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GEO1020 > Introduction to the Quaternary > Flashcards

Introduction to the Quaternary Flashcards

1
Q

When did ice sheet formation in Antarctica take place?

A

38 million years ago

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2
Q

When did the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets form?

A

Between 3 and 2.55 million years ago

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3
Q

What are 3 important reasons for studying quaternary events?

A

To obtain insights about ans to predict/mitigate the effects of future climate change by finding analogues with the past
Testing of predictive models through retrodiction
For sustainable management/ land use of the environment and its resources

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4
Q

What are 5 unique quaternary characteristics?

A

Migrations of hominins and emergence of modern humans
Similar configuration of continents-oceans-mountains chains
High frequency glacial-interglacial climate changes
Development of present day flora and fauna
Relatively good records of environmental change

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5
Q

Who found evidence of ancient glaciation?

A

Bernard Friederich Kuhn

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6
Q

When did Bernard Friederich Kuhn find evidence of glaciation?

A

1787

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7
Q

What evidence of glaciation did Bernard Friederich Kuhn interpret?

A

Erratic boulders

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8
Q

When was the birth of the glacial theory?

A

1837

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9
Q

Who’s paper started the birth of the glacial theory?

A

Agassiz

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10
Q

What did Agassiz do in 1840?

A

He visited England and read a paper in Glasgow

He was attacked by Lyell and then went around Scotland with Buckland and Murchison

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11
Q

What did Joseph Adhemar suggest in 1842?

A

Ice ages may be due to variations in the way the Earth moves around the sun

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12
Q

What did Joseph Adhemar base his suggestion on?

A

17C Keplers interpretation

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13
Q

What happened in 1852?

A

The extent of the Greenland ice sheet was established which provided evidence that large ice sheets could exist

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14
Q

What happened in 1863?

A

Archibald Geikie argues that plant remains found between layers of Scottish tills were clear evidence of a warm climate which suggests multiple glacial stages

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15
Q

What did James Croll publish in 1867?

A

Calculations of orbital eccentricities

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16
Q

What did James Croll publish in 1875?

A

A book called Climate and Time which was widely discarded

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17
Q

What did Milutin Milankovitch publish in 1914?

A

“On the problem of the astronomical theory of the ice ages” but it was written in Serbian and so wasn’t read by many

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18
Q

What did Milankovitch publish in 1930?

A

“Mathematical Climatology and the Astronomical Theory of Climatic Change”

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19
Q

What is eccentricity?

A

The shape of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun

20
Q

What is perihelion?

A

The closest approach to the sun in the Earth’s orbit

21
Q

What is aphelion?

A

The furthest point from the Sun in the Earth’s orbit

22
Q

How much solar energy is received at the aphelion?

A

1311 kW/m2

23
Q

How much solar energy is received at the perihelion?

A

1400 kW/m2

24
Q

How long is the eccentricity cycle?

A

96ka

25
Q

What is obliquity?

A

Tilt

26
Q

What does tilt control?

A

The seasons

27
Q

When are seasonal contrasts the highest?

A

When tilt is close to its maximum, especially in higher latitudes

28
Q

How long is the obliquity cycle?

A

41ka

29
Q

What is precession?

A

Wobble

30
Q

Where did the winter solstice occur in the Lateglacial?

A

Near aphelion

31
Q

Where does the winter solstice occur today?

A

Near perihelion

32
Q

How long is the precession cycle?

A

23ka

33
Q

What does obliquity drive?

A

Polar changes

34
Q

What does precession drive?

A

Equatorial changes

35
Q

When did radiocarbon dating become available?

A

In 1951

36
Q

What was radiocarbon dating used to establish?

A

A true chronology for the last ice age

37
Q

Give an example of a methodological advance in quaternary science

A

Stable isotope studies

38
Q

When were the first ocean cores obtained and who by?

A

1947/8 by the Swedish Deep Sea Expedition using the Kullenberg corer

39
Q

When was the Camp Century core drilled in Greenland?

A

1960s

40
Q

What does GRIP stand for?

A

Greenland Ice Core Project (European)

41
Q

What does GISP stand for?

A

Greenland Ice Sheet Project (American)

42
Q

What computer models have been developed to help advance quaternary science?

A

General Circulation Models

43
Q

When was the computer model approach pioneered?

A

In the 1970s

44
Q

Who pioneered the computer models approach?

A

CLIMAP

45
Q

What does CLIMAP stand for?

A

Climate/ Long Range Investigation Mapping and Prediction group

GEO1020 (16 decks)

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