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General Medicine > Vol 3 > Flashcards

Vol 3 Flashcards

0
Q

What is normal urine output? (Range)

A

1ml/kg/hour - between 0.5-2

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1
Q

What goes in the grey blood bottle?

A

Glucose

Lactate

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2
Q

Below what urine output should an AKI be considered?

A

<0.5ml/kg/hour

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3
Q

DANISH PT of cerebellar dysfunction?

A 
Dysdiadochokinesia
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Speech (slurring/scanning)
Hypotonia
Past pointing
Tremor at rest
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4
Q

What is Kernig’s sign?

A

Meningism

Flex hip and knee to 90 degrees, subsequent extension is painful

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5
Q

What are the 6 intrinsic features of benzodiazepines?

A 
Anxiolytic
Anterograde amnesic
Antiemetic
Anticonvulsant
Sedative
Muscle relaxant
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6
Q

3 diagnostic criteria for AKI?

A

Serum creatinine rise of >26micromol/L in 48 hours
Serum creatinine rise by 50% in 7 days
Urine output falls 6 hours

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7
Q

Main causes of a normovolaemic hyponatraemia?

A

Someone who’s had D+V then water

Diuretics or ACEi

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8
Q

Causes of hyponatraemia + dehydration?

A

Addison’s disease

Diarrhoea

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9
Q

4 causes of hyperkalaemia?

A

Addison’s disease
Kidney failure
K+ sparing diuretics and ACEi

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10
Q

If someone takes in 2L of water in 24 hours, what is their expected urine output over 24 hours?

A

800ml-2L

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11
Q

What are polyuria, oliguria and anuria?

A

Polyuria >3L
Oliguria <50ml
(all in 24 hours)

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12
Q

Medical management of migraines?

A

Paracetamol and NSAIDs
B blockers
Triptans (5-HT)
Anti-emetics

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13
Q

What medications are given for status migrainosus?

A

Ergotamines

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14
Q

What is exenatide?

A

A GLP-1 agonist

Adjunct for glycaemic control in DM2

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15
Q

What is Brudzinski’s sign?

A

Meningism

Passive flexion of hip causes reflex flexion of contralateral hip

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16
Q

What goes in the yellow blood bottle?

A

Biochemistry

Us and Es, LFTs, CRP, amylase, bone profile, thyroid, Trop/CK, vitamins

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17
Q

What goes in the pink blood bottle?

A

Group and save

Cross match

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18
Q

What product is in blood bottles to prevent clotting for analysis of the blood cells present?

A

EDTA

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19
Q

What is the Reiter’s syndrome triad?

A

Can’t see (uveitis, conjunctivitis)
Can’t pee (circinate balanitis, urethritis)
Can’t climb a tree (plantar fasciitis, keratoderma blenorrhagica)

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20
Q

What goes in the purple blood bottle?

A

Blood stuff - FBC, WCC, ESR, HbA1C, blood films (spherocytosis, malaria)

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21
Q

What is a fibroadenoma?

A

Breast mice
Smooth, rubbery, mobile
Typically younger women

22
Q

5 major complications of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A 
DM2 
Hypertension
Weight gain 
Immunosuppression
Osteoporosis
23
Q

What are irritative LUTS? (5)

A 
Frequency
Urge incontinence
Hesitance 
Dysuria
Nocturia
24
Q

4 indications for catheterisation?

A

Immobility
Incontinence
Needing to monitor UO (sepsis, AKI)
Relieve acute urinary retention

25
Q

What findings on exam indicate breast cancer?

A

Solid, irregular mass that is fixed in place

Dimpling on surface, nipple changes, peau d’orange

26
Q

What are obstructive LUTS?

A 
Weak flow
Hesitancy
Intermittency
Dribbling
Overflow incontinence
Incomplete voiding
27
Q

How does the dexamethasone suppression test for Cushing’s work?

A

Give dexamethasone overnight - cortisol should be low in the morning. If not = Cushing’s syndrome
Then look at ACTH levels - if high = disease

28
Q

What findings are suggestive of fibrocystic changes on breast exam?

A

Typically UO quadrant, often bilateral
Firm and rubbery, mobile
Often cyclical and related to menstrual cycle

29
Q

What findings on exam are suggestive of breast abscess?

A

Red, swollen, hot and painful. May have systemic signs.

Often breastfeeding

30
Q

What is the genetic background link to ankylosing spondylitis?

A

HLA B27

31
Q

What is the course of ankylosing spondylitis?

A

Inflammatory LBP and sacroiliacitis

Disc fusion and syndesmophytes

32
Q

What bloods are useful in diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis?

A

(Rheumatoid factor, CRP/ESR)

AntiCCP

33
Q

What investigations are done via the light blue blood bottle?

A

Coag screen - PT (INR), APTT, fibrinogen, D dimer

34
Q

What product is present in the light blue blood bottle?

A

Sodium citrate

35
Q

What findings on exam suggest fat necrosis in breast?

A

Often history of trauma, may cause dimpling and inflammatory signs

36
Q

What conditions are aminosalicylates used for? Examples?

A

Ulcerative colitis
5-ASA (mesalazine)
Sulfasalazine

37
Q

What is characteristic of type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Raised CO2, V is wrong with V/Q (damage to lungs or respiratory drive)

38
Q

5 causes of type 2 respiratory failure?

A 
COPD
Asthma
Neuromuscular dysfunction
Brainstem lesion
Chest wall deformities
39
Q

What is an alternative name for collapsing pulse and what is it characteristic of?

A

Watsons waterhammer pulse

Hyperdynamic circulation - aortic regurge

40
Q

What are the main causes of oedema with hyponatraemia?

Think transudative pleural effusion but with systemic capillaries

A

Congestive heart failure
Liver failure
Nephrotic syndrome

41
Q

What is Charcot’s Triad for acute cholangitis?

A

Jaundice, fever and RUQ pain

42
Q

What is McBurney’s point and what is its clinical significance?

A

Point where appendicitis tenderness eventually localises to after migrating from middle
Located 2/3 laterally between umbilicus and right ASIS

43
Q

What is the sepsis six?

A 
High flow O2
IVT
IV antibiotics
Lactate and FBC
Blood cultures
Catheter to monitor UO
44
Q

What is donepezil?

A

Achesterase inhibitor for Alzheimer’s dementia

45
Q

What ECG findings are suggestive of ischaemia?

A

ST elevation and/or reciprocal depression
T wave changes
Poor PR progression through chest leads
Pathological Q waves

46
Q

What is Cullen’s sign?

A

Periumbilical ecchymosis - acute pancreatitis

47
Q

What is Rovsing’s sign?

A

Pushing LLQ elicits pain in RLQ - acute appendicitis

48
Q

What is Kehr’s sign?

A

Ruptured spleen -> L shoulder tip pain

49
Q

Normal medical treatment for UTIs?

A

Trimethoprim for 3 days

Alternatively sulfamethoxazole/ TMP-SMX

50
Q

Medical treatments for severe UTIs?

A

IV tazocin, amoxicillin or co-amoxyclav

51
Q

What is Grey-Turners sign?

A

Acute pancreatitis causing flank ecchymosis

52
Q

What is Troisier’s sign?

A

Gastric cancer - Virchow’s node lymphadenopathy (left subclavian region)

General Medicine (5 decks)

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