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AS Biology > Voice of the Genome > Flashcards

Voice of the Genome Flashcards

1
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circle of DNA

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2
Q

Good granules

A

Glycogen granules, lipid droplets

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3
Q

Mesosome

A

Infolding of cell membrane, site of aerobic respiration (now thought to be due to prep of slide and not a real structure)

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4
Q

Cell wall in prokaryotic cells

A

Made of peptidoglycan (polysaccharide and polypeptide)

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5
Q

Capsule

A

Slimy layer on surface for protection and to prevent dehydration

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6
Q

Pili

A

Thin protein tubes, allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces

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7
Q

Flagellum

A

Hollow cylindrical thread-like structure, rotates to move the cell

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8
Q

Circular DNA

A

Genetic information (not associated with proteins)

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic information (5-10 micro metres)

Also has a nucleolus = A dense body within the nucleus where ribosomes are made (2.5 micrometers)

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10
Q

Chromatin

A

= combination of DNA and proteins (histones) that make up chromosomes

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11
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Produce ATP by aerobic respiration (3-10 micro metres)

Inner membrane folded into cristae

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12
Q

Centrioles

A

= form the mitotic spindle (one pair in each cell, made of ring of micro tubules) (0.5 x 0.2 micro metres)

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis, free in cytoplasm or bound to RER, made of RNA and protein (0.025 micro metres)

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14
Q

Cell membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer forming a partially permeable barrier

= controls movement of molecules in and out of cell (0.009 micro metres thick)

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15
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

A

Synthesis of lipids and steroids (eg reproductive hormones)

Has no attached ribosomes

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16
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum:

A

Synthesis of membrane bound or secreted proteins

Covered with ribosomes

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17
Q

R and S Endoplasmic reticulum

A

System of interconnected membrane bound, flattened sacs (cisternae)

Connected to nuclear membrane
(0.5 micro metres thick per layer)

18
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modification and packaging of proteins for transport

= Stacks of flattened membrane-bound sacs

19
Q

Lysosome

A

Breakdown of material in cell (also involved in apoptosis)
Contain digestive enzymes
(0.5-2 micro metres)

20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

= gives cell structure and allows it to change shape. Also helps with transport of vesicles around the cell

21
Q

Nucleus in sperm

A

Contains highly condensed haploid chromosomes

22
Q

Mitochondria in sperm

A

Tightly packed, provide energy energy for the lashing of the tail

23
Q

Sperm tail (flagellum)

A

Flagellum which propels the sperm by its movement in a liquid environment

24
Q

Microtubules in sperm

A

Produce the whip-like movements of tail which keep sperm in suspension and help it swim towards

25
Q

Acrosome

A

Membrane-bound storage for enzymes site for enzymes (the enzymes digest the layers surrounding the ovum and allow the sperms head to penetrate)

26
Q

Follicle cells (egg cell)

A

Cells surrounding the ovum that release chemicals to trigger acrosome reaction

27
Q

Lipid droplets (egg cell)

A

Food store for developing embryo

28
Q

Zona pellucida (egg cell)

A

Jelly-like layer made of glycoprotein, essential for binding of sperm and acrosome reaction

29
Q

Nucleus in egg cell

A

Contains haploid genome

30
Q

Lysosomes in egg cell

A

Release enzymes to thicken the Zona pellucida to prevent entry of other sperm

31
Q

Organelle

A

A complex, specialised structure within a cell that carries out a particular function (collagen, membrane, chloroplast)

32
Q

Cell

A

Basic structural and functional unit of an organism (companion cells, leukocyte)

33
Q

Tissue

A

A group of specialised cells of a similar structure working together to carry out a function (muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, cartilage, blood)

34
Q

Organ

A

A group of tissues working together to carry out one function (spleen, roots, epidermis, brain, bone)

35
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs working together to carry out a particular function (flower, CNS)

36
Q

Organism

A

A living being

37
Q

Stem cell

A

Cells that replicate themselves and differentiate into other cell types

38
Q

Pluripotency

A

Can differentiate into all cell types formed in the body (blastula - embryonic stem cells)

39
Q

Totipotency

A

Can differentiate into any other cell type (zygote ➡️ morula)

40
Q

The cortical reaction

A

(A process initiated during fertilisation by) the release of cortical granules from the egg which prevents polyspermy, the fusion of multiple sperm with one egg

41
Q

The acrosome reaction

A

When the sperm penetrate the Zona pellucida and fuse with the egg cell membrane, releasing digestive enzymes from the acrosome

AS Biology (4 decks)

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