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Neuro Exam 3 > Voluntary Motion > Flashcards

Voluntary Motion Flashcards

1
Q
  • Function of dorsal visual pathway in the production of voluntary motion
A
  • Travel from occipital cortex to parietal/frontal cortex
  • enables us to complete motor acts based off of visual input
  • Allows us to reach and grasp for objects
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2
Q

From the visual cortex, information is sent to what areas in the parietal cortex?

What is the function of each of these areas?

A
  • V6A
  • PEc
  • MIP
  • VIP-creates rough map of space around you
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3
Q
  • From the VIP, information is sent to _ within the premotor cortex
  • This area gives us information about?
A
  • F4
  • Creates a detailed map of space around you
  • Neurons in F4 are excited by proximity
  • F4-surroundings and floor
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4
Q
  • From the VIP, information can also be sent to _ (which is located in the premotor cortex and perceives where your body is in relation to what is around you)
A
  • F2-where are you
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5
Q
  • Functions of neurons in the anterior interparietal area and PFG
A
  • Seeing an object to grasp (visually dominant neurons)
  • Grasping an object (motor dominant neurons)
  • Both seeing and grasping an object (visuomotor neurons)
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6
Q
  • Neurons from the anterior intraparietal area and PFG relay their information to _ (located rostral to the premotor cortex)
  • What is the function of this area?
A
  • F5
  • Neurons in F5 fire with GOAL of action, not motor action itself
  • F5-with goal in mind
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7
Q
  • Functions of the premotor cortex
A
  • Receives sensory info required to move (F4 and F5 in particular)
  • Applies rules that it is appropriate to move
  • Identifies the intent of the motion and decides which motion to produce
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8
Q
  • What are the two divisions of the supplementary motor cortex
  • What are their functions of the subdivisions
  • What is the overall function of the supplementary motor cortex
A
  • Supplementary motor area
    • Postural control
  • Pre-SMA
    • Plans motor program required to make action occur
  • SMC as a whole
    • ​Organize motor sequences
    • Acquire motor skills
    • Executive control (switch actions/alter strategies)
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9
Q
  • Primary motor cortex functions/characteristics
A
  • Precentral gyrus
  • Controls specific movements
  • Regions of body that do fine motions have proportionally high representation
  • Arranged in columns (more columns in areas of brain that require fine motor movements)
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10
Q

If we are in an area that controls a fine motion, stimulation may produce contraction of _

If we are in an area that controls general motion, stimulation may produce contraction of _

