Volcanoes (and everything else)

Question 1

what causes magma to rise to the earth’s surface?

Answer 1

magma is hot and has less density than its surroundings so it rises (convection current) + pressure

Question 2

how does rising magma and flowing lava create underwater pillow lava?

Answer 2

an underwater volcano erupts and lava falls into the ocean, cools and traps gas

Question 3

how does rising magma and flowing lava create volcanic islands?

Answer 3

over time, on the seafloor over a hot spot, the buildup of cooled magma that erupts underwater can create volcanic islands

Question 4

how does rising magma and flowing lava create bulges in the earth’s surface

Answer 4

cool viscous magma under the earth’s surface rises and pushes upwards on the overlying rock

Question 5

is slow-moving lava or runny lava more viscous? what’s another liquid that’s very viscous?

Answer 5

slow moving lava is more viscous than runny lava.

corn syrup is very viscous.

Question 6

how does a composite volcano form?

Answer 6

it forms from alternating eruptions of very viscous lava and ash.

ex. mt st helens, mt fuji

Question 7

how do cinder cone volcanoes form?

Answer 7

cinder accumulates around vent of volcano

ex. sunset crater

Question 8

how do shield volcanoes form

Answer 8

fissures and hotspots produce low viscosity runny lava that spreads out to form a wide, broadly sloping volcano.

ex. the hawaiian islands, iceland

Question 9

how does the heat content of a substance affect the ways it flows?

Answer 9

heated substances are faster since they have lower viscosity and cooler substances are slower because they have high viscosity.
heat decreases viscosity.

Question 10

what are some of the challenges scientists face in deciding whether or not to issue an alert when they are monitoring potentially volcano

Answer 10

• possibility of no eruption
• unsure timing/unpredictable
• they have to be correct the first time or they’ll lose credibility

Question 11

what are the constructive effects of volcanic eruptions

Answer 11

• renewal
• creates new land
• new minerals introduced to environment
• great view

Question 12

name the destructive effects of volcanic eruptions

Answer 12

• destroyed property
• smothers crops
• coats peoples’ lungs
• fatalities
• decrease atmospheric temperature

Question 13

which would be carried farther into the atmosphere: 2 mm ash or 64 mm lava bombs? explain why

Answer 13

2 mm ash, because finer and lighter ash will go higher up into the atmosphere and will be carried by the wind

Question 14

how can a volcanic eruption affect weather conditions locally and globally

Answer 14

ash covers sunlight, changing temperature around the world

Question 15

what is a vortex and what causes it to form

Answer 15

a vortex is the circulation of liquids or gases around a central axis
the uneven heating of the earth’s surfaces and earth’s rotation forms vortexes

Question 16

how does air above a heated surface move

Answer 16

air will move up as it has less density and gains thermal energy

Question 17

how does air above a cold surface move

Answer 17

air moves down as it has more density and transfers energy to the surface

Question 18

what happens when hot air meets cold air

Answer 18

• convection current occurs
• boundary
• weather front
• clouds
• precipitation

Question 19

how do hurricanes form

Answer 19

• warm tropical water
• low air pressure
• earth’s rotation

Question 20

what role does the sun play in the weather on the earth

Answer 20

sun supplies heat energy and moves water and air, creating weather

Question 21

what is a convection current

Answer 21

warm liquids/gases rise because its less dense. as it rises it begins to cool and sink, circulating flow due to temperature

Question 22

in what direction is the weather moving across usa? how can this help meteorologists?

Answer 22

weather moves from west to east. this can help meteorologists predict the weather easily

Question 23

how do some deep ocean currents form?

Answer 23

uneven heating of water and salinity of water

Question 24

how do winds affect ocean water

Answer 24

wind creates surface currents that move water and creates upwelling

Question 25

how do ocean currents affect air temperature around the world

Answer 25

warm ocean current = warm temperature

cold ocean current = cold temperature

Question 26

how do scientists know the inside of the earth is made of layers

Answer 26

s waves cannot travel through liquid while p waves can

studied earthquake seismic waves

Question 27

what states make up tornado alley

Answer 27

kansas, oklahoma, texas, missouri

Question 28

what causes tornadoes to form in tornado alley

Answer 28

cool dry air from rocky mountains and canada meets warm, humid air from the gulf of mexico

Question 29

what is a sea breeze and when does it form

Answer 29

land = warm
air = less dense -> rises
cool air from sea transfers energy to water
--
the flow of air from water to land
forms during day

Question 30

describe the water cycle and how clouds form

Answer 30

water evaporates
vapor rises, condenses, and cools, forming clouds
once vapor condenses enough, precipitation will fall

Question 31

lithosphere

Answer 31

the cool, solid outer shell of the earth. it consists of the crust and the rigid uppermost part of the mantle and is broken up into segments, or plates

Question 32

density

Answer 32

how much matter is in a given space

mass/volume=density

Question 33

sediment

Answer 33

tiny pieces of rock

Question 34

lava

Answer 34

molten rock that reached the surface of the earth

Question 35

magma

Answer 35

molten rock within the earth

Question 36

viscosity

Answer 36

the resistance of motion

Question 37

convection current

Answer 37

a circulation flow of air or water resulting from temperature differences; aka convection cell

Question 38

seismograph

Answer 38

an instrument that records earthquakes

Question 39

what is the difference between lava and magma?

Answer 39

magma is melted rock within the earth while lava is melted rock that reached the surface of the earth