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GEO1020 > Volcanism > Flashcards

Volcanism Flashcards

1
Q

What are volcanoes?

A

Fissures at the Earth’s crust that allow hot, molten rock and gasses to escape at the surface

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2
Q

What can volcanic activity form?

A

Mountains or features like mountains over millions of years (Ma)

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3
Q

What does a volcano start with?

A

It starts with a fissure and builds up

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4
Q

Which volcanoes are the most dangerous on Earth?

A

Indonesian volcanoes`

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5
Q

What can subduction of a plate lead to?

A

Volcanoes

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6
Q

Why doesn’t lava flow very far?

A

Because of its viscosity

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7
Q

What was a secondary effect of the collapse of a dome of Anak-Krakatau?

A

It triggered a tsunamii

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8
Q

What is needed in order to prepare for tsunamis?

A

Effective warming systems

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9
Q

How can tsunamis differ?

A

This depends on if they were triggered by earthquakes or volcanoes

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10
Q

How many died when Anak Krakatoa erupted in 2019?

A

At least 430

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11
Q

How many were injured when Anak Krakatoa erupted in 2019?

A

1495

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12
Q

How far away is Mexico City from Colma?

A

483km

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13
Q

When did Colma erupt?

A

29th January and 1st February 2016

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14
Q

How far did the ash plumes from Colma rise in 2016?

A

4.6-6.7km

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15
Q

How many active volcanoes are on Earth?

A

1500

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16
Q

How many volcanoes have erupted in the last century?

A

400

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17
Q

On average how many eruptions are there each year?

A

50

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18
Q

Where is most volcanic activity concentrated?

A

Along major plate boundaries

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19
Q

What do the risks of volcanoes depend upon?

A

The type of volcano

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20
Q

How many people live near volcanoes?

A

Around 500million

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21
Q

How many volcano related deaths have their been during the last 125 years?

A

100,000

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22
Q

How many volcano related deaths have there been in the last 20 years?

A

23,000

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23
Q

Where are some densely populated countries located?

A

In volcanic zones

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24
Q

Where are some major cities with over 350,000 people located?

A

Near volcanoes

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25
Q

What can dust from volcanoes cause?

A

Lightning

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26
Q

In which direction does lava flow?

A

Downhill only

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27
Q

What happens to the ash plume in the sky after an eruption?

A

It eventually collapses

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28
Q

In which direction can pyroclastic flow flow?

A

Uphill as well as downhill

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29
Q

What does the type of volcano depend upon?

A

The type of magma

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30
Q

When have most volcanoes present today been active?

A

During the quaternary

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31
Q

What can volcanoes interact with?

A

The plate boundary

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32
Q

What is one of the first recognised eruptions?

A

Vesuvius 79AD

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33
Q

What happened when Tambora erupted?

A

There was a year without summer

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34
Q

Why did Tambora cause cooling?

A

The ash particles blocked some sunlight

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35
Q

When did Mount St Helen erupt?

A

1980

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36
Q

When did Soufriere erupt?

A

1995

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37
Q

When did Vesuvius erupt?

A

79AD

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38
Q

When did Unzen erupt?

A

1991

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39
Q

When did Krakatoa erupt?

A

1883

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40
Q

When did Villarica erupt?

A

1963-1964

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41
Q

When did Mount Pelee erupt?

A

1902

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42
Q

When did Tambora erupt?

A

1815

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43
Q

What was a problem when Mount St Helens erupted?

A

The US was not prepared for any type of eruption

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44
Q

What 3 things control magma explosivity?

A

Magma composition
Viscosity of magma
The amount of dissolved gas that the magma contains

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45
Q

What happens if magma contains lots of gas?

A

It is more explosive

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46
Q

What happens if the magma flows (is quite runny)?

A

It is less dangerous due to its low viscosity

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47
Q

What happens as magma cools?

A

It crystalises

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48
Q

What is an issue when magma crystalises?

A

Some minerals are explosive

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49
Q

What happens to the minerals as they crystalise?

A

Their composition changes

Different minerals or elements at different temperatures

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50
Q

What is the continuous reaction series?

A

Minerals don’t change just the elements present

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51
Q

What is the discontinuous series?

A

The minerals change as the temperature changes

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52
Q

What is olivine rich in?

A

Calcium

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53
Q

What are characteristics of quartz?

A

Very viscous and explosive

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54
Q

What happens to the magma as it flows over a continent?

A

Its composition changes because it is melting other rocks

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55
Q

What is on the continuous branch?

A

Calcium-rich
Plagioclase
Sodium-rich

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56
Q

What is on the discontinuous branch?

A

Olivine
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Biotite

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57
Q

Put intermediate, mafic and felsic in order from high temp to low?

A

Mafic
Intermediate
Felsic

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58
Q

What is felsic magma like?

A

High viscosity

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59
Q

What is mafic magma like?

A

Low viscosity

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60
Q

What does the Bowen reaction series show?

A

Magma composition

It looks like a Y

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61
Q

What does magma viscosity change with?

A

Temperature

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62
Q

What happens to the explosivity as the magma gets more viscous?

A

More viscous= more elasticity

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63
Q

What are pillow lavas on continents evidence of?

A

Mid-oceanic ridges

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64
Q

What is the thermodynamic equilibrium of magma?

A

Mineral cooling and crystalisation

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65
Q

Why does a magma reaction series take place?

A

The earlier formed crystals react with the melt to form new crystals

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66
Q

What are the two series that the common minerals of igneous rocks can be divided into?

A

Continuous reaction series of feldspars

Discontinuous reaction series of ferromagnesian minerals

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67
Q

What does the reaction series imply?

A

From a single parental magma, various kinds of igneous rocks can be derived by magnetic differentiation

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68
Q

What does high viscosity mean?

A

There is a great resistance to flow

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69
Q

What happens to the lavas when temperatures are high?

A

The lavas are more fluid

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70
Q

What happens to the lava as it cools?

A

It becomes more viscous

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71
Q

What are basaltic lavas like?

A

They are quite fluid and can therefore are thin and can travel long distances

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72
Q

How far can lava travel?

A

150km

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73
Q

What are the 3 volcanic landforms from basaltic magma?

A

Sheild volcanoes
Basalt plateaus
Cinder cones

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74
Q

What is the silica content of basalt like?

A

It is low, less than 50%

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75
Q

What is the explosivity of basaltic magma like?

A

Least explosive

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76
Q

What is the gas content of basaltic lava like?

A

It is small, less than 2%

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77
Q

What are the characteristics of pillow lavas?

A

Basaltic

Elongated interconnected flow lobes that are elliptical or circular in cross section

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78
Q

What is pahoehoe?

A

This is the second most abundant type of lava

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79
Q

What is pahoehoe characterised by?

A

A smooth, billowy or ropy surface

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80
Q

What is the thickness of pahoehoe flows like?

A

It tends to be relatively thin

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81
Q

What are Aa lavas characterized by?

A

A rough, jagged, spinose and generally clinkery surface

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82
Q

What is the thickness of aa lava flows like?

A

Relatively thick compared to pahoehoe flows

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83
Q

What is the thickness of rhyolitic flows like?

A

They are quite thick because of their viscosity, therefore they travel short distances

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84
Q

What is the silica content of rhyolitic magma like?

A

It is high, over 70%

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85
Q

What is the viscosity of rhyolitic magma like?

A

High

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86
Q

What is the gas content of rhyolitic lava like?

A

It is high, over 4%

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87
Q

What is the tendency for ryholitic lava to explode?

A

Greatest

88
Q

What two volcanic landforms are formed by rhyolitic magma?

A

Volcanic domes

Pyroclastic flows

89
Q

What is the silica content of andesitic magma like?

A

Intermediate about 60%

90
Q

What is the viscosity of andesitic magma like?

A

Intermediate

91
Q

What is the gas content of andesitic magma like?

A

Intermediate

92
Q

What is the tendency to explode for adesitic lava?

A

Intermediate

93
Q

What are two volcanic landforms that are created by andesitic magma?

A

Composite cones

Straovolcano

94
Q

What do gases in magmas do?

A

They migrate upwards and expand during the migration of the magma

95
Q

What creates lava fountains?

