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CSD > Aud > Flashcards

Aud Flashcards

1
Q

Hearing Science research led to the development of this instrument, which was first used by several otolaryngologists in clinical hearing assessments

A

The Audiometer

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2
Q

The blue side of the audiometer goes to which ear; red to which ear

A

left ; right

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3
Q

True or False: The profession of audiology was conceived during WWII

A

True

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4
Q

What is amplification also known as?

A

Hearing Aids

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5
Q

Who is the father of audiology?

A

Raymond Carhart

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6
Q

What are the six major audiology membership orgs?

A

AASC, ASHA, AAA, ABA, AAS, ADA

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7
Q

What are the admission requirements for AuD programs?

A

B.A. degree, an Official transcript, and letters of rec

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8
Q

There is a high demand for more audiologists with which degree?

A

PhD Degree

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9
Q

True or False: AuD students see only medical treatment of hearing loss in patients of all ages

A

False; students see both medical and nonmedical treatments

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10
Q

Who is known as the “mother” of pediatric audiology?

A

Marion Downs

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11
Q

True or False: Aud’s provide nonmedical treatment to people with hearing impairments

A

True

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12
Q

The majority of Audiologists are employed in which setting?

A

Medical settings

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13
Q

True or False: Some industries and manufacturers make equipment used to test hearing

A

True

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14
Q

Out of ASHA’s 200k members, only __% are audiologists

A

4%

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15
Q

According to J. Hall, when did the first generation of formally educated audiologists enter the profession

A

1950’s

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16
Q

Audiologists evaluate, diagnose, treat, and manage what three

A

Hearing Loss, Balance Disorders, and Clinical services for adults and children

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17
Q

Doctors of Audiology are healthcare professionals who provide services for patients are properly classified as…

A

Allied Health Clinicians

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18
Q

The Concha is shaped like a …

A

Bowl

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19
Q

The Concha increases sound levels by up to __ to __ dB in the frequency region of _____ Hz

A

10 to 15 dB; 4500 Hz

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20
Q

Which part of the ear enhances localization of a sound?

A

Outer Ear

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21
Q

What is Localization?

A

The process of determining where a sound is coming from

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22
Q

What is the External Ear Canal?

A

An S - Shaped tube that carries sound from the auricle to tympanic membrane (eardrum)

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23
Q

In the External Ear Canal, the lateral/outer 2/3 consists of _________, where the medial/inner 1/3 consists of ______

A

cartilage; bone

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24
Q

The adult ear canal amplifies sound at a resonance frequency within _____ Hz and _____ Hz

A

2500; 3000

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25
Q

True or False: The adult ear canals frequency region is very important in the perception of consonants and speech sounds

A

True

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26
Q

What substance helps minimize bacteria and fungus from infecting the ear canal?

A

Cerumen

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27
Q

What does the middle ear consist of?

A

The Tympanic Membrane and the space behind it

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28
Q

What two structures does the Tympanic Membrane separate?

A

The middle ear and external ear canal

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29
Q

Where is the eustachian tube located?

A

Toward the inferior and anterior border of the middle ear

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30
Q

What is the medial border of the middle ear space?

A

The promontory, round window, and oval window

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31
Q

What is the most flexible region of the tympanic membrane?

A

The Pars Flaccida

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32
Q

What is the largest and tightest portion of the tympanic membrane that contributes the most to hearing?

A

The Pars Tensa

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33
Q

Where does the cone of light appear?

A

In the anterior inferior quadrant of the tympanic membrane

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34
Q

Where are the ossicles located?

A

In the Middle Ear

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35
Q

What are the ossicles?

A

Three tiny bones that form the ossicular chain that connects the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

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36
Q

True or False: The ossicles are the smallest bones in our body

A

True

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37
Q

What are the three ossicles?

A

The Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

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38
Q

What are the three groups of audiologists that play a vital part in helping AuD transition into Audiologists?

A

Teachers of AuD Students, Clinical Preceptors, and Clinical Audiologists

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39
Q

What are Clinical Scholars?

A

Professionals who have expertise in providing patient services with research and experience

40
Q

What does OMIN stand for?

A

Outer ear, Middle ear, Inner ear, auditory Nerve

41
Q

What is the technical term for the Outer Ear?

A

Auricle

42
Q

What is the Pinna?

A

The C-shaped portion of the outer ear

43
Q

What are the main anatomical structures of the outer ear?

A

Pinna, Lobe, Concha, Helix, and Tragus

44
Q

The Middle Ear is enclosed within the _________ bone (hardest bone in body)

A

Temporal Bone

45
Q

What is the Attic?

A

Within the Middle Ear, it includes two air-filled spaces called the Aditus Ad Antrum and the Epitympanic recess

46
Q

What two structures does the Eustachian Tube connect?

A

The Middle Ear space to the back of the nose and mouth at Nasopharynx

47
Q

The _______ portion of the Eustachian Tube is always open while the ______ portion is always closed

A

bony; cartilaginous

48
Q

The Outer Epidermal Layer of the Tympanic Membrane…

A

renews itself with old cells migrating outward through the ear canal and new cells forming in place

49
Q

What is the outer rim of the Tympanic Membrane?

A

The Annulus connects with the bony wall of the External Ear Canal

50
Q

Which ossicle is visible through the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

51
Q

Where does the manubrium of the Malleus rest?

A

The manubrium rests against the inner portion of the Tympanic Membrane

52
Q

The Lentricular Process of the Incus is connected to the head of which ossicle?

A

The Stapes

53
Q

What is the Stapes ossicle?

A

the innermost stirrup-shaped ossicle that consists of a neck and two arch-shaped structures

54
Q

What are the two arch-shaped structures within the Stapes?

A

The Anterior Crus and Posterior Crus

55
Q

What is the medial portion of the Stapes?

A

The Stapes Footplate

56
Q

What are the two small muscles and tendons attached to the ossicles?

A

The Tensor Tympani Muscle and the Stapedius Muscle

57
Q

What is the Tensor Tympani Muscle?

A

A muscle that is connected to the malleus, innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CN V), that contracts during self generated sounds and reduces interference with external sounds

58
Q

What is the Stapedius Muscle?

A

A muscle that inserts into the neck of the stapes, innervated by a branch of CN VIII, stabilizes the stapes bone, and is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body

59
Q

What is the main function of the Middle Ear?

A

Impedance Matching

60
Q

What is Impedance Matching?

A

Matching the low resistance of the air in the external ear canal to the high resistance of the fluid within the inner ear

61
Q

If the energy is not transformed to overcome resistance mismatch, how much dB is lost?

A

30 dB is lost

62
Q

What three factors contribute to increased energy as sound pressure passes from EEC to Inner Ear?

A
  1. Tympanic Membrane is larger than Stapes footplate
  2. Ossicles that connect TM to Inner Ear act as a lever
  3. The TM shape contributes to increase in sound pressure reaching the inner ear
63
Q

The middle ear increases energy by ___ to ___ dB

A

26 to 30 dB

64
Q

In the inner ear, _______ activity from sound vibrations is converted into _______ activity

A

mechanical; electric

65
Q

Which sounds activate hair cells in the base of the inner ear near the stapes footplate?

A

High-pitch sounds

66
Q

Which sounds progressively activate hair cells toward the Apex of the inner ear?

A

Lower-pitch sounds

67
Q

The normal human ear responds to frequencies as low as ___ Hz to ______ Hz (audibility range)

A

20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

68
Q

What are the two general types of hair cells within the Cochlea?

A

Inner Hair Cells and Outer Hair Cells

69
Q

Where are Inner Hair Cells located?

A

In the medial portion of the cochlea

70
Q

Where are the Outer Hair Cells located?

A

In the lateral portion of the cochlea

71
Q

There are 3 to 4x more _____ hair cells than _____ hair cells

A

outer; inner

72
Q

True or False: Inner hair cells are afferent and Outer hair cells are efferent

A

True

73
Q

Which hair cells change shape when activated?

A

Outer Hair Cells

74
Q

Where is the inner ear located?

A

In the zygomatic process of the temporal bone (one of hardest bones in body)

75
Q

What is function of the Mastoid Bone?

A

Plays a role in hearing tests that involve Bone Conduction Stimulation

76
Q

What is the proper term for the inner ear?

A

Cochlea

77
Q

What is Reissner’s Membrane?

A

a membrane that separates the Scala Vestibuli from the Scala Media

78
Q

The Scala Vestibuli and the Scala Tympani are filled with what cochlear fluid ?

A

Perilymph

79
Q

The Scala Media is filled with which cochlear fluid?

A

Endolymph

80
Q

What membrane separates the Scala Media from the Scala Tympani?

A

the Basilar Membrane

81
Q

What structure forms the lateral border of the Scala Media?

A

the Stria Vascularis

82
Q

What is the function of the Stria Vascularis?

A

Serves as a pump for transporting electrically charges ions into endolymph

83
Q

What structure plays a crucial role in producing energy used by other structures in the cochlea, especially outer hair cells?

A

the Stria Vascularis

84
Q

What is Endocochlear Potential (EP)?

A

a sizable positive electric charge within the scala media in comparison to the electrical state in other cochlea portions

85
Q

What are Traveling Waves?

A

Motions of the Basilar Membrane in response to sound that occur behind the base of the cochlea towards the apex

86
Q

The amplitude or size of the traveling waves along the Basilar Membrane in the cochlea depend on the _______ of the stimulus

A

Intensity

87
Q

The region of maximum size of the traveling wave along the Basilar Membrane in the cochlea depends on the __________ of the stimulus

A

Frequency

87
Q

What does the tonotopical organization of the cochlea describe?

A

it describes processing of sound of different frequencies at different locations along membrane

88
Q

Where does the responsiveness to higher frequency sounds occur

A

Toward the tight and stiff basal end of the basilar membrane

89
Q

Where does responsiveness to lower frequency sounds occur?

A

Toward the loose and less still apical end of the basilar membrane

90
Q

Perilymph (scale vestibuli and scala tympani) contains a ____ concentration of sodium ions and a ____ concentration of potassium

A

high; low

91
Q

Which cochlear fluid is most similar in composition to cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Perilymph

92
Q

Which cochlear fluid shares features of fluids within most cells in the body?

A

Endolymph

93
Q

Endolymph contains a ____ concentration of sodium ions and a ____ concentration of potassium ions

A

low; high

94
Q

Which cochlear fluid has a significant positive ion (+80mC) compared to the other’s neutral charge?

A

Endolymph

95
Q

What membrane makes up the superior border of the Organ of Corti?

A

the Tectorial Membrane

96
Q

What fluid is present in the Organ of Corti?

A

Cortilymph

CSD (6 decks)

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