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Organic & Neurogenic Comm Disorders > Swallowing & Dysphagia > Flashcards

Swallowing & Dysphagia Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Swallow Anatomy

A

Nasal cavity
-Velopharyngeal valve

Oral cavity

  • Lips
  • Tongue
  • Oral tongue
  • Tongue base

Epiglottis
-Valleculae (space btwn tongue base & epiglottis)

Larynx

  • True vocal folds
  • False vocal folds
  • Epiglottis & aryepiglottic folds

Pharynx

  • Pyriform sinuses (superior, medial, inferior pharyngeal constrictors)
  • Pharyngeal recesses (pyriform sinus combined w velleculae - complete surround)

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) - AKA cricopharyngeal muscle

  • tightly closed at rest
  • opens to allow food to pass
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2
Q

System of Valves

A

Lips – keep food in the mouth

Tongue – can close off the oral cavity by touching the roof of the mouth

Velopharyngeal valve

Larynx

Epiglottis & aryepiglottic folds

False vocal folds

True vocal folds

Cricopharyngeus muscle (UES)

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3
Q

Stages of the Normal Swallow

A

Four phases:

Oral preparation stage

Oral stage

Pharyngeal stage

Esophageal stage

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4
Q

Oral Prep Stage

A

Beginning of oral prep

  • Tongue, teeth, and jaws masticate food
  • Soft palate
  • Usually down when swallowing liquids

End of oral prep

  • Bolus
  • Tongue tip holds bolus against the alveolar ridge or
  • Tongue tip holds the bolus on the floor of the mouth behind the teeth
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5
Q

Oral Stage

A

Begins when the bolus is positioned for swallowing

Midline of tongue pushes the bolus posterior to the faucial arches

Movement of the bolus sends sensory information to the brainstem which triggers the swallow

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6
Q

Pharyngeal Stage

A

Hyoid bone and larynx move up and forward

Velopharyngeal valve closes

Tongue base pushes back

Lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls move inward to meet the tongue base

Airway is closed

UES opens - Opened further by bolus

Peristalsis - wavelike motion that pushed the bolus through the pharynx and esophagus

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7
Q

Apnic pause

A

Normal process of swallowing

A temporary cessation of breathing while the epiglottis is closed for a swallow

0.3-0.7 seconds long

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8
Q

Swallowing in Infants

A

Tongue and jaw move together and then independently

Liquid collects in the valleculae

Liquid collects in the esophagus

Frequent backflow

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9
Q

Swallowing in Senior Adults

A

60 years and older:

  • Reflux
  • Oral prep - bolus is held behind the teeth
  • Delayed pharyngeal swallow

80 years and older:
-Reduced laryngeal movement

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10
Q

Bolus Variations

A

Larger bolus – oral and pharyngeal stages overlap

Larger bolus – airway closure and UES opening time increase

As viscosity increases – muscle activity and pressure on the bolus increases

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11
Q

Oropharyngeal Swallowing Disorder

A

Can be:
Unilateral or bilateral

Structural, functional, and/or sensory deficits
-Can affect any one (or more) systems we previously discussed

Oral prep phase
Oral phase
Pharyngeal stage
Esophageal stage

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12
Q

Symptoms of a Swallowing Disorder

A

Aspiration

  • Food enters the airway below the level of the true vocal folds
  • Can result in aspiration pneumonia

Penetration
-Food enters the airway, but doesn’t go past the level of the true vocal folds

Residue
-Food sits in or coats the oral cavity or pharynx

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13
Q

Causes of Swallowing Disorders

A 
Neurologic diseases
Parkinson's
ALS
Multiple sclerosis
Trauma – head or spine
Stroke
Children with cerebral palsy
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14
Q

Dysphagia Evaluation

A

Step 1: Bedside or clinical assessment

  • Case history
  • Physical exam (oral mechanism evaluation)
  • Assess either dry or food/liquid swallows

Step 2: Imaging

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15
Q

Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES)

A 
Can view the pharynx – before and after the swallow
Camera behind soft palate: can see
Base of tongue
Valleculae
Pharyngeal walls
Camera lower than sift palate: can see
Larynx
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16
Q

Videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS)

A

Moving x-ray; exposes clinician and patient to low level of radiation

  • Can view all stages except esophageal
  • Give patient variety of food types: thin liquid, thick liquid, pudding, and chewable
  • SLP and radiology present and read study results
  • Barium is added to the food
  • Patient viewed in lateral plane (sagittal)
  • Swallow impairment also viewed anterior-posterior (front to back)
  • Swallowing strategies are tested
  • Goals of VFSS assess swallow and test treatment strategies
17
Q

Treatment - Compensatory

A

-Strategies to improve safety of swallow

-Used when individual is expected to spontaneously regain normal function
Example: early recovery period from trauma

  • Allows patient to eat orally until full functioning is restored
  • Are controlled by the clinician
  • Can be used with young children and cognitively impaired adults
  • Require little to no effort from patient
  • Include changes in posture, head or body position, stimulation (sensory) or changes in bolus volume and/or viscosity
18
Q

Treatment - Postural Changes

A

Chin-down – narrows the airway entrance
-Valleculae widens and pushes the tongue base and epiglottis toward the pharyngeal wall

Chin-up – gravity pulls bolus towards the esophagus

Head rotation weak side – squeezes weak side directing food to strong side

Tilt head towards stronger side of the mouth – food flows to side of mouth that can control food better

Lying on back or side – keeps residue from falling into airway

19
Q

Treatment - Swallowing Maneuvers

A

Supraglottic swallow – hold breath before and after swallow
-Closes true vocal folds before and after swallow- protects airway

Super-supraglottic swallow – hold breath with effort or while bearing down before and during the swallow
-Closes airway between arytenoid and base of epiglottis and false folds – added airway protection

Effortful swallow – using muscular effort while swallowing
-Increases posterior tongue base movement and increases pressure on the bolus

Mendelson maneuver – longer larynx elevated during the swallow

20
Q

Treatment - Restorative

A

Restorative – strategies to improve swallow function

Swallowing exercises
Exercise improve range-of-motion and or coordination

Range-of-motion: lips, tongue, jaw, vocal folds, and laryngeal elevation

Coordination: tongue and jaw while chewing

When possible, start with compensatory and then use restorative

Organic & Neurogenic Comm Disorders (10 decks)

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