A

These are created when gases in magma migrate upwards and escape from the vent

96
Q

What happens to gases in viscous magmas?

A

They expand during their migration upward of the magma which they do with difficulty. The pressure of gases and magma increases and leads to volcanic eruptions which eject semi-molten rocks and hot gases

97
Q

What can be found in rhyolitic lava flows?

A

Quartz

98
Q

What can be used to date land surfaces?

A

Pyroclastic flows

99
Q

What are the 6 types of volcano?

A 
Fissure 
Shield 
Dome
Ash-cinder
Composite 
Caldera
100
Q

What is the slope of a fissure volcano like?

A

It is gentle and made of basaltic lava

101
Q

What is the slope of a dome volcano like?

A

It is a steep convex slope from thick, fast cooling lavas

102
Q

What is the slope of an ash-cinder volcano like?

A

It has layers of ash and cinder

103
Q

What is the slope of a shield volcano like?

A

It is low-angle and built by successive layers of low viscosity lava

104
Q

What is the material from a shield volcano like?

A

Only 10% of the erupted material is explosive

105
Q

Where do shield volcanoes tend to form?

A

At hot spots or in back-arc volcanic settings

106
Q

What are stratovolcanoes like?

A

They have a steep conical edifice built by the alternation of lava flows and pyroclastic deposits

107
Q

What does the associated magma generally contain for stratovolcanoes?

A

Up to 10% volatiles and highly viscous

108
Q

What type of eruption occurs at a stratovolcano?

A

Explosive eruption

109
Q

What are 8 eruption products?

A 
Plume
Eruption column
Bombs
Pyroclastic flow
Lava flow
Lahar
Acid rain
Ash fall
110
Q

What is lahar?

A

Mud or debris flow

111
Q

What are fumaroles?

A

Openings near volcanoes through which gases escape

112
Q

What causes lahars to form?

A

When pyroclastic flows or lahars mix with ice or water

113
Q

What is the flow of lahars like?

A

Fast

114
Q

When do caldera volcanoes occur?

A

When the volcano collapses in on itself after an eruption

115
Q

What is the viscosity like at dome volcanoes?

A

Quite viscus

116
Q

What happens to eruptions at volcanoes?

A

They don’t stay constant, the change and evolve

117
Q

What occurs when a doe collapses?

A

Pyroclastic flow

118
Q

How is eruption classified?

A

By explosivity

119
Q

What is VEI?

A

Volcanic Explosivity Index

120
Q

What does a VEI score of 0 show?

A

Non-explosive

121
Q

What does a VEI of 1 show?

A

Small

122
Q

What does a VEI of 2/3 show?

A

Moderate

123
Q

What does a VEI of 4 show?

A

Large

124
Q

What does a VEI of 5/6 show?

A

Very large

125
Q

What is the VEI scale?

A

0-8

126
Q

What are the characteristics of a stombolian eruption?

A

Rhythmic ejection of incandescent cinder, lapilli and bombs to heights of 10-100m

127
Q

What are stombolian eruptions usually caused by?

A

Basaltic or andesitic lavas

128
Q

What is the eruption rate of strombolian eruptions?

A

Less than 200 m/s

129
Q

What are the characteristics of a vulcanian eruptions

A

e.g. Colima, Mexico March 10th 2005
5km high ash cloud
Several pyroclastic flows
Ash and rock fragments as far as 12km

130
Q

What is the size of the eruption column for plinien eruptions?

A

20-40 km

131
Q

What is the ejection velocity for plinien eruptions?

A

100-400 m/s

132
Q

What is a characteristic of plinien eruptions?

A

Bubbles and viscus magma rapidly ascent together, rapid decompression leads to fragmentation and increase explosion

133
Q

What are the 7 types of eruption?

A 
Hawaiian
Strombolian
Sub-plinian
Vulcanican
Surtseyan
Ultraplinian and plinian
Phreatoplinian
134
Q

What is the height of the eruption column for hawaiian eruptions?

A

Less than 2km

135
Q

What is the height of the eruption column for strombolian eruptions?

A

Less than 10km

136
Q

What is the height of the eruption column for vulcanian eruptions?

A

Less than 20km

137
Q

What is the height of the eruption column for surtseyan eruptions?

A

Less than 20km

138
Q

What was the height of the eruption column for ultraplinian and plinian eruptions?

A

Less than 55km

139
Q

What is the height of the eruption column for phreatoplinian eruptions?

A

Less than 40km

140
Q

Which is more explosive, phreatoplinian or ultraplinian and plinian?

A

Phreatoplinian

141
Q

What separates vulcanian and surtseyan eruptions?

A

Their explosivity, surtseyan is more explosive

142
Q

What type of eruption was Vesuvius in 79AD?

A

Plinien

143
Q

How high was the eruption column for Vesuvius?

A

33km high

144
Q

What was the rate at which hot ash and pumice fell on Pompeii at for Vesuvius?

A

Hot ash and pumice fell onto Pompeii at a rate of 12-15cm an hour

145
Q

What areas did ash and pumice from Vesuvius cover?

A

Pompeii
Herculaneum
Stabiae

146
Q

At what time was there total darkness after Vesuvius erupted?

A

1pm

147
Q

When was Pompeii buried until?

A

It was buried until excavations began in 1748

148
Q

Which large city is located near to Mount Vesuvius?

A

Naples

149
Q

What was the VEI for Mount St Helens in 1980?

A

4

150
Q

When did Mount St Helens erupt?

A

18th May 1980

151
Q

What happened just before Mount St Helens erupted?

A

There was a 5.1 magnitude earthquake

152
Q

How many miles upward did the erupted material from Mount St Helens rise?

A

16 miles

153
Q

What are supervolcanoes?

A

These are volcanoes that spread ash much further than normal volcanoes

154
Q

Why do supervolcanoes exist?

A

They have massive magma chambers that can eject much more material

155
Q

Where can supervolcanoes be found?

A

Above hotspots

156
Q

What causes the magma chamber of the supervolcano to grow?

A

Partial melting of the asthenosphere.

157
Q

What happens as the supervolcano’s magma chamber grows?

A

The magma becomes under high pressure and the surface bulges and cracks. The Earth’s strained surface eventually starts to shatter

158
Q

What happens once the supervolcano has caused the Earth to shatter?

A

Large, explosive eruptions take place and there are numerous pyroclastic flows

159
Q

What happens after a supervolcano eruption?

A

A crater-like depression forms called the caldera

160
Q

What is a caldera?

A

Crust that collapses in an empty magma chamber

161
Q

What are 8 volcanic hazards?

A 
Lava flows
Pyroclastic flows
Ash falls
Lahars
Landslides
Fine ashes in the air and on the ground
Volcanic gases
Climate change
162
Q

What can latitude affect?

A

Scale

163
Q

What can ash in the lower stratosphere lead to?

A

Ash in the lower stratosphere can lead to warming of the stratosphere and cooling of the troposphere

164
Q

What is tephra?

A

This is ash- any airborne pyroclastic

165
Q

What is ash?

A

Very fine-grained fragments, generally dominated by broken glass shards but can also contain rock fragments

166
Q

What is the size requirement for ash?

A

Less than 2mm

167
Q

What is lapiilli?

A

Pea to walnut-size pyroclasts

168
Q

What is the size requirement for lapilli?

A

2-64mm

169
Q

What do lapilli often look like?

A

Cinders

170
Q

What causes accretionary lapilli?

A

In water-rich eruptions, the accretion of wet ash may form rounded spheres

171
Q

What is the size requirement for blocks and bombs?

A

Over 64mm

172
Q

What are blocks?

A

These are ejected as solid fragments with angular shapes

173
Q

What are bombs?

A

These are ejected as incandescent lava fragments which were semi-molten when airborne and therefore inherited streamlined, aerodynamic shapes

174
Q

What causes pyroclastic flow?

A

This occurs when the mixture of hot gas and rocks are heavier than the surrounding air, causing the plume to collapse in on itself and flow down the slope of the volcano

175
Q

At what speed do pyroclastic flows move?

A

Over 100km/hr

176
Q

Where are pyroclastic flow deposits usually confined to?

