Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology AS > Voice Of The Genome > Flashcards

Voice Of The Genome Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus

A

Double membrane (nuclear envelope) with pores
Largest organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What’s the function of the nucleus

A

Contains genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What’s the structure of the nucleolus

A

Darker staining region if the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s the structure of the nucleolus

A

Darker staining region if the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What’s the function of the nucleolus

A

Region where RNA used to make ribosomes is transcribed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What’s the structure of the ribosome

A

2 subunits (large & small)
Made from ribosomal RNA and protein
Free in cytoplasm or in RER
80s in eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s the function if the ribosome

A

Protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What’s the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

interconnected membrane-blind flattened sacks
Continues from nucleus
Ribosomes attached (rough)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s the function of the RER

A

Protein folding and transport within cell
(Lots found in cells secreting proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s the structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

Stacks of flattened membrane-bound sacks of decreasing size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What’s the same of the membrane bound flattened sacks of the Golgi and ER

A

Cisternae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are the cisternae of the Golgi formed?

A

Fusion of vesicles from endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the different vesicles in the Golgi

A

Transport vesicle- comes from ER
Secretory vesicle- leave Golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What’s the fiction of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Protein modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Same as RER
No ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What’s the function of the sER

A

Lipid synthesis and transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are high amounts of sER found?

A

Liver and testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s the structure of the mitochondria

A

Rod-like structures
Double membrane- inner one folded (cristae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What’s the function of the mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the number of mitochondria depend on?

A

Energy demand of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What’s the structure of a lysosome

A

Spherical sacs contains digestive enzymes
Single membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What’s the function of lysosomes

A

Enzymes within break down unwanted substances
Whole cell destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What’s the structure of the centrioles

A

Hollow microtubules of proteins at right angles to each other
1 pair in each cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What’s the function of the centrioles

A

Makes spindle fibres for mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What’s a prokaryotic cell

A

Cell with no membrane bound organelles (nucleus, Golgi, ER, lysosomes, mitochondria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the organelles in all bacteria cell

A

Cell wall
Cell membrane
Circular DNA
70s Ribosomes
Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What other organelles may be in bacteria cells

A

Flagellum
Plasmids (DNA)
Mesosome
Pili
Slime capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of DNA is in the circular DNA

A

Double stranded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What’s the function of the slime capsule

A

Prevent dehydration
Prevent recognition by antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What’s a mesosome

A

I folding of the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are pili

A

Thin tubes of proteins
Attach to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the destinations for proteins

A

Cytoplasm
Lysosomes
Cell membrane
Extracellular (outside cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What’s the first step of protein transport

A

Protein made in ribosome on RER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What’s the second step of protein transport

A

Protein folded into specific 3D shape inside RER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What’s the third step of protein transport

A

Proteins leave RER is a vesicle you travel to Golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What’s the fourth step of protein transport

A

Transport vesicles fuse together forming flattened sacks of Golgi

37
Q

What’s the fifth step of protein transport

A

Proteins modified in Golgi (eg polysaccharide added)

38
Q

What’s the sixth step of protein transport

A

Golgi produces secretory vesicle that fuse with plasma membrane (by exocytosis) releasing proteins

39
Q

What are the components of an egg cell

A

Follicle cells
Zona pellucida
Haploid nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane

40
Q

What’s the function of the follicle cells

A

From ovaries
Release chemicals attracting sperm cells- aids fertilisation

41
Q

What’s the function of the zona pellucida

A

Jelly like coating
Protects egg
Thickens after fertilisation- prevents polyspermy

42
Q

What’s the zona pellucida made from

A

Glycoproteins from egg cell

43
Q

What’s specific about the cytoplasm in an egg cell

A

Contains lots of nutrients (eg lipid droplets)- provides raw materials/ energy for growth and development

44
Q

What’s specific about the lysosomes in egg cells

A

Contain enzymes that thicken zona pellucida (cortical granules)

45
Q

What’s different about the nuclei in gametes

A

Haploid nucleus (1 copy of each chromosome) so full set is restored after fertilisation

46
Q

What are the parts of a sperm cell

A

Flagellum
Mid piece
Haploid nucleus
Acrosome

47
Q

What’s the function of the flagellum in a sperm cell

A

Help movement (different structure to flagella of bacteria)

48
Q

What’s the adaptation of the mid piece

A

Contain lots of mitochondria to provide energy

49
Q

What’s the function of the Acrosome

A

Specialised lysosome contains digestive enzymes that break down the follicle cells during fertilisation

50
Q

First step of fertilisation

A

chemicals from follicle cells attract sperm cells
triggers acrosome reaction

51
Q

second step of fertilisation

A

enzymes from acrosome digest follicle cells and zona pellucida

52
Q

third step of fertilisation

A

sperm cell membrane fuses with egg cell membrane
triggers cortical reaction

53
Q

fourth step of fertilisation

A

sperm cell nucleus enters egg cell and fuses with egg cell nucleus
diploid nucleus formed

54
Q

what’s the acrosome reaction

A

acrosome swells
acrosome membrane fuses with sperm plasma membrane
digestive enzymes released by exocytosis

55
Q

what’s the cortical reaction?

A

cortical granules fuse with egg cell membrane
enzymes released by exocytosis into zona pellucida
enzymes cause it to harden

56
Q

what does the cortical reaction do

A

prevent polyspermy

57
Q

how does meiosis create genetic variation

A

by creating different combinations of alleles in gametes

58
Q

what 2 ways can meiosis create genetic variation

A

independent assortment
crossing over

59
Q

what happens in the first division in meiosis

A

homologous chromosomes separate

60
Q

what happens in the second division in meiosis

A

sister chromatids separate

61
Q

how does independent assortment create genetic variation

A

homologous chromosomes line up randomly making different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes

62
Q

how does crossing over create genetic variation

A

DNA exchanged between non-sister chromatids making new combinations of alleles

63
Q

what’s the chiasma

A

point of crossing over

64
Q

when does crossing over happen

A

between DNA replication and 1st division

65
Q

what is sex linkage

A

inheritance of a gene on X/Y chromosome is linked to biological sex

66
Q

what’s autosomal linkage

A

inheritance of genes on different chromosomes are independent to each other

67
Q

what does the distance between 2 genes impact

A

closer together = stronger linkage
less space for chiasma to form

68
Q

what do stem cells do

A

give rise to daughter cells that specialise

69
Q

define totipotent

A

stemm cell can give rise to any cell (zygote/ morula)

70
Q

define pluripotent

A

can give rise to most types of cell (embryonic stem cell)

71
Q

define multipotent

A

can give rise to several cell types (hematopoietic)

72
Q

define unipotent

A

give rise to 1 cell type

73
Q

define exon

A

part of DNA the produces proteins (coding region)

74
Q

define intron

A

non-coding region removed from mRNA before translation

75
Q

define promoter

A

site RNA polymerase binds to

76
Q

define operon

A

all parts of a gene

77
Q

role of repressors

A

binds to operator preventing transcription = no protein

78
Q

what does the presence of lactose do for the repressor

A

repressor removed from binding to DNA inactivating it

79
Q

what does inactivating a repressor cause

A

RNA free to transcribe gene producing mRNA

80
Q

describe differential gene expression

A

specialisation reached by turning genes on/off
gene turned on= activated
active mRNA produced in nucleus producing specific protein
protein combo controls cell structure & function

81
Q

describe heterochromatin

A

compact (more dense)
methylate
unmodified histones (unacetylated)
deactivated genes

82
Q

describe euchromatin

A

less dense
not methylated
activated genes
modified histones (acetylated)

83
Q

define methylation

A

methyl group attaches to a C base in DNA

84
Q

why does methylation cause heterochromatin

A

methyl groups exclude water

85
Q

define modification

A

acetyl groups added to histones which repel each other
causes euchromatin

86
Q

describe the experiment that proved specialisation

A

mRNA extracted from different stages of frog development
reverse transcriptase added to later stage making DNA
tube of mRNA and DNA mixed

87
Q

how did this show specialisation

A

mRNA in 1st stage will bind to complimentary DNA of 2nd stage
free DNA= only in 2nd stage
free RNA= only in 1st stage

88
Q

describe FOP

A

genetic condition when WBCs produce protein activating muscle cells changing them to bone

Biology AS (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions