stage of Kholberg’s theory is this?
judge the morality of actions by comparing them to society’s views and expectations
acceptance of society’s conventions concerning right and wrong
conventional morality * 2-6 or 9 to adolescence
What stage of Kholberg’s theory is this?
(interpersonal accord and conformity driven)
“Good Girl / Good Boy”
Focused on meeting social expectations – rule obeyed for approval
Opinions shaped by family rather than society
Beginning of empathy and trust and love
“right, mom?”
stage 3
What stage of Kholberg’s theory is this?
(6-12) (authority and social order obedience driven)
Consider general society and follow laws
Beyond need for approval
struggle when societal laws conflict with basic human rights
Deal with breaking law or conform
stage 4
What stage of Kholberg’s theory is this?
Principled level
People make decisions separate from society
Follow their own guidelines
view rules as useful but changeable mechanisms—ideally rules can maintain the general social order and protect human rights
post-conventional individuals elevate their own moral evaluation of a situation over social conventions, their behavior, especially at stage six, can be confused with that of those at the pre-conventional level
postconventional
What stage of Kholberg’s theory is this?
(social contract driven)
World holds different rights and laws and all should be respected
Laws are social contracts and those that are not for the greater good (helping the greatest number of people) should be changed
The basis of a Democratic government
stage 5
What stage of Kholberg’s theory is this?
(universal ethical principles driven)
Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws
Decisions are made on a case by case basis based upon empathy
the individual acts because it is right, and not because it is instrumental, expected, legal, or previously agreed upon
stage 6