A

Valleys

177
Q

What temperatures can pyroclastic flows reach?

A

Over 400C

178
Q

What are lahars composed of?

A

Water, and sediment

179
Q

What percentage of sediment in a lahar makes it turbulent?

A

20-60%sediment= turbulent

180
Q

What percentage of sediment in a lahar makes it smooth?

A

More than 80% sediment

181
Q

Which type of lahar moves faster?

A

The smooth lahar is faster than the turbulent lahar

182
Q

What can happen to the glaciers and snow caps at the top of the volcano?

A

They can suddenly melt

183
Q

How fast can melted snow move downslope?

A

50km/hour

184
Q

How far can melted snow move downslope?

A

It has a long flowing distance, tens of miles from volcanoes

185
Q

What are landslides?

A

Large masses of earth that fall, slide or flow rapidly

186
Q

Why are volcanic edifices prone to instability?

A

Many volcanoes are steep-sided mountains, often partly constructed from poorly consolidated volcanic deposits

187
Q

What was the VEI of Krakatoa in 1883?

A

VEI 6

188
Q

How many fatalities were there in Krakatoa in 1883?

A

120,000 or more

189
Q

How high was the Krakatoa 1883 tsunami?

A

46m

190
Q

What happened to the island of Krakatoa in 1883?

A

It had almost entirely disappeared but it has been growing ever since

191
Q

Why does the stratosphere warm after an eruption?

A

The particles in the atmosphere that have been ejected by the volcano absorb the radiation

192
Q

Why does the troposphere cool after an eruption?

A

As the stratosphere absorbs more radiation, less gets to the sun

193
Q

What can a strong, brief impact on climate change be useful for?

A

It can help to make better predictions of future climate and weather

194
Q

How long can the strongly enhanced reflection of incoming solar radiation cause global cooling at the surface for?

A

2-3 years

195
Q

What effect (greenhouse or haze effect) is more greatly enhanced by volcanic eruptions?

A

The haze effect is more affected than the greenhouse effect

196
Q

What does the haze effect cause?

A

Short term cooling

197
Q

What happens to cause the haze effect?

A

Sulfur combines with water vapour in the stratosphere to form a dense cloud of sulfuric acid droplets which take year to settle out and they cool the troposphere because they absorb solar radiation and scatter it back to space

198
Q

How can volcanic eruptions enhance the greenhouse effect?

A

The add CO2

199
Q

Which is a larger input of CO2 into the atmosphere: humans or volcanoes?

A

Human activities put more CO2 into the atmosphere each year

200
Q

When did the Laki eruption occur?

A

1783-1784

201
Q

Where was the Laki eruption?

A

Iceland

202
Q

What percentage of livestock was killed by the Laki eruption?

A

75%

203
Q

What percentage of Iceland’s population was killed?

A

24%

204
Q

What was the volume of the lava for the Laki eruption?

A

14.7 km3

205
Q

What was the volume of tephra at the Laki eruption?

A

0.4 km3

206
Q

What climate impacts were there as a result of the Laki eruption?

A

Summer of 1783 was extremely warm over Europe

Winter of 1783-4 was extremely cold over Europe and North America

207
Q

What are circulation anomalies produced by?

A

Volcanic gases and aerosols

208
Q

Anomalies from which aerosols caused the haze effect?

A

Sulphate aerosols

209
Q

What two volcanic gases (not aerosols) act as gases?

A

CO2 and SO2

210
Q

When was the Tambora eruption?

A

1815

211
Q

What percentage of people died on Sumbawa?

A

35%

212
Q

What was the VEI of Tambora?

A

7

213
Q

What did the Tambora eruption cause?

A

The year without a summer

214
Q

When was the ultra-plinian eruption of Pinatubo?

A

1991

215
Q

What was the VEI of the Pinatubo 1991 eruption?

A

VEI5

216
Q

What effect did the Toba super-eruption have on climate?

A

A drop of 10C globally for a few months, cooling lasting several decades
6 years of volcanic winter, followed by 1000 years of the coldest, driest climate of the late Quaternary

GEO1020 (16 decks)

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