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Geology Time > Volcanoes > Flashcards

Volcanoes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a shield Volcano?

A

Large with broad, gentle slopes with gentle eruptions

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2
Q

What color is the lava from shield volcanoes?

A

Dark colored

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3
Q

What is a stratovolcano (composite)?

A

Small but tall with violent, sticky eruptions

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4
Q

What color is the lava from stratovolcanoes?

A

Light colored

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5
Q

Shield volcanoes have more

A

Volume

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6
Q

Hawaiian

A

Gentle outpourings of runny lava

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7
Q

Rift eruptions

A

Gentle outpourings of runny lava from a linear rift rather than a crater

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8
Q

Lava Fountain

A

Vigorous eruption with runny lava. Powered by gas

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9
Q

Cinder Cone

A

Piles of volcanic “cinders” (small blobs of cooled lava from the fountain)

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10
Q

Strombolian

A

Mildly explosive fountaining. Thicker, more viscous

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11
Q

Vulcanian

A

Moderately explosive. Ash plume <5 km

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12
Q

Pelean and Plinian

A

Strongly explosive. High and large ash clouds and eruption volumes

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13
Q

What is more powerful, Pelean or Plinian?

A

Plinian

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14
Q

What is a phreatic eruption?

A

Lava interacts with water or ice

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15
Q

Surtseyan

A

Lava interacts with seawater

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16
Q

What is an explosive eruption

A

Cooler, more viscous lavas reach the surface

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17
Q

Eyjafjallajokull

A

Explosive eruption powered by the melting and boiling of glacial ice

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18
Q

Ubehebe crater

A

Explosion caused by interaction between lava and groundwater

19
Q

Caldera

A

Larger than a crater, formed by the collapse of the surface into the lava chamber after it has been emptied by a large eruption

20
Q

Gentle eruptions

A

Shield, dry, mafic

21
Q

Where do gentle eruptions happen

A

Divergent boundaries

22
Q

Violent eruptions

A

Strato, wet, felsic

23
Q

Where do violent eruptions happen

A

Convergent boundaries

24
Q

Which is underground

A

Magma

25
Q

Which isn’t underground

A

Lava

26
Q

How do pyroclastic flows form

A

Collapse of ash cloud

27
Q

Up to what speeds are pyroclastic flows travelling?

A

700 km/hr

28
Q

Up to what temperatures are pyroclastic flows

A

1000C

29
Q

What volcanic hazard destroyed Pompeii and Saint-Pierre?

A

Pyroclastic flow

30
Q

What is a Lahar

A

Fast, high volume mudslides triggered by the melting of ice or breaking crater lakes

31
Q

Why is a lava flow dangerous

A

Not because it’s fast, but because they are generally unstoppable

32
Q

Basaltic (Gentle) lava speed

A

60 km/hr in channels and tubes, <6km/hr at flow fronts

33
Q

Nyiragongo lava speed + how much it killed

A

100 km/hr, killed 70

34
Q

What are toxic gasses

A

Gasses often confined to crater and ash cloud

35
Q

Lake Nyos

A

Massive CO2 release in 1986 that killed 1700 people and 6000 heads of cattle

36
Q

Ash Falls

A

Buries stuff and shreds lungs

37
Q

Earthquakes and landslides

A

Caused by the movement of lava; Can be a sign of eruptions or other hazards

38
Q

Mitigation 1: Monitoring

A

Look for
-Earthquake activity
-Heatflow
-Ground movement and shape
-Gas emissions

39
Q

Mitigation 2: Preparation

A

Successful evacuations vs. false alarms; long-term predictions in danger assessment maps

40
Q

What factors determine wether the volcano will erupts effusively vs. explosively?

A

Magma composition and water content

41
Q

What is an effusive eruption

A

Steadily flows from the volcano to the ground

42
Q

Are phreatic eruptions common at mid-ocean ridges?

A

No. Mid-ocean ridges are thousands of feet underwater and there is too much pressure for steam explosions when the lava touches the water

43
Q

What kind of magma forms shield volcanoes

A

Basaltic Magma

44
Q

What kind of magma forms stratovolcanoes

A

Andesitic/rhyolitic magma

Geology Time (3 decks)

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