Vocabulary - World Civ Textbook Flashcards
1
Q
n.a way of manufacturing three-dimensional objects
A
3D printing
2
Q
n.the native people of Australia
A
Aborigines
3
Q
n.a high hill upon which a Greek fortress was built
A
acropolis (uh-KRAH-puh-luhs)
4
Q
n.the Chinese practice of inserting fine needles through the skin at specific points to cure disease or relieve pain
A
acupuncture (AK-yoo-punk-cher)
5
Q
n.a type of clay found in the southwestern United States
A
adobe
6
Q
n.life after death; much of Egyptian religion focused on the afterlife
A
afterlife
7
Q
n.farming
A
agriculture
8
Q
n.stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; a disease that attacks the immune system, leaving sufferers open to deadly infections, such as tuberculosis
A
AIDS
9
Q
n.a kingdom located along the Red Sea in what is today Ethiopia and Eritrea
A
Aksum
10
Q
n.forerunner of chemistry
A
alchemy
11
Q
n.an agreement to work together
A
alliance
12
Q
n.the name for the alliance formed by Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States during World War II
A
Allied Powers
13
Q
n.a mixture of two or more metals
A
alloy
14
Q
n.a set of letters that can be combined to form words
A
alphabet
15
Q
n.a relative who lived in the past
A
ancestor
16
Q
n.the belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits
A
animism
17
Q
n.group that opposed a peace treaty between the United States and Spain and the creation of an American colonial empire
A
Anti-Imperialist League
18
Q
n.hostility toward and discrimination against Jews
A
anti-Semitism
19
Q
n.policy of separation of races; it means “apartness”
A
apartheid
20
Q
n.the 12 chosen disciples of Jesus who spread his teachings
A
Apostles (uh-PAHS-uhls)
21
Q
n.a human-made raised channel that carries water from distant places
A
aqueduct (A-kwuh-duhkt)
22
Q
n.democratic uprisings that occurred independently in Arab nations in 2011
A
Arab Spring
23
Q
n.the study of the past based on what people left behind
A
archaeology (ar-kee-AH-luh-jee)
24
Q
n.the science of building
A
architecture
25
n.government that is made up of a small group of people from the highest social class in a society
aristocracy (ar-i-STAHK-ruh-see)
26
n.a rich landowner or noble
aristocrat (uh-RIS-tuh-krat)
27
n.the competition between the United States and Soviet Union to build a stronger military
arms race
28
n.an object created and used by humans
artifact
29
n.the study of stars and planets
astronomy
30
n.a collection of maps
atlas
31
n.nuclear weapon with a powerful explosion caused by the splitting of atoms
atomic bomb
32
n.the name for the alliance formed by Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II
Axis Powers
33
n.the relationship of goods imported to goods exported
balance of trade
34
n.one of the largest peninsulas in Europe; it extends south into the Mediterranean Sea
Balkan Peninsula
35
n.word used by historians to describe the 400 different ethnic groups from the eastern, central, and southern regions of Africa
Bantu
36
n.a scientific instrument that measures air pressure
barometer
37
n.Belgian colony in Central Africa
Belgian Congo
38
n.a meeting of European leaders at which a plan to divide Africa was made
Berlin Conference
39
n.the holy book of Christianity
Bible
40
n.the use of cells, bacteria, and even plants to make products
biotechnology
41
n.local Christian leader
bishop
42
n.a deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351
Black Death
43
n.the strategy of moving armies quickly; also called lightning war
blitzkrieg
44
n.Dutch farmers who settled in South Africa in the 1600s
Boers
45
n.an attempt to drive all the Westerners out of China
Boxer Rebellion
46
n.company created to control trade between Britain, India, and East Asia
British East India Company
47
n.a religion based on the teachings of the Buddha that developed in India in the 500s BC
Buddhism
48
n.a body of unelected government officials
bureaucracy
49
n.the code of honor followed by the samurai in Japan
Bushido (BOOH-shi-doh)
50
n.the society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the western Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire (BI-zuhn-teen)
51
n.a title that Muslims use for the highest leader of Islam
caliph (KAY-luhf)
52
n.decorative writing
calligraphy
53
n.a human-made waterway
canal
54
n.an economic system in which individuals and private businesses run most industries
capitalism
55
n.a group of traders that travel together
caravan
56
n. rugged mountains that are an extension of the Alps of west-central Europe
Carpathians
57
n.the division of Indian society into groups based on rank, wealth, or occupation
caste system
58
n.rapids along a river, such as those along the Nile in Egypt
cataracts
59
n.the effort of the late 1500s and 1600s to reform the Catholic Church from within; also called the Counter-Reformation
Catholic Reformation
60
n.a raised road across water or wet ground
causeway
