Voice of the Genome

Question 1

Plasmid

Answer 1

Small circle of DNA

Question 2

Good granules

Answer 2

Glycogen granules, lipid droplets

Question 3

Mesosome

Answer 3

Infolding of cell membrane, site of aerobic respiration (now thought to be due to prep of slide and not a real structure)

Question 4

Cell wall in prokaryotic cells

Answer 4

Made of peptidoglycan (polysaccharide and polypeptide)

Question 5

Capsule

Answer 5

Slimy layer on surface for protection and to prevent dehydration

Question 6

Pili

Answer 6

Thin protein tubes, allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces

Question 7

Flagellum

Answer 7

Hollow cylindrical thread-like structure, rotates to move the cell

Question 8

Circular DNA

Answer 8

Genetic information (not associated with proteins)

Question 9

Nucleus

Answer 9

Contains genetic information (5-10 micro metres)

Also has a nucleolus = A dense body within the nucleus where ribosomes are made (2.5 micrometers)

Question 10

Chromatin

Answer 10

= combination of DNA and proteins (histones) that make up chromosomes

Question 11

Mitochondrion

Answer 11

Produce ATP by aerobic respiration (3-10 micro metres)

Inner membrane folded into cristae

Question 12

Centrioles

Answer 12

= form the mitotic spindle (one pair in each cell, made of ring of micro tubules) (0.5 x 0.2 micro metres)

Question 13

Ribosomes

Answer 13

Site of protein synthesis, free in cytoplasm or bound to RER, made of RNA and protein (0.025 micro metres)

Question 14

Cell membrane

Answer 14

Phospholipid bilayer forming a partially permeable barrier

= controls movement of molecules in and out of cell (0.009 micro metres thick)

Question 15

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

Answer 15

Synthesis of lipids and steroids (eg reproductive hormones)

Has no attached ribosomes

Question 16

Rough endoplasmic reticulum:

Answer 16

Synthesis of membrane bound or secreted proteins

Covered with ribosomes

Question 17

R and S Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 17

System of interconnected membrane bound, flattened sacs (cisternae)

Connected to nuclear membrane
(0.5 micro metres thick per layer)

Question 18

Golgi apparatus

Answer 18

Modification and packaging of proteins for transport

= Stacks of flattened membrane-bound sacs

Question 19

Lysosome

Answer 19

Breakdown of material in cell (also involved in apoptosis)
Contain digestive enzymes
(0.5-2 micro metres)

Question 20

Cytoskeleton

Answer 20

= gives cell structure and allows it to change shape. Also helps with transport of vesicles around the cell

Question 21

Nucleus in sperm

Answer 21

Contains highly condensed haploid chromosomes

Question 22

Mitochondria in sperm

Answer 22

Tightly packed, provide energy energy for the lashing of the tail

Question 23

Sperm tail (flagellum)

Answer 23

Flagellum which propels the sperm by its movement in a liquid environment

Question 24

Microtubules in sperm

Answer 24

Produce the whip-like movements of tail which keep sperm in suspension and help it swim towards

Question 25

Acrosome

Answer 25

Membrane-bound storage for enzymes site for enzymes (the enzymes digest the layers surrounding the ovum and allow the sperms head to penetrate)

Question 26

Follicle cells (egg cell)

Answer 26

Cells surrounding the ovum that release chemicals to trigger acrosome reaction

Question 27

Lipid droplets (egg cell)

Answer 27

Food store for developing embryo

Question 28

Zona pellucida (egg cell)

Answer 28

Jelly-like layer made of glycoprotein, essential for binding of sperm and acrosome reaction

Question 29

Nucleus in egg cell

Answer 29

Contains haploid genome

Question 30

Lysosomes in egg cell

Answer 30

Release enzymes to thicken the Zona pellucida to prevent entry of other sperm

Question 31

Organelle

Answer 31

A complex, specialised structure within a cell that carries out a particular function (collagen, membrane, chloroplast)

Question 32

Cell

Answer 32

Basic structural and functional unit of an organism (companion cells, leukocyte)

Question 33

Tissue

Answer 33

A group of specialised cells of a similar structure working together to carry out a function (muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, cartilage, blood)

Question 34

Organ

Answer 34

A group of tissues working together to carry out one function (spleen, roots, epidermis, brain, bone)

Question 35

Organ system

Answer 35

A group of organs working together to carry out a particular function (flower, CNS)

Question 36

Organism

Answer 36

A living being

Question 37

Stem cell

Answer 37

Cells that replicate themselves and differentiate into other cell types

Question 38

Pluripotency

Answer 38

Can differentiate into all cell types formed in the body (blastula - embryonic stem cells)

Question 39

Totipotency

Answer 39

Can differentiate into any other cell type (zygote ➡️ morula)

Question 40

The cortical reaction

Answer 40

(A process initiated during fertilisation by) the release of cortical granules from the egg which prevents polyspermy, the fusion of multiple sperm with one egg

Question 41

The acrosome reaction

Answer 41

When the sperm penetrate the Zona pellucida and fuse with the egg cell membrane, releasing digestive enzymes from the acrosome