Volcanoes Flashcards

1
Q

What is tephra?

A

solid matter ejected by a volcano into the air

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2
Q

What are pyroclastic flows?

A

fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic debris, that travel own the slope of volcanoes during an eruption

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3
Q

What is a mudflow/lahar?

A

A flow of wet material down the side of a volcano consisting of erupted
ash, debris, mud and water

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4
Q

What type of volcano is Mt Mayon?

A

composite

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5
Q

What are the names of the 3 major cities surrounding Mt Mayon?

A

Tobaco, Legaspi, Ligao

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6
Q

What date in 2018 did Mt Mayon start erupting?

A

13th January 2018

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7
Q

What was done as soon as PHIVOLCS raised the alert level from 1 to 2?

A

evacuation of 40,000 people from 6km evacuation zone (13/01/2018)

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8
Q

Give 3 short term impacts of the 2018 eruption of Mt Mayon

A
  • no deaths
  • 68,000 evacuated in 58 evacuation centres
  • schools/colleges shut
  • flights cancelled
  • roads blocked
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9
Q

How much damage was done to agriculture following the 2018 eruption?

A

US $3.4 million

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10
Q

What are some challenges to managing the risk of an eruption?

A
  • no warning signs
  • lack of functioning government
  • local people may not understand the risk
  • it relies on understanding from past eruptions
  • tourists
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11
Q

How many hygiene packs were provided? Over how long? (Mt Mayon response)

A

50,000 over 10 days

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12
Q

Name 3 countries that advised against tourism to Mt Mayon after its eruption in 2018?

A

UK, USA, Canada

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13
Q

How did the ‘Cash for Work’ scheme help the country to recover from the 2018 eruption of Mt Mayon?

A

US $1million from Filipino government.
- unemployed farmers were able to work
- work helped rebuilding and recovery

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14
Q

How long were food packs provided for after the 2018 eruption?

A

100 days

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15
Q

What is the VEI?

A

Volcano Explosivity Index

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16
Q

What type of magma do Icelandic, Hawaiian and Strombolian volcanoes produce?

A

basaltic

17
Q

What type of magma do Vulcanian and Vesuvian volcanoes produce?

A

basaltic, andesitic and rhyolitic

18
Q

What are 3 hazards associated with phreatic eruptions?

A

toxic gases, lahars, tephra

19
Q

How many people live within 15km of Mt Vesuvius?

A

3 million

20
Q

How many people would have to be evacuated if Mt Vesuvius were to show signs of a near eruption?

A

600,000

21
Q

What can be used to monitor the seismic activity of volcanoes?

A

seismometers and seismographs monitor microquakes which suggest rising magma

22
Q

What is ground deformation and how can it be used to predict volcanic eruptions?

A

change in shape of the land caused by rising magma. It can be measured using tiltometers to suggest if an eruption is near

23
Q

How is the upward movement of magma monitored?

A

magnetometers, change in magnetism within a volcano suggests an eruption is near

24
Q

What are 3 things that can cause lahars?

A
  • eruptions ejecting water from a crater lake
  • eruption-induced heavy rainfall mixing with volcanic material
  • pyroclastic flows entering streams
25
Q

How many people live in Legaspi?

A

200,000

26
Q

What was the 6km evacuation zone expanded too?

A

9km

27
Q

Give an example of a lahar…

A

Nevado Del Ruiz eruption, killing over 20 000 people in Armero, Columbia