A
  • Single muscles
  • Group of muscles
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11
Q
  • What is the input layer of the primary motor cortex?
  • What is the output layer of the primary motor cortex? (To which pathway does this travel?)
A
  • Layer IV receives input (muscle and joint proprioceptors amongst others-need to know where we are in space to determine how we will execute a specific movement)
  • Layer V-Corticospinal pathway (LMNs)
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12
Q
  • What are the functions of the two sets of neurons in the primary motor cortex?
A
  • One set of neurons starts the motion
  • One set of neurons maintains the motion
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13
Q
  • Neighboring columns control _
A
  • Related motions
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14
Q
  • What are the two types of columns
A
  • On/off for agonist muscle
  • On/off for antagonist muscle
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15
Q
  • Role of cerebellum
A
  • Sequence complex actions
  • Correct force/direction
  • Balance and eye movements
  • Learning of complex actions
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16
Q
  • What are the three functional divisions of the cerebellum
A
  • Vestibulocerebellum
  • Spinocerebellum
  • Cerebrocerebellum
17
Q
  • What are the two areas of the spinocerebellum
  • What are the functions of each area
A
  • Vermal and paravermal regions
  • Vermal region
    • Postural adjustments to ongoing motions
  • Paravermal regions
    • Correct ongoing motions
    • Control ballistic motions
18
Q
  • The vermal region of the spinocerebellum
    • Inputs
    • Outputs
A
  • Inputs
    • ​Vestibular
    • Visual and auditory
    • Efferent copy (what brain sends to muscle)
  • Output
    • ​Interpositus n
    • Fastigal n
    • Rubrospinal tract
19
Q
  • The paravermal region of the spinocerebellum
    • ​Input
    • Output
A
  • Input
    • ​Muscle afferent
    • Efferent copy (what brain sends to muscle)
  • Output
    • ​Interpositus n.
    • Rubrospinal tract
20
Q
  • Location and function of the cerebrocerebellum
A
  • Lateral cerebellum
  • Plan complex motion
  • Sequence of motions
21
Q
  • Cerebrocerebellum
  • Inputs
  • Outputs
A
  • Inputs
    • ​All regions of the cerebral cortex
  • Outputs
    • ​Dentate
    • Back to cortex
22
Q
  • Function of the vestibulocerebellum
A
  • Future
  • Balance/Eye movements
23
Q
  • Vestibulocerebellum
    • ​Inputs
    • Outputs
A
  • Inputs
    • ​Vestibular afferents (direct or indirect)
  • Outputs
    • ​Fastigal n. to vestibular nuclei
    • Ascend or descend
24
Q
  • What are the deep cerebellar nuclei
A
  • Dentage
  • Fastigal
  • Interpositus
    • Globose
    • Emboliform
25
Q
  • To produce a motion, what must occur? (Generally speaking)
A
  • Stimulation of the direct pathway
  • Inhibition of the indirect pathway
26
Q
  • What needs to occur to prevent a motion from occuring (Generally speaking)?
A
  • Inhibit the indirect pathway
27
Q
  • How does dopamine affect the direct and indirect pathways?
  • What type of dopamine receptors are present in each pathway?
  • End results?
A
  • Dopamine
    • D1 receptors on direct pathway
      • Excited by dopamine
      • ALLOWS motion
    • D2 receptors on indirect pathway
      • Inhibited by dopamine
      • Excited by EAA/ACh
      • INHIBITS motion
28
Q
  • D1 and D2 receptors are located in the _
  • Stimulated or inhibited by dopamine released from the _
A
  • Striatum
  • SNPC (Substantia nigra pars compacta)
29
Q
  • Describe the direct pathway
A
  • SNPC released dopamine
  • Activation of D1 receptors on striatum (INFLOW)
  • Increased release of GABA from the striatum onto cells of the SNPr and GPi (OUTFLOW)
  • Decreased activity of SNPr and GPi leads to decreased release of GABA from these areas onto the thalamus
  • Less GABA released onto thalamus, more activity of thalamus
  • Thalamus releases EAA onto cortex
  • Allows motion to occur
30
Q
  • Describe the INACTIVATION OF indirect pathway
A
  • SNPC releases Dopamine
  • Dopamine binds D2 receptors on the striatum
  • Morew GABA released from Striatum onto GPe
  • GPe more active, and releases less GABA onto the subthalamic nucleus
  • More activity of subthalamic nucleus
  • More release of EAA from subthalamic nucleus onto SNPR and GPi
  • More GABA released from SNPR and GPi onto thalamus
  • Decreased release of EAA from thalamus to cortex
  • NO MOTION
31
Q
  • Function of basal ganglia
  • How does it perform its function
A
  • Control beginning (and end of movement)
  • Inhibiting and withdrawal of inhibition (to prevent and allow movement to occur)
32
Q
  • What areas of the brain are important for planning of a complex motor action
A
  • Frontal association area
  • Supplementary motor cortex
  • Premotor cortex
  • Cerebrocerebellum
33
Q
  • Interactions between what areas of the brain determine if motion will occur?
A
  • Interactions between frontal, premotor, SMC, and basal ganglia
34
Q

What happens once the appropriate columns in the primary motor cortex are activated?

A
  • APs travel to activate alpha motor neurons of the muscles needed to complete the action
  • Also activates gamma motor neurons for spindles in the contracting (agonist m) (this is alpha gamma coactivation)
  • INHIBITS alpha and gamma motor neurons for antagonist m
35
Q
  • Once the motion has started, the _ is called upon to make sure the motion is correct
A
  • Spinocerebellum
36
Q
  • Describe the ACTIVATION of the INDIRECT pathway
  • What is the result of activation of the indirect pathway
A
  • Activation of the indirect pathway leads to NO MOTION
  • Increased release of EAA or ACh onto indirect pathway cells in striatum
  • Increased activation of indirect pathway neurons, leads to increased APs and GABA release onto GPe neurons
  • Increased GABA release onto GPe neurons leads to IPSP and Decreased AP and release of GABA from GPe onto the Subthalamic nuclei
  • Decreased GABA release onto subthalamic nuclei leads to depolarization and increased APs and release of EAA onto the SNPR/GPi
  • Increased release of EAA onto SNPR and GPi increases AP and release of GABA from these areas onto the thalamus
  • Increased release of GABA onto the thalamus leads to IPSP/Hyperpolarization and less EAA release from thalamus onto cortical neurons
  • End result: No motion

Neuro Exam 3 (14 decks)

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