Voice

Question 1

During quiet inhalation the vocal folds (abduct/adduct), moving (towards/away) from the midline and (widening/shortening) the glottis.

Answer 1

abduct; away; widening

Question 2

During quiet exhalation the vocal folds (abduct/adduct), moving (towards/away) from the midline and (widening/shortening) the glottis.

Answer 2

adduct; toward; always maintaining open glottal airway

Question 3

The larynx moves (vertically/horizontally) during respiration; it moves (upward/downward) during inhalation, and (upward/downward) during expiration.

Answer 3

vertically; downward; upward

Question 4

The downward movement (decreases/increases) the size of the inlet, admitting a larger volume of inhaled air; co-occurs with downward movement of the diaphragm.

Answer 4

increases

Question 5

The larynx is sealed to prevent air from (entering/escaping) from the lungs during effortful physical work, such as lifting and pushing. What is this process called?

Answer 5

escaping; Effortful Closure

Question 6

What compresses the thoracic and abdominal contents during coughing, throat clearing, vomiting, defecation, childbirth, etc?

Answer 6

Effortful Closure

Question 7

True or false. The hyoid bone is a part of the larynx.

Answer 7

False

Question 8

What structure is most impactful for respiration than any other function?

Answer 8

larynx

Question 9

Which structure of the larynx are brought to the midline during Effortful Closure?

Answer 9

Arytenoid Cartilage

Question 10

The _______ cartilage is elevated during effortful closure, approximating the hyoid bone, as subglottic pressure increases/decreases.

Answer 10

Thyroid Cartilage; increases

Question 11

When does the larynx begin to rise?

Answer 11

When bolus enters back of tongue

Question 12

True or False. The Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles will always have one connected to the larynx and one connected to an outside structure.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What happens during rising and lowering of Larynx?

Question 14

What are the three major extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Answer 14

Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid, Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Question 15

Which muscles attach to the hyoid bone and influence the position and stability of the larynx?

Answer 15

To the hyoid bone and influence the position and stability of the larynx

Question 16

Where do the Supplementary Muscles attach?

Answer 16

Supplementary Muscles

Question 17

Which group of Supplementary Muscles insert into the hyoid bone from the skull? Contraction of these muscles raise the larynx

Answer 17

Suprahyoid group

Question 18

Which group of Supplementary Muscles insert into the hyoid bone from the sternum? Contraction of these muscles lower the larynx.

Answer 18

Infrahyoid group

Question 19

Which muscles are considered Suprahyoid Supplementary Muscles? There are four.

Answer 19

Digastric, Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, Stylohyoid

Question 20

Which muscles are considered Infrahyoid Supplementary Muscles? There are three.

Answer 20

Thyrohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternohyoid

Question 21

True or False: The extrinsic laryngeal muscles also come into play slightly during production of higher and lower pitches (especially in untrained singers)

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Which structures raise the larynx? Pick seven.

Answer 22

Digastrics, Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, Stylohyoid, Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Thyrohyoid

Question 23

Which structures lower the larynx? Pick three.

Answer 23

Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid
(3) ?
(4) True
(5) Perichondrium

Question 24

Which structures move the larynx forward? Pick five.

Answer 24

Sternothyroid, Digastric, Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Genioglossus

Question 25

Which structures move the larynx backward? Pick three.

Answer 25

Omohyoid, Digastric, Stylohyoid

Question 26

Which cartilages are paired? Unpaired? Epiglottis, Thyroid, Cricoid, Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform

Answer 26

Paired: arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform. Unpaired: epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid

Question 27

Which cartilages are elastic? Hyaline? Epiglottis, Thyroid, Cricoid, Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform

Answer 27

Elastic: epiglottis, corniculate, cuneiform. Hyaline: Thyroid, Cricoid, Arytenoid

Question 28

What are three types of cartilages in the body?

Question 29

True or False: The epiglottis contributes very little to speech.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What is the name of the tough leathery covering on laryngeal cartilages?

Answer 30

Perichondrium

Question 31

What is the cone shaped, elastic cartilage that extends into the aryepiglottic folds?

Question 32

The ______ is also known as the laryngeal vestibule and is the entrance to the larynx.

Question 33

The aditus laryngis is a __________-shaped opening, wider in front than back and slopes obliquely down and back.

Question 34

The filtering affect continually changes as the need for voice production changes.

Question 35

The ventricular folds are also known as the _______ vocal folds.

Question 36

The ___________ is the space between the false and true vocal folds.

Question 37

The area between the vocal folds is called the _____ _________.

Question 38

The _______ refers to the vocal folds and the space between them

Question 39

Within the (ventricular space/rima glottidis/glottis) are sacs that secrete mucous.

Question 40

What is the purpose of the sacs that secrete mucous in the ___________?

Question 41

The laryngeal cavity can be divided into the _____________ and _____________ space.

Question 42

The (subglottis/supraglottis) is narrower than the (subglottis/supraglottis).

Question 43

At the subglottal space, pressure (increases/decreases) to prepare for voice production.

Question 44

What 2 systems coordinate all laryngeal coordinations?

Question 45

The extrinsic laryngeal muscles are primarily innervated from the _______ _______.

Question 46

What type of voice disorder results in a Vocal Nodule?

Answer 46

Functional Voice Disorder

Question 47

Ventricular Dysphonia is also known as...

Answer 47

dysphonia plicae ventricularis

Question 48

What type of voice disorder is this: Dysphonia in the absence of current organic pathology, without obvious psychogenic or neurologic etiology

Answer 48

Functional Voice Disorder

Question 49

What are the two categories of Functional Voice Disorders?

Answer 49

1. Muscle Tension Dysphonia 2. Psychogenic Dysphonia

Question 50

What are the most common benign lesions of the vocal folds in both childrens and adults?

Answer 50

Vocal Fold Nodules

Question 51

What is the cause of Vocal Fold Nodules?

Answer 51

Continuous abuse of the larynx and misuse of the voice

Question 52

What is a persistent dysphonia that results from excessive laryngeal and related musculoskeletal tension and associated hyperfunctional true and/or false vocal fold vibratory patterns

Answer 52

Muscle Tension Dysphonia (MTD)

Question 53

True or False: MTD is a common voice disorder

Answer 53

True

Question 54

What is the primary sign of Primary Muscle Tension Dysphonia?

Answer 54

Perceptual Hoarseness in Voice

Question 55

True or False: Nodules are generally bilateral

Answer 55

True

Question 56

True or False: Formation of nodules is preceded by a localized vocal fold edema.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

Which factor does NOT contribute to MTD? * Deviant body posture and misuse of neck and shoulder muscles * High stress levels * Underuse of voice * Persistently loud voice use * Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease

Answer 57

Underuse of Voice. Excessive voice use is a factor that contributes to MTD

Question 58

True or False: A Vocal Fold Polyp is typically unilateral

Answer 58

True

Question 59

What are the comorbidities of MTD?

Answer 59

significant emotional stress, depression

Question 60

A Vocal Fold Polyp may be misdiagnosed as a Vocal Fold Nodule because....

Answer 60

unilateral polyp may cause irritation to contralateral side, therefore appearing as a nodule, since nodules are bilateral

Question 61

True or False: Acute nodules are soft/pliable, reddish, mostly vascular/edematous, and unilateral.

Answer 61

True

Question 62

According to Boone, what is the rating you want to be between to achieve your "best voice"?

Answer 62

Between 3 and 4 is the best voice

Question 63

True or False: Research shows that children with vocal nodules are at higher risk of developing behavioral and emotional issues.

Answer 63

True

Question 64

In a study by Shah, what percentage of patients had nodules?

Answer 64

42%

Question 65

In the study by Shah, what was the average age of those who had vocal nodules?

Answer 65

7.7 years of age

Question 66

True or False: Hyperfunction of voice and size of vocal nodules are correlated

Answer 66

True

Question 67

What are the 5 auditory features of vocal nodules?

Answer 67

1. Breathiness and air wastage 2. Decreased habitual pitch and pitch range 3. Decreased habitual loudness and dynamic range 4. Hoarse voice quality 5. Vocal fatigue

Question 68

True or False: When a vocal nodule is present, the Vocal Fold cover is stiff and more massive, and vibration is aperiodic; posterior glottal chink may be observed with hourglass closure

Answer 68

True

Question 69

True or False: The bigger the nodule, the higher the risk of dyspnea and dysphagia

Answer 69

True

Question 70

True or False: A vocal fold nodule is a localized fluid filled sack on vocal fold

Answer 70

False! Vocal polyp

Question 71

What are the three types of vocal fold polyps?

Answer 71

1. Hemorrhagic 2. Non-hemorrhagic Translucent 3. Non-hemorrhagic Fibrotic

Question 72

True or False: A Pedunculated Polyp is attached to the vocal fold by a slim stalk

Answer 72

True

Question 73

True or False: Vocal fold polyps and Vocal fold nodules often occur in similar locations on the vocal fold

Answer 73

True

Question 74

True or False: Vocal fold polyps are often bilateral

Answer 74

False! Unilateral

Question 75

True or False: A key difference between a vocal fold polyp and a vocal fold polyps is that a polyp is precipitated by a particular vocal event.

Answer 75

True

Question 76

Which type of growth (nodule/polyp) is typically caused by a particular vocal event and is not a long-time occurrence.

Answer 76

A vocal fold polyp

Question 77

True or False: Research study: In the Kleinsasser study, they had the largest number of participants than other studies.

Answer 77

True

Question 78

In the Kleinsasser study, what percentage of the participants were male/female? What was the average age of participants?

Answer 78

3/4 male 1/4 female Over 40 yo

Question 79

True or False: Vocal fold polyps are often a response to surgery.

Answer 79

True

Question 80

What is Microflap surgery?

Answer 80

A surgery intended to remove a vocal fold polyp by raising a flap of mucosa, removing the polyp by suctioning it, and laying the flap back down on the vocal fold

Question 81

In the Klein study, they reported than more than half their patients experienced spontaneous resolution of their polyps within what amount of time?

Answer 81

4-7 months

Question 82

True or False: Though polyps are typically unilateral, a nodule can develop on the other side due to irritation from the polyp.

Answer 82

True

Question 83

True or False: the auditory features of a polyp and nodules are the same

Answer 83

True

Question 84

True or False: Eliminating the cause of the polyp will remove the vocal polyp

Answer 84

True

Question 85

Which disorder is most frequently associated with smoking?

Answer 85

Reinke's Edema

Question 86

What is the treatment for Reinke's Edema?

Answer 86

- Voice Therapy - Resolving the cause (quitting smoking, less vocal use) - Antacid for laryngopharyngeal reflux - Surgical

Question 87

What is the first path of treatment for Reinke's Edema?

Answer 87

Voice Therapy

Question 88

What is the main cause of Ventricular Dysphonia?

Answer 88

Idiopathic Other causes include: habitual voice use, reaction to TVF disease (paralysis, post-surgery complication)

Question 89

Who will be the first professional to see a person with laryngitis first?

Answer 89

PCP

Question 89

A Vocal Fold Cyst is an example of what type of voice disorder? (Functional, Organic, Neurogenic)

Answer 89

Organic

Question 90

True or False: Surface tissue of TVF and FVF experience intense friction, thermal agitation, and molecular breakdown.

Question 90

What does "Vagus" mean?

Answer 90

Wanderer

Question 90

What is Vital Capacity?

Answer 90

the maximum volume of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration

Question 91

True or False: During vocal rest, it is okay to allow patients to whisper to compensate for their voice loss.

Answer 91

FALSE they cannot whisper