Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Medicine > Vol 2 > Flashcards

Vol 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is haemachromatosis?

A

Failure of regulation of iron transport from the gut, leading to iron overload and organ deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

3 scoring systems related to stroke?

A

ROSIER (stroke vs stroke mimics)
ABCD2 (short term stroke risk after TIA)
CHADVAS2C + HASBLED (AF management)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What organ is mainly affected by haemachromatosis?

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Side effect that occurs in 50% of haemachromatosis patients?

A

Osteoarthritic changes and arthralgias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is gold standard for diagnosing haemachromatosis?

A 
Liver biopsy
(serum iron and ferritin also raised, LFTs may or may not be deranged)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the spectrum of SIRS to septic shock?

A

SIRS -> sepsis (SIRS + bacteraemia) -> severe sepsis (end organ damage) -> septic shock (severe sepsis + hypotension)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

5 RFs for skin cancer?

A 
Acute or long term sunburn
Skin types 1 or 2
Age
Immunosuppression
Previous skin cancers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What findings on AXR indicate small bowel obstruction?

A

Valvulae coniventes visible + dilation >3cm

Consider ileus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What findings on AXR indicate large bowel obstruction?

A

Haustra visible and dilation >6cm (9 for cecum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What finding on AXR suggests sigmoid volvulus?

A

Coffee bean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does a trochlear nerve lesion do and which test makes it easier to see?

A

Superior oblique underactivity so hard to tell

Bielchowsky head tilt test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the bielchowsky head tilt test?

A

Used to isolate trochlear nerve lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 causes of a normocytic anaemia?

A

Pregnancy
Chronic disease
Bone marrow failure
Reticulocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

4 causes of a peripheral neuropathy?

A

DM
B12/folate deficiency
Alcohol
Drugs (amiodarone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Discuss anaplastic thyroid cancer

A

Rarest and most aggressive
More common in over 60s
Only <1/10 alive after 5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is bronchial breathing?

A

Physiological in large airways e.g. Over trachea
Pathophysiological otherwise - consolidation (pneumonia) or fibrosis
Typically loud and high pitched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is vesicular breathing?

A

Normal, inspiration > expiration, fades on expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are rhonchi?

A

Low pitched breath sounds, bit like snoring, due to secretions in the bronchial airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pathophysiology behind psoriasis?

A

Keratinocyte hyperproliferation and inflammatory infiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 nail changes associated with psoriasis?

A

Onycholysis
Pitting
Subungual hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What lesions define eczema?

A

Papules or vesicles on an erythematous base, particularly on flexor aspects
Tendency to weep, exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the MUST tool used for?

A

Analysing malnutrition risk for inpatients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a normal INR?

A

2 or 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What measurement is INR an alteration of and what pathway of coagulation does it measure?

A

Prothrombin time (PT) - extrinsic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

2 drugs that can cause INR to increase?

A

Clarithromycin

Sodium valproate

25
Q

What drug can cause a fall in INR?

A

Rifampicin

26
Q

What is Mirizzi’s syndrome?

A

Gallstone impacts in neck of gallbladder/cystic duct, leading to multiple and large gallstones collecting
Fistulae/obstructive jaundice

27
Q

What is Prinzmetal’s Angina?

A

Angina that occurs cyclically at rest

Not due to atherosclerosis and not typically related to exercise - coronary vasospasm

28
Q

What drugs should be given for Prinzmetal’s angina and what should not be given?

A

Nitrates and Ca blockers good

NOT B blockers

29
Q

3 symptoms associated with thyroid cancer?

A

Painless lump
Voice change
Dysphagia

30
Q

5 types of thyroid cancer?

A 
Papillary
Follicular
Medullary
Lymphoma 
Anaplastic
31
Q

What is the most common thyroid cancer? Discuss

A

Papillary
Women under 40 typically
Well differentiated
Requires thyroidectomy and radiotherapy, good prognosis

32
Q

What congenital disorder is a common cause of syringomyelia?

A

Arnold-Chiari malformation

33
Q

What is the distribution and type of sensory disturbance in syringomyelia?

A

‘Shawl’ pain and temp loss

Feet light touch, vibration and proprioception loss

34
Q

What happens to the upper limbs in syringomyelia?

A

Claw hand and arm weakness

35
Q

4 other features of syringomyelia?

A

Charcot joints, scoliosis, allodynia and areflexia

36
Q

At what age does syringomyelia commonly present?

A

20s/30s

37
Q

What is a bulla?

A

A fluid-filled papule > 0.5cm (blister)

38
Q

What is a macule?

A

A flat lesion/area of altered pigmentation sized < 0.5cm (freckle)

39
Q

What is the common cause of lateral medullary syndrome?

A

PICA stroke

40
Q

What is the typical sensory disturbance in lateral medullary syndrome?

A

Contralateral pain and temp loss below
Ipsilateral pain and temp loss in face

CN signs and DANISH

41
Q

What is the pathophysiological background of Guilian-Barre syndrome and what are the 3 most common causes?

A

Molecular mimicry causing autoimmune attack, usually as a result of infection
Campylobacter, CMV, flu

42
Q

What is the course of Guilian-Barre?

A

Ascending paralysis/paraesthesia

Areflexia, ANS disturbances and eventually respiratory failure if not treated

43
Q

What is Miller Fisher syndrome?

A

Like Guilian-Barre but starts at top, includes eyes and descends

44
Q

What is a papule?

A

A raised lesion of <0.5cm

45
Q

What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?

A

Contralateral pain + temp loss below, ipsilateral spastic paralysis, light touch, proprioception and vibration loss below

46
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Brown-Sequard syndrome?

A

Lateral cord hemisection

Causes: trauma, cervical spondylosis, MS

47
Q

What is a pustule?

A

A pus-containing papule e.g. Acne

48
Q

What are the defining features of an UMNL?

A 
Hypertonia
Hyperreflexia
Spastic paralysis
Pronator drift
Hoffman's and Babinski responses
49
Q

What is Pemberton’s sign?

A

SVC obstruction (e.g. Big goitre), raise arms leading to facial swelling, purple, vein distension and stridor

50
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A blister (fluid filled) of <0.5cm

51
Q

What is a plaque?

A

A raised, scaly lesion >0.5cm

52
Q

What sex is PBC more common in and why?

A

Females - autoimmune link

53
Q

What are the early symptoms of PBC?

A

TATT and pruritis

Eventually leading to liver cirrhosis

54
Q

What are the investigation results suggestive of PBC?

A

Raised AMA, obstructive jaundice picture of LFTs

55
Q

What is a nodule?

A

Raised lesion >0.5cm

56
Q

Risk factors for osteoporosis?

A 
Female (post-menopause/oophorectomy)
Steroids
Rheumatoid disease
Short + thin
Alcohol
Vit D deficient
Age + FH
57
Q

Features characteristic of a LMNL?

A 
Hypotonia
Hyporeflexia
Flaccid paralysis
Fasciculations
Muscle wastage
58
Q

3 drug treatments for BPH?

A

Doxazocin
Dutasteride
Finasteride

59
Q

What is doxazocin?

A

An alpha blocker used for BPH treatment

60
Q

What are dutasteride and finasteride?

A

5a reductase inhibitors used in the management of BPH

61
Q

4 causes of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Iatrogenic - exogenous steroids
Cushing’s Disease - a pituitary adenoma secreting ACTH
Adrenal tumour
Ectopic ACTH secreting tumour e.g. SCC lung

General Medicine (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions