Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Organic & Neurogenic Comm Disorders > Voice Disorders > Flashcards

Voice Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Laryngeal skeleton:

A

1 Bone – hyoid bone
Hyoid membrane

6 Cartilages:
Thyroid
   -Thyroid notch
Cricoid
Epiglottis - unpaired
Arytenoid (2)
  -Vocal process and muscular process
Corniculate (2)
Cuneform (2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Laryngeal Cavities:

A

Vestibule
Laryngeal ventricle
Glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vocal Folds

A

Made up of different layers

Outer layer = epithelium

Below the epithelium = lamina propria

  • Superficial layer = Reinke’s space
  • Intermediate layer – less flexible than Reinke’s space
  • Deep layer – less flexible than the first two layers

Below the lamina propria = thyroarytenoid muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cover-Body Model

A

Cover = epithelium and superior layer of the lamina propria
Loose and pliable; vibrates the most

Vocal ligament = intermediate and deep lamina propria layers
Stiffer

Body = thyroarytenoid muscle
Stiffest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Larynx

A

Extrinsic – connect to the hyoid bone and a structure outside of the larynx

Divided into suprahyoids and infrahyoids

Suprahyoids- attach above the hyoid bone; contraction elevates the larynx

Infrahyoids- attach below the hyoid bone; contractions depresses the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx

A

Intrinsic – either abduct or adduct the vocal folds
Abduct – contraction opens the vocal folds
Adduct – contraction closes the vocal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx

A

Intrinsic – either abduct or adduct the vocal folds

Intrinsic muscles – adduction

  • Lateral cricoarytenoids (insert into the muscular process)
  • Interarytenoid – transverse and oblique

Intrinsic muscles – abduction
-Posterior cricoarytenoid

Tensors – control vocal pitch
-Cricothyroid – pars rectus and pars oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ligaments of the Larynx

A

Thyroepiglottic ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Joints of the Larynx

A

Cricoarytenoid joints

  • Adduction
  • Abduction

Cricothyroid joints

  • Downward tilt of the thyroid cartilage
  • Upwards tilt cricoid cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Laryngeal Innervation

A

Vagus (not Vegas) X

Divided into three main branches:

Pharyngeal nerve – motor information to some soft palate muscles

Superior laryngeal nerve
Internal – sensory information to larynx
External – motor information to the cricothyroid muscle

Recurrent laryngeal – motor information to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid

  • Right recurrent loops around subclavian artery
  • Left recurrent loops around the arch of the aorta (heart) – cardiac problems could cause vocal fold paralysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory:

A

Muscle force - Lateral cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid muscles contract

Tissue elasticity – vocal folds

Air pressures – subglottal pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bernoulli Principle:

A

Air increases velocity (speed) and decreases in pressure when passing through a narrow channel

This draws the vocal folds medially

Positive air pressure opens the vocal folds and negative air pressure closes the vocal folds

One cycle of vocal fold vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Voice Production

A

Mucosal wave created from vocal fold movement

  • Open from bottom to top
  • Close from top to bottom

Voiced speech sounds – vocal folds come together and vibrate
Voiceless speech sounds and inhale – vocal folds are apart

Fundamental frequency – rate of vocal fold vibration
  -Measured in cycles per second/Hertz
     Children 250-300 Hz
     Adult females 190-250 Hz
     Adult males 180-250 Hz
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pitch & Loudness

A

Raise pitch:
Vocal folds lengthen, tighten, and increase tension

Lower pitch:
Vocal folds relax, increase mass, and decrease vibration

Increase loudness:
Vocal folds are held together tightly
Subglottal pressure builds, then forcefully blows apart vocal folds
Vocal folds close more forcefully

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Infant Larynx

A

Positioned high in the neck
-Gradually lowers until ~ age 15-20

Smaller

Vocal folds are short

Complex vocal ligament layers emerge around age 3 years

Neurologically immature (coordination improves w/ maturation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Puberty & Laryngeal Development

A

Cartilages enlarge

Epiglottis flattens and becomes less bulky

Males- angle of thyroid cartilages decreases (Adam’s apple - thyroid notch becomes more visible)

Males – laryngeal mucosa become stronger and thicker

Vocal folds grow

Pitch lowers

Mature voice ~18 years

17
Q

Aging & Laryngeal Development

A

Cartilages ossify – stiffen

Thinning and atrophy of vocal fold muscles

Bowing vocal folds

Reduced lubrication

“Senescent voice”
Tremulous, weak, hoarse, or breathy
Good physical health – good vocal quality

18
Q

Voice Disorders

A

Structural disorders – physical changes in the vocal mechanism
E.g., changes in vocal fold tissue and the aging larynx

Neurogenic disorders – problems with CNS or PNS innervation of the larynx – affects vocal functioning
E.g., vocal tremor, spasmodic dysphonia, or vocal fold paralysis

Functional disorders- improper or inefficient use of the vocal mechanism
E.g., vocal fatigue, muscle tension aphonia, ventricular phonation

Overlap is common

19
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Voice Disorders

A

Dysphonia – altered pitch, loudness or vocal effort

  • Breathiness (puffs of air escape the VF)
  • Hoarseness (irregularity in quality)
  • Harshness (strained/strangled voice quality; increased tension)
  • Tremor (quivering sound)
  • Phonation breaks (VF not closing)

Other signs and symptoms:

  • Increased vocal effort
  • Fatigue
  • Excessive cough and/or throat clearing
  • Short of breath
20
Q

Laryngomalacia (luh ring oh muh lay she uh)

A

Structural VD

Congenital:

  • Lack of calcium results in weak cartilage above the glottis; the cartilages may collapse under force of respiration
  • Tracheomalacia may also be present (weakness in the carts of the trachea; can also collapse)
  • Stridor - noisy breathing (due to floppiness of carts falling into airstream)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux
  • Surgical intervention may be needed to correct airway obstruction
21
Q

Laryngeal Web

A

Structural VD:
Webbing of the glottis
- a thin sheet of connective tissue btwn the VF; can be complete or partial
- VF are unable to seperate

Congenital laryngeal atresia – complete web (more severe)

Surgical intervention
Can have mild to severe effect on voice

22
Q

Papilloma

A

Structural VD:
Benign, wart-like growths on the epithelium of the vocal folds
-Spread from vocal folds up; subglottic (into the trachea) considered aggressive

Cause:
Human papilloma virus

Symptoms:
Hoarseness, stridor, aphonia, and respiratory distress

Treatment:
Laser removal and therapy

Can occur in both children and adults; more severe in children bc the larynx smaller

23
Q

Subglottic Stenosis

A 
Structural VD:
Can be congenital or acquired
  -Accident or surgical trauma
  -GERD
  -Radiation therapy

Narrowing of the larynx below the vocal folds:

  • Thickened cartilage and/or tissue
  • Varying degrees

Treatment:
Laser therapy to remove excess tissue or cartilage or reconstruction

24
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

Structural VD:

  • Inflammation in multiple joints
  • Etiology unknown – commonly seen in thirties and forties
  • Cricoarytenoid joint can develop RA

Symptoms:
Hoarseness, pain in the ear when swallowing (due to nerve innervation), labored breathing, stridor, globus sensation in throat

Joints may become fixed or immobile – airway compromise

Treatment – cool humidification, anti-inflammatories, steroids

25
Q

Laryngeal Trauma

A

Structural VD:
Blunt injury to the neck or injury to the larynx
-Damage to cricoarytenoid joint and/or arytenoid cartilages
-Can result in fibrosis (scarring)

Symptoms: hoarseness, dyspnea, and dysphagia

Without fibrosis, can exhibit full recovery

26
Q

Sulcus Vocalis

A

Structural VD
Bowing of the vocal folds (spindle shaped gap) caused by the development of a groove
-Usually bilateral
-Cause – unknown

Symptoms: dysphonic

27
Q

Vocal Fold Paralysis

A

Neurogenic VD:
Unilateral or bilateral; abduction or adduction
-Pharyngeal nerve damage = hypernasality
-Recurrent laryngeal nerve damage = abduction and adduction affected
-Superior laryngeal nerve damage = problems with pitch

Potential causes:
Trauma
Progressive diseases
Viral infection
Heart problems* (may be unknown to client)
Idiopathic
28
Q

Spasmodic Dysphonia

A

Abnormal involuntary movements of one or muscles of the larynx

Action induced and task specific

Vocal fold movement is strained
Voice is strained, jerky, tight, or hoarse

May have periods of aphonia or spasms

Causes:
Historically thought to be psychogenic
Neurogenic – focal dystonia of the larynx

29
Q

Adductor SD

A

Most common; intermittent, tight adduction of the vocal folds

Symptoms:

  • Strained, forced voicing
  • Intermittent aphonia or voice breaks
  • Stutter-like phonatory blocks and delayed onset of phonation
  • Vocal tremor
  • Monoloudness and/or intermittent bursts of loudness
  • Monopitch
30
Q

Mixed SD

A

Because it’s never simple!
Combination of adductor and abductor
Strained vocal quality with breathy breaks
Primarily adductor or abductor

31
Q

Abductor SD

A

Normal or breathy voice quality with involuntary period of aphonia

Vocal fold spasms in the abducted position

Aphonia triggered by voiceless consonants

Symptoms:
Vocal tremor
Reduced speech intelligibility
Monoloudness
Hyperventilation
32
Q

Nodules

A

Benign growths on the epithelium

Usually bilateral

Occur where vibration is most vigorous

Vascular and pliable and then hard and fibrous

Symptoms: low pitch, hoarseness, and breathiness

33
Q

Polyp

A

Benign tumors of the mucosa

Unilateral, soft and pliable

Caused by abuse and other issues like allergies

Symptoms: low pitch, hoarseness, and breathiness

34
Q

Contact Ulcer

A

Mucosal covering of the tip of the vocal process erodes

Granulation tissue can develop around the ulcer

Causes: misuse of voice – loud at low pitch or GERD or intubation trauma

Symptoms:
Pain which can radiate to ear
Breathy and hoarse

35
Q

Assessment of Voice Disorders

A

Team approach
Members: Otolaryngologist, SLP, singing teacher, neurology, and others

SLP’s role:
Evaluate vocal symptoms, determine severity, diagnose, and improve vocal function
Know when to refer and who to refer to
Counseling
Advocate

Screening:

  • Evaluate respiration, phonation, and resonance
  • Formal or informal screening tasks or questionnaires

Comprehensive Assessment:

  • Case history
  • Oral mechanism exam
  • Auditory-Perceptual assessment
  • Acoustic assessment
  • Aerodynamic assessment
  • Imaging

Organic & Neurogenic Comm Disorders (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions