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LS History > Vocabulary - World Civ Textbook > Flashcards

Vocabulary - World Civ Textbook Flashcards

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1
Q

n.a way of manufacturing three-dimensional objects

A

3D printing

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2
Q

n.the native people of Australia

A

Aborigines

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3
Q

n.a high hill upon which a Greek fortress was built

A

acropolis (uh-KRAH-puh-luhs)

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4
Q

n.the Chinese practice of inserting fine needles through the skin at specific points to cure disease or relieve pain

A

acupuncture (AK-yoo-punk-cher)

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5
Q

n.a type of clay found in the southwestern United States

A

adobe

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6
Q

n.life after death; much of Egyptian religion focused on the afterlife

A

afterlife

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7
Q

n.farming

A

agriculture

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8
Q

n.stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; a disease that attacks the immune system, leaving sufferers open to deadly infections, such as tuberculosis

A

AIDS

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9
Q

n.a kingdom located along the Red Sea in what is today Ethiopia and Eritrea

A

Aksum

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10
Q

n.forerunner of chemistry

A

alchemy

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11
Q

n.an agreement to work together

A

alliance

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12
Q

n.the name for the alliance formed by Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States during World War II

A

Allied Powers

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13
Q

n.a mixture of two or more metals

A

alloy

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14
Q

n.a set of letters that can be combined to form words

A

alphabet

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15
Q

n.a relative who lived in the past

A

ancestor

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16
Q

n.the belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits

A

animism

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17
Q

n.group that opposed a peace treaty between the United States and Spain and the creation of an American colonial empire

A

Anti-Imperialist League

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18
Q

n.hostility toward and discrimination against Jews

A

anti-Semitism

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19
Q

n.policy of separation of races; it means “apartness”

A

apartheid

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20
Q

n.the 12 chosen disciples of Jesus who spread his teachings

A

Apostles (uh-PAHS-uhls)

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21
Q

n.a human-made raised channel that carries water from distant places

A

aqueduct (A-kwuh