61
n.a unit of soldiers who ride horses
cavalry
62
n.a ceramic glaze that appears green; it originated in China
celadon
63
n.a wheeled, horse-drawn cart used in battle
chariot
64
n.a system that balances the distribution of power in a government
checks and balances
65
n.a religion based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth that developed in Judea at the beginning of the first century AD
Christianity
66
n.the combination of humanist and religious ideas
Christian humanism
67
v. to go all the way around
circumnavigate
68
n.a person who has the right to participate in government
citizen
69
n.a political unit consisting of a city and its surrounding countryside
city-state
70
n.study of citizenship and government
civics
71
n.an organized society that functions within established geographic boundaries
civilization
72
n.the refusal to obey laws in order to bring about change
civil disobedience
73
n.a legal system based on a written code of laws
civil law
74
n.service as a government official
civil service
75
n.an extended family
clan
76
n.church officials
clergy
77
n.the average weather conditions in a certain area over a long period of time
climate
78
n.the creation of identical copies of DNA
cloning
79
n.an ancient book made of separate pages
codex
80
n.a period of distrust between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II, when there was a tense rivalry between the two superpowers but no direct fighting
Cold War
81
n.policy established by Stalin which forced peasants to give up their private farms and become part of large, group-based farms
collectivization
82
n.the exchange of plants, animals, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) and the Old World (Europe)
Columbian Exchange
83
n.large collective farms
communes
84
n.economic and political system in which the government owns all businesses and controls the economy
communism
85
n.an instrument that uses the earth’s magnetic field to indicate direction
compass
86
n.a type of prison camp where political prisoners and other enemies of the state are confined
concentration camp
87
n.a philosophy based on the ideas of Confucius that focuses on morality, family order, social harmony, and government
Confucianism
88
n.church assembly
congregation
89
n.Spanish soldier
conquistador (kahn-kees-tuh-DOHR)
90
n.a movement that arose to preserve the old social order and governments in an effort to return Europe to the way it was before the French Revolution
conservatism
91
n.a form of democracy in which a monarch serves as the head of state, but a legislature makes the laws
constitutional monarchy
92
n.written plan of government
constitution
93
n.the two most powerful officials in Rome
consuls (KAHN-suhlz)
94
n.the effort during the Cold War to prevent the Soviet Union from expanding its influence around the world
containment
95
n.local African customs blended with Christian teachings
Coptic Christianity
96
n.the decay of people’s values
corruption
97
n.a system in which family members worked in their homes to make part of a product
cottage industry
98
n.the forceful overthrow of a government
coup d’état (KOO DAY-tah)
99
n.a group of nobles who live near and serve or advise a ruler
court
100
n.a type of execution in which a person was nailed to a cross
crucifixion (kroo-suh-FIK-shuhn)
101
n.a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia; they fought for control of the Holy Land from 1096 to 1291
Crusades
102
n.the spread of cultural traits from one region to another
cultural diffusion
103
n.the knowledge, beliefs, customs, and values of a group of people
culture
104
n.the world’s first system of writing; developed in Sumer
cuneiform (kyoo-NEE-uh-fohrm)
105
n.money
currency
106
n.the title of Russian emperors
czar (ZAHR)
107
n.large landowners of feudal Japan
daimyo (DY-mee-oh)
108
n.river that begins in Germany, flows east across the Great Hungarian Plain, and finally empties into the Black Sea
Danube
109
n.a philosophy that developed in China and stressed the belief that one should live in harmony with the Dao, the guiding force of all reality
Daoism (DOW-ih-zum)
110
n.a region in western Sudan
Darfur
111
n.writings about Jewish beliefs, created about 2,000 years ago
Dead Sea Scrolls
112
n.a document written in 1776 that declared the American colonies’ independence from British rule
Declaration of Independence
113
n.a document written in France in 1789 that guaranteed specific freedoms for French citizens
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
114
n.a triangle-shaped area of land made from soil deposited by a river
delta
115
n.a type of government in which people rule themselves
democracy
116
n.countries that have become fully industrial
developed nations
117
n.countries that have not become fully industrial
developing nations
118
n.the Soviet policy of easing Joseph Stalin’s repressive policies
de-Stalinization
119
n.the policy of easing Cold War tensions
détente
120
n.the dispersal of the Jews outside of Judah after the Babylonian Captivity
Diaspora (dy-AS-puhr-uh)
121
n.a ruler who has almost absolute power
dictator
122
n.the elected legislature that still governs Japan
Diet
123
n.the spread of ideas, goods, and technology from one culture to another
diffusion
124
n.follower
disciple
125
n.an arrangement in which each worker specializes in a particular task or job
division of labor
126
n.the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans
domestication
127
n.the Cold War idea that if one country in Southeast Asia fell to communism, nearby nations would also fall
domino theory
128
n.a series of rulers from the same family
dynasty
129
n.system of producing, selling, and buying goods and services
economy
130
n.law passed in 1598 granting religious freedom in France
Edict of Nantes
131
n.people of wealth and power
elite (AY-leet)
132
n.a limit on trade
embargo
133
n.land with different territories and peoples under a single rule
empire
134
n.the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
engineering
135
n.a document approved in 1689 that listed rights for Parliament and the English people and drew on the principles of Magna Carta
English Bill of Rights
136
n.a period during the 1600s and 1700s when reason was used to guide people’s thoughts about society, politics, and philosophy
Enlightenment
137
n.a person who organizes, manages, and assumes the risk of a business
entrepreneur
138
n.the movement to protect the natural world from destructive human activities
environmentalism
139
n.all the living and nonliving things that affect life in an area
environment
140
n.long poem that tells the story of a hero
epic
141
n.when an infectious disease spreads between many people in a community or region
epidemic
142
n.moral values
ethics
143
n.kingdom formed by the descendants of the people of Aksum
Ethiopia
144
n.central ceremony of the Christian Church
Eucharist
145
n.a large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia
Eurasia
146
n.established in 1992 to build an economic and political union among the nations of Europe
European Union
147
v. to cast out from the church
excommunicate
148
n.the journey of the Israelites, led by Moses, from Egypt to Canaan after they were freed from slavery
Exodus
149
n.items sent to other regions for trade
exports
150
n.a family group that includes the father, mother, children, and close relatives
extended family
151
n.a short story that teaches a lesson about life or gives advice on how to live
fable
152
n.a system in which machines rapidly manufacture large quantities of items
factory system
153
n.a country whose government is unable to provide stability to its people and protect its borders
failed state
154
n.a political system based on nationalism and strong government; Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy were the first fascist leaders
fascism (FASH-iz-uhm)
155
n.going without food for a period of time
fasting
156
n.the sharing of power between local governments and a strong central government
federalism
157
n.an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began
Fertile Crescent
158
n.the system of obligations that governed the relationships between lords and vassals in medieval Europe
feudalism (FYOO-duh-lih-zuhm)
159
n.a person who appears to rule even though real power rests with someone else
figurehead
160
n.plan thought up by Nazi leaders in 1942, which consisted of shipping Jews from throughout Europe to killing centers in Poland
Final Solution
161
n.five religious practices required of all Muslims
Five Pillars of Islam
162
n.a Roman public meeting place
Forum
163
n.a part or imprint of something that was once alive
fossil
164
n.the ending of trade barriers among nations
free trade
165
n.a member of a religious order who lived and worked among the public
friar
166
n.the study of how genes affect the development of living things
genetics
167
n.the deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group of people
genocide
168
n.the study of Earth’s physical and cultural features
geography
169
n.a political secret police created by Adolf Hitler to investigate and put down any political opposition
Gestapo
170
n.West African nation; formerly a British colony called the Gold Coast
Ghana
171
n.a district where Jews were isolated
ghetto
172
n.the Soviet policy of openness
glasnost
173
n.the organizations and individuals who have the right to rule over a group of people
government
174
n.a canal linking northern and southern China
Grand Canal
175
n.an economic collapse that occurred in the late 1920s and continued well into the 1930s
Great Depression
176
n.a barrier made of walls across China’s northern frontier
Great Wall
177
n.Bantu kingdom founded in about 1000
Great Zimbabwe
178
n.a West African storyteller
griot
179
n.the value of goods and services produced each year by a country
gross domestic product (GDP)
180
n.city in China in which European traders were allowed to live; known to the British as the city of Canton
Guangzhou (GWANG_JOH)
181
n.a mixture of powders used in guns and explosives
gunpowder
182
n.a Sikh place of worship
gurdwara
183
n.a set of 282 laws governing daily life in Babylon; the earliest known collection of written laws
Hammurabi’s Code
184
n.a separate area of a household where women lived away from men
harem
185
adj. Greek-like; heavily influenced by Greek ideas
Hellenistic
186
n.an international peace agreement signed by diplomats in Helsinki, Finland
Helsinki Accords
187
n.religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings
heresy (HER-uh-see)
188
n.the ancient Egyptian writing system that used picture symbols
hieroglyphics (hy-ruh-GLIH-fiks)
189
n.the two most sacred of all Jewish holidays—Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur
High Holy Days
190
n.the main religion of India; it teaches that everything is part of a universal spirit called Brahman
Hinduism
191
n.the number system we use today; it was created by Indian scholars during the Gupta dynasty
Hindu-Arabic numerals
192
n.the study of the past
history
193
n.the Nazis’ effort to wipe out the Jewish people in World War II, when 6 million Jews throughout Europe were killed
Holocaust
194
n.the region on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea where Jesus lived, preached, and died
Holy Land
195
n.an early ancestor of humans
hominid
196
n.French Protestants
Huguenots
197
n.the study of history, literature, public speaking, and art that led to a new way of thinking in Europe in the late 1300s
humanism
198
n.rights that all people deserve, such as the rights to equality and justice
human rights
199
n.a long conflict between England and France that lasted from 1337 to 1453
Hundred Years’ War
200
n.people who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive
hunter-gatherers
201
n.a solution that a scientist proposes to solve or explain a scientific problem
hypothesis
202
n.long periods of freezing weather
ice ages
203
n.religious images painted on wood
icons
204
n.protection from being arrested, tried, or punished for any crime
immunity
205
n.the control of a region or country by another country
imperialism
206
n.goods brought in from other regions
imports
207
n.money gained from collecting taxes and tributes and trading gold
income
208
n.a relaxation of penalties for sins people had committed
indulgence
209
n.a continuing increase in the prices of goods and services
inflation
210
n.jobs that do not provide minimum wages, regular schedules, or retirement benefits
informal jobs
211
n.the basic items a society needs to function, such as roads and bridges
infrastructure
212
n.injecting a person with a small dose of a virus to help build up defenses against a disease
inoculation (i-nah-kyuh-LAY-shuhn)
213
n.a fee that borrowers pay for the use of someone else’s money, usually a certain percentage of the loan
interest
214
n.organization that offers emergency loans to countries in financial trouble
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
215
n.a space station assembled by the United States, Russia, the European Space Agency, and Japan
International Space Station (ISS)
216
n.a worldwide network of linked computers
Internet
217
n.an alliance of five northeastern Native American peoples
Iroquois Confederacy
218
n.a way of supplying water to an area of land
irrigation
219
n.a religion based on the messages Muhammad is believed to have received from God
Islam
220
n.a policy of avoiding contact with other countries
isolationism
221
n.a hard gemstone often used in jewelry
jade
222
n.an Indian religion, based on the teachings of Mahavira, that teaches all life is sacred
Jainism
223
n.an Ottoman slave soldier
Janissary
224
n.members of a Catholic religious order created to serve the pope and the church
Jesuits
225
v. to make an effort or to struggle; has also been interpreted to mean “holy war”
jihad (ji-HAHD)
226
n.the religion of the Hebrews (practiced by Jews today); it is the world’s oldest monotheistic religion
Judaism (JOO-dee-i-zuhm)
227
n.in Buddhism and Hinduism, the effects that good or bad actions have on a person’s soul
karma
228
n.a mountainous area in the northern part of South Asia, near the Chinese border
Kashmir
229
n.a handwoven, brightly colored West African fabric
kente
230
n.East African nation; formerly a British colony
Kenya
231
n.capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kinshasa
232
n.a system of social organization based on family ties
kinship system
233
n.a warrior in medieval Europe who fought on horseback
knight
234
n.the night of November 9, 1938, when the Nazis carried out attacks on Jewish businesses, homes, and synagogues
Kristallnacht
235
n.Nigeria’s largest city and former capital
Lagos
236
n.a “let things be” attitude on the part of government toward industry
laissez-faire (leh-say-FAYR)
237
n.the natural features of the land’s surface
landforms
238
n.a strip of land connecting two continents
land bridge
239
n.kitchen where food is served without charge
langar
240
n.the language of the Romans
Latin
241
n.an organization in which countries would try to solve their problems peacefully
League of Nations
242
n.the Chinese belief that people were bad by nature and needed to be controlled
Legalism
243
n.a group of up to 6,000 Roman soldiers
legion (LEE-juhn)
244
n.a movement for individual rights and liberties
liberalism
245
n.a government that is not all-powerful and is checked by laws and institutions representing the will of the people
limited government
246
n.animals that are related to camels but native to South America
llamas
247
n.a person of high rank who owned land but owed loyalty to his king
lord
248
n.an elected official in Rome
magistrate (MA-juh-strayt)
249
n.a document signed in 1215 by King John of England that required the king to honor certain rights
Magna Carta
250
n.corn
maize (MAYZ)
251
n.a system in which the ideas and decisions supported by the most people are followed
majority rule
252
n.a large estate owned by a knight or lord
manor
253
n.the original settlers of New Zealand
Maori
254
n.an economic system in which individuals decide what goods and services they will buy
market economy
255
n.plan under which Western Europe received more than $13 billion in U.S. loans and grants between 1948 and 1952
Marshall Plan
256
n.people who suffer death for their religious beliefs
martyrs
257
n.the belief that the struggle of oppressed workers is the basis for social change
Marxism
258
adj. society in which, even though men still serve as leaders, leadership passes down through the mother’s family
matrilineal
259
n.violent movement with a goal to rid Kenya of white settlers
Mau Mau
260
adj. referring to the Middle Ages
medieval (mee-DEE-vuhl)
261
n.deep, continued thought that focuses the mind on spiritual ideas
meditation
262
n.huge stone monument
megalith
263
n.a system in which a government controls all economic activity in a country and its colonies to make the government stronger and richer
mercantilism
264
n.a trader
merchant
265
n.a region that includes the southern part of what is now Mexico and parts of the northern countries of Central America
Mesoamerica
266
n.the middle part of the Stone Age; marked by the creation of smaller and more complex tools
Mesolithic Era
267
n.in Judaism, a new leader that would appear among the Jews and restore the greatness of ancient Israel
Messiah (muh-SY-uh)
268
n.the science of working with metals
metallurgy (MET-uhl-uhr-jee)
269
n.tiny silicon chip used in computers
microchip
270
n.a period that lasted from about 500 to 1500 in Europe
Middle Ages
271
n.the period of Egyptian history from about 2050 to 1750 BC and marked by order and stability
Middle Kingdom
272
v. to move to a new place
migrate
273
n.the idea that a country should use a strong military to defend its interests
militarism
274
n.a narrow tower from which Muslims are called to prayer
minaret
275
n.someone who works to spread religious beliefs
missionary
276
n.a market economy with features of traditional and command systems
mixed economy
277
n.a ruler of a kingdom or empire
monarch (MAH-nark)
278
n.a community of monks
monastery
279
n.a religious man who lived apart from society in an isolated community
monk
280
n.the belief in only one God
monotheism
281
n.a seasonal wind pattern that causes wet and dry seasons
monsoon
282
n.pictures made with pieces of colored stone or glass
mosaics
283
n.a building for Muslim prayer
mosque (MAHSK)
284
n.a specially treated body wrapped in cloth for preservation
mummy
285
n.a follower of Islam
Muslim
286
n.stories about gods and heroes that try to explain how the world works
mythology
287
n.a devotion and loyalty to one’s country; develops among people with a common language, religion, or history
nationalism
288
n.self-governing countries made up of people with a common cultural background
nation-states
289
n.a law that people believed God had created to govern how the world operated
natural law
290
n.the belief that developed during the Enlightenment that people had certain rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property
natural rights
291
n.a German political party, which Adolf Hitler joined in 1919 and renamed
Nazi Party
292
n.the New Stone Age; when people learned to make fire and tools like saws and drills
Neolithic Era
293
n.the federal government’s efforts to reform business practices and to stimulate the economy
New Deal
294
n.the period from about 1550 to 1050 BC in Egyptian history, when Egypt reached the height of its power and glory
New Kingdom
295
n.in Buddhism, a state of perfect peace
nirvana
296
n.a rich and powerful person
noble
297
n.an organization made up of volunteers dedicated to solving a specific issue or problem
nongovernmental organization (NGO)
298
n.the avoidance of violent actions
nonviolence
299
n.a formal trade agreement signed by Mexico, the United States, and Canada; it went into effect in 1994
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
300
n.a defensive military alliance formed by the United States, Canada, and ten Western European countries to protect themselves from Soviet aggression
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
301
n.a number of trials of Nazi war criminals held at Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II
Nuremberg Trials
302
n.a wet, fertile area within a desert
oasis
303
n.a tall, pointed, four-sided pillar typical of ancient Egypt
obelisk (AH-buh-lisk)
304
n.buildings used to study astronomy; Mayan priests watched the stars from these buildings
observatories
305
n.a sharp, glasslike volcanic rock that came from different parts of Mesoamerica
obsidian
306
n.the period from about 2700 to 2200 BC in Egyptian history that began shortly after Egypt was unified
Old Kingdom
307
n.a government in which only a few people have power
oligarchy (AH-luh-gar-kee)
308
n.an international organization whose members work to influence the price of oil on world markets by controlling the supply; founded in 1960
OPEC
309
n.a prediction by a wise person, or a person who makes a prediction
oracle
310
n.a spoken record of past events
oral history
311
n.public speaker
orator
312
n.when there are more people than resources in an area can support
overpopulation
313
n.a layer of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere
ozone layer
314
n.a nation formed in 1947; it originally included the area that is now Bangladesh
Pakistan
315
n.the first part of the Stone Age; when people first used stone tools
Paleolithic Era (pay-lee-uh-LI-thik)
316
n.when a disease affects many people over a wide area, such as in different countries or continents
pandemic
317
n.a long-lasting, paperlike material, made from reeds, that the ancient Egyptians used to write on
papyrus (puh-PY-ruhs)
318
n.the lawmaking body that governs England
Parliament (PAHR-luh-muhnt)
319
n.division
partition
320
n.a holiday in which Jews remember the Exodus
Passover
321
n.the nobility in Roman society
patricians (puh-TRI-shuhnz)
322
adj. describes a society in which leadership passes from fathers or grandfathers to sons, grandsons, or nephews
patrilineal
323
n.a sponsor
patron
324
n.Roman Peace; a period of general peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire that lasted from 27 BC to AD 180
Pax Romana
325
n.a farmer with a small farm
peasant
326
n.a war between Athens and Sparta in the 400s BC
Peloponnesian War
327
n.the Soviet policy of economic restructuring
perestroika
328
n.the time of disorder following the collapse of the Han dynasty
Period of Disunion
329
n.punishment of a group because of its beliefs or differences
persecution
330
n.a series of wars between Persia and Greece in the 400s BC
Persian Wars
331
n.a method of showing a three-dimensional scene on a flat surface so that it looks real
perspective
332
n.a group of Greek warriors who stood close together in a square formation
phalanx (FAY-langks)
333
n.the title used by the rulers of Egypt
pharaoh (FEHR-oh)
334
n.manufactured medical drugs
pharmaceuticals
335
n.a picture symbol
pictograph
336
n.a journey to a sacred place
pilgrimage
337
n.a large farm
plantation
338
n.amendment to Cuba’s constitution that limited Cuba’s right to make treaties and allowed the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs
Platt Amendment
339
n.the common people of ancient Rome
plebeians (pli-BEE-uhnz)
340
n.the Greek word for a city-state
polis (PAH-luhs)
341
n.a difference of opinion over political issues
political dissent
342
n.the worship of many gods
polytheism
343
n.bishop of Rome
pope
344
n.a book of Maya legends and history
Popol Vuh
345
n.the Enlightenment idea that governments should express the will of the people
popular sovereignty
346
n.a thin, beautiful pottery invented in China
porcelain
347
n.an event where a host prepared a feast and gave valuable gifts
potlatch
348
n.the time before there was writing
prehistory
349
n.a person who performs religious ceremonies
priest
350
n.an account of an event by someone who took part in or witnessed the event
primary source
351
n.small states ruled by princes
principalities
352
n.the money an individual or business has left after paying expenses
profit
353
n.someone who is said to receive messages from God to be taught to others
prophet
354
n.a Christian who protested against the Catholic Church
Protestant
355
n.a short saying of wisdom or truth
proverb
356
n.territory
province
357
n.a series of wars between Rome and Carthage in the 200s and 100s BC
Punic Wars
358
n.in Catholic teachings, a place where souls went before they went to heaven
purgatory
359
n.a huge triangular tomb built by the Egyptians and other peoples
pyramid
360
n.the language of the Inca
Quechua (KE-choo-wuh)
361
n.the holy book of Islam
Qur’an (kuh-RAN)
362
n.a Jewish religious leader and teacher
rabbi (RAB-eye)
363
n.the belief that some people are better than others because of racial traits, such as skin color
racism
364
n.a moist, densely wooded area that contains many different plants and animals
rain forest
365
n.the period when the British controlled India
Raj
366
n.person who looks at the world in a reasonable and logical way
rationalist
367
n.clear and ordered thinking
reason
368
n.a time of very slow economic activity
recession
369
n.the effort of Christian kingdoms in northern Spain to retake land from the Moors during the Middle Ages
Reconquista (re-kahn-KEES-tuh)
370
n.a reform movement against the Roman Catholic Church that began in 1517; it resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
Reformation (re-fuhr-MAY-shuhn)
371
n.people who leave their country to move to another for safety
refugees
372
n.a person who rules a country for someone who is unable to rule alone
regent
373
n.an area with one or more features that make it different from surrounding areas
region
374
n.a Hindu and Buddhist belief that souls are born and reborn many times, each time into a new body
reincarnation
375
n.a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules
religious order
376
n.the period of “rebirth” and creativity that followed Europe’s Middle Ages
Renaissance (REN-uh-sahns)
377
n.payments for war damage
reparations
378
n.a political system in which people elect leaders to govern them
republic
379
n.the materials found on the earth that people need and value
resources
380
n.in Christianity, Jesus’ rise from the dead
Resurrection
381
n.a long, deep valley formed by the movement of the earth’s crust
rift
382
n.languages that developed from Latin, such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian
Romance languages
383
n.a council of wealthy and powerful citizens who advised Rome’s leaders
Roman Senate
384
n.a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing
Rosetta Stone
385
n.the idea that everybody must follow the laws of the land
rule of law
386
adj. referring to a countryside area
rural
387
n.Vikings from Scandinavia who likely traded with the Slavs
Rus
388
n.a semiarid region in Africa, just south of the Sahara, that separates the desert from wetter areas
Sahel (sah-HEL)
389
n.a person known and admired for his or her holiness
saint
390
n.a social gathering held to discuss ideas during the Enlightenment
salon
391
n.rites of passage to prepare a person for a certain event or for their next stage in life
samskaras
392
n.a trained professional warrior in feudal Japan
samurai (SA-muh-rye)
393
n.economic or political penalties imposed by one country on another to force a policy change
sanctions
394
n.hills of sand shaped by the wind
sand dunes
395
n.the most important language of ancient India
Sanskrit
396
n.style of writing that pokes fun at people or society
satire
397
n.an open grassland with scattered trees
savannah
398
n.when there are not enough resources to meet people’s wants
scarcity
399
n.an educated member of the government
scholar-official
400
n.a particular way of gaining knowledge about the world
science
401
n.a step-by-step method for performing experiments and other scientific research
scientific method
402
n.a series of events that led to the birth of modern science; it lasted from about 1540 to 1700
Scientific Revolution
403
n.a writer
scribe
404
n.stamped images
seals
405
n.information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event
secondary source
406
n.investments in companies or governments, such as stock
securities
407
adj. settled
sedentary
408
n.a device that measures the strength of an earthquake
seismograph
409
n.a worker in medieval Europe who was tied to the land on which he or she lived
serf
410
n.title for a Persian king
shah
411
n.a member of the second-largest branch of Islam
Shia (SHEE-ah)
412
n.the traditional religion of Japan
Shinto
413
n.a general who ruled Japan in the emperor’s name
shogun
414
n.a place at which people worship a saint or a god
shrine
415
n.a monotheistic religion that developed in India in the 1400s
Sikhism
416
n.a process in which people exchange goods without contacting each other directly
silent barter
417
n.a soft, light, and highly valued fabric developed in China
silk
418
n.a network of trade routes that stretched across Asia from China to the Mediterranean Sea
Silk Road
419
n.a mixture of fertile soil and tiny rocks that can make land ideal for farming
silt
420
n.a political and economic system in which the government owns the means of production
socialism
421
n.the division of society by rank or class
social hierarchy
422
n.a community of people who share a common culture
society
423
n.a market or bazaar
souk
424
n.a large fleet of Spanish ships that was defeated by England in 1588
Spanish Armada
425
n.an organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished people suspected of secretly practicing their old religion
Spanish Inquisition
426
n.areas in China over which other countries had economic power
spheres of influence
427
n.an imaginary creature with a human head and the body of a lion that was often shown on Egyptian statues
sphinx (sfinks)
428
n.how well people in a nation can meet their needs and wants
standard of living
429
n.pieces of a company
stocks
430
n.a large landmass that is smaller than a continent, such as India
subcontinent
431
n.Africa south of the Sahara
sub-Saharan Africa
432
n.a waterway built in Egypt in the 1860s to connect the Mediterranean and Red Seas
Suez Canal
433
n.a movement in Islam that taught people they can find God’s love by having a personal relationship with God
Sufism (SOO-fi-zuhm)
434
n.Ottoman ruler
sultan
435
n.a device that uses the position of shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
sundial
436
n.a collection of writings about the way Muhammad lived that provides a model for Muslims to follow
Sunnah (SOOH-nuh)
437
n.a member of the largest branch of Islam
Sunni
438
n.more of something than is needed
surplus
439
n.the process of creating economic growth while preserving the environment
sustainable growth
440
n.blended African-Arab culture
Swahili
441
n.a Jewish house of worship
synagogue (SI-nuh-gawg)
442
n.vast forest of evergreens, which covers about half of Russia
taiga
443
n.a radical Muslim group in Afghanistan
Taliban
444
n.a set of commentaries and lessons for everyday life in Judaism
Talmud (TAHL-moohd)
445
n.a fee that a country charges on imports or exports
tariff
446
n.a charge people pay to a government
tax
447
v. to perform jobs by computer from home
telecommute
448
n.in the Bible, a code of moral laws given to Moses by God
Ten Commandments
449
n.a government ruled by religious authorities
theocracy
450
n.an explanation a scientist develops based on facts
theory
451
n.a long series of wars, mostly between Catholics and Protestants, that involved several countries in Europe, especially in the Holy Roman Empire
Thirty Years’ War
452
n.a public area in Beijing, the capital of China
Tiananmen Square
453
n.acceptance
tolerance
454
n.an object that has been modified to help a person accomplish a task
tool
455
n.the first five books of the Hebrew Bible and the most sacred text of Judaism
Torah
456
n.a system in which the government controls all aspects of people’s lives
totalitarianism
457
n.crowded clusters of tiny homes
townships
458
n.exchanging goods and services
trade
459
n.a system of people in different lands who trade goods back and forth
trade network
460
n.a path followed by traders
trade route
461
n.when a country exports more goods than it imports
trade surplus
462
n.the peace treaty that ended World War I; signed in Versailles, France, on June 28, 1919
Treaty of Versailles
463
n.policy of providing aid to help foreign countries fight communism
Truman Doctrine
464
n.an ancient Greek leader who held power through the use of force
tyrant
465
n.international organization that aims to maintain peace and security around the world
United Nations (UN)
466
n.a UN declaration that defines human rights goals for the world community
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
467
n.a government in which one person or group of people holds all power with no restrictions
unlimited government
468
n.Russian mountain range
Ural Mountains
469
adj. referring to a city area
urban
470
n.a knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land in medieval Europe
vassal
471
v. to reject or prohibit actions and laws of other government officials
veto (VEE-toh)
472
n.South Vietnamese fighters who supported the Communist government of North Vietnam
Vietcong
473
n.the longest river in Europe; it flows south through western Russia to the Caspian Sea
Volga
474
n.strings of beads
wampum
475
n.an alliance formed by the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries to protect themselves from the threat they believed NATO posed
Warsaw Pact
476
n.violation of the laws of war as defined by international treaties and customs
war crime
477
n.the value of all possessions that a person or country has
wealth
478
n.a form of printing in which an entire page is carved into a block of wood, covered with ink, and pressed to a piece of paper to create a printed page
woodblock printing
479
n.organization that provides loans for large projects in countries that need them
World Bank
480
n.a type of journalism in which stories are exaggerated in order to attract readers
yellow journalism
481
n.radical Jews who supported rebellion against the Romans
Zealots (ZE-luhts)
482
n.a form of Buddhism that emphasizes meditation
Zen
483
n.a pyramid-shaped temple in Sumer
ziggurat
