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Neuro Exam 3 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q
  • What are the components of the basal ganglia?
A
  • Caudate
  • Putamen
  • Globus pallidus (Internal and External Components)
  • Subthalamic nucleus
  • Substantia nigra (Pars reticulata (output) and pars compacta (input)
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2
Q
  • What makes up the striatum? What are the functions of these areas
A
  • Caudate
    • Eye movements and cognition
    • ASIDE: Follows ventricular system
  • Putamen
    • Motor functions

(Put the caudate in the striatum)

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3
Q
  • What makes up the lenticular nucleus?
  • What are the functions of these components?
A
  • Putamen
    • Motor functions
  • Globus pallidus (med to putamen-MAIN OUTPUT)
    • Internus/Medius
    • Externus/Lateralis
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4
Q
  • Identify the following structures of the basal ganglia
A
  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus pallidus
  4. Subthalamic nucleus
  5. Substantia nigra
    1. Pars compacta
    2. Pars reticulata
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5
Q
A
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6
Q
  • What are the two outflow tracts of the globus pallidus internus?
A
  1. Ansa Lenticularis
    1. ​Sublenticular tract
    2. Goes under posterior limb of internal capsule
  2. Lenticular fasciculus
    1. ​Passes thru posterior limb of internal capsule
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7
Q

What is the pathway of inputs and outputs of the basal ganglia?

A
  1. Cerebral cortex sends unputs to the striatum
  2. Striatum sends info to output nuclei
  3. Output nuclei send info to thalamus
  4. Thalamus sends info back to the cerebral cortex
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8
Q
  • What are the main inputs to the basal ganglia?
A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Caudate
  • Putamen
  • NAcc
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9
Q
  • What are the main outputs from the basal ganglia?
  • Where do these outputs project?
A
  • Substantia nigra Pars Reticulate
  • Internal Segment of Globus Pallidus
  • Outputs project ot the thalamus and pontomedullary reticular formation
  • Also send some projections to the superior colliculus
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10
Q
  • Describe the steps of the direct pathway
A
  • Striatum will receive inputs from cortex (releases GLUTAMATE) and from SN (Pars compacta) (releases DA)
  • Striatum phasic releases GABA onto cells of globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra pars reticulata
  • These areas release GABA onto cells of the VL/VA of the thalamus
  • VA/VL send Glutamate to excite cortex
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11
Q
  • Describe the steps of the indirect pathway
A
  • Both Cortex (Glutamate-Phasic) and SNC (DA) send input info to the Striatum (specifically the putamen)
  • Striatum (GABA-phasic) to GPm/SnPR (output center) (Inhibiting inhibitory neurons of the Gpm and SNPR)
  • GPm/SnPR (GABA-Tonic) to Va/VL of thalamus
  • VA/VL of thalamus (Glutamate-Tonic) to Cerebral cortex
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12
Q
  • What are the parallel circuits?
  • What are their functions?
A
  • Skeletomotor loop
    • Control of facial, limb and trunk muscles
  • Oculomotor loop
    • Role in saccadic eye movements
  • Associative loop
    • Cognition and executive behavioral functions
  • Limbic loop
    • Motivational regulation of behavior and in emotions
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13
Q
  • An individual with the following symptoms is most likely to be diagnosed with?
A
  • Parkinson’s
    • Neurons from substantia nigra do not release enough dopamine onto basal ganglia
      • ​Tremor
      • Rigidity
      • Bradykinesia
      • Hypokinesia
      • Mask like facial expression
      • Pill-rolling tremor
      • Flexion of trunk
      • Slow shuffling feet movements
      • Turn en bloc (like a statue)
  • Can be caused by environmental toxins
  • Usually presents by age 60
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14
Q
  • Parkinson’s is a _ disorder where there is too little _ pathway effect and too much _ pathway effect
  • Describe some of the following symptoms:
  • Akenesis-?
  • Hypokinesia-?
  • Cogwheel rigitidy-?
  • Postural instability
  • Dementia
A

Hypokinetic-too little direct, too much indirect

Akenisis-delay in initiation or starting movement

Hypokinesia-pausing normal spontaneous movemtns

Cogwheel rigidity-move passively (will have burst of movement followed by a pause, and this cycle continues as you take the patient thru passive ROM)

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15
Q
  • Causes of PD/Hypokinetic Syndrome?
A
  • Idiopathic Parkinson Disease (influenza)
  • Encephalitis Lethargica
  • Head trauma-dementia pugilistica
  • MPTP
  • CO and manganese poisoning
  • Drug induced-neuroleptics (DA blocking drugs)
  • Wilson disease-hepatolenticular degeneration
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16
Q
  • What structure is damaged in this image?
  • Damage to this structure is indicative of what disease?
A
  • Substantia nigra (not as dark as it should be-cells are dying)
  • Parkinson’s Disease
17
Q
  • What structures are damaged in the following image?
  • What disease is this indicative of?
A
  • Basal ganglion and other structures caudal to it
  • Huntington’s Disease
18
Q
  • What occurs in Huntington’s Disease that causes the symptoms and disease presentation?
  • What are the symptoms?
  • How to treat?
A
  • Degeneration of neurons in the striatum (caudate and putamen) and cerebral cortex
    • ​Reduced GABA
      • ​Involuntary jerky movements
      • Dementia
      • Increased/Decreased muscle tone
      • Unsteady gait
      • Slurred speech
      • Irregular breathing
      • Trouble making tongue protrusion
    • Tx
      • Serotonin antagonist
19
Q

Huntington’s disease is a _ disorder where there is a loss of _ neurons (which release _ in the indirect pathway)

What causes it?

A
  • Hyperkinetic, stellate (GABA)
  • Basically the indirect pathway is not inhibited, so you get all these crazy and writhing movements
    • Rheumatic chorea
    • Drug induced
    • Lupus erythematous (attacks basal ganglia)
    • Thyrotoxicosis (EX: Grave’s/Hyperthyroid)
    • Other neurodegenerative diseases
20
Q
  • Chorea
A
  • Rapid
  • Jerky
  • Arrhytmic
  • Involuntary
21
Q
  • Athetosis
A
  • Inability to sustain body part in one position
  • Movements are writhing and snake like
22
Q
  • Ballismus
A
  • Flailing flinging movement of whole extremity
  • Seen in leasions of CONTRALATERAL Subthalamic nucleus
23
Q
  • Dystonia
A
  • Persistence of fixing the posture at the extreme of an athetoid movement
  • EX: Writer’s Cramp

Neuro Exam 3 (14 decks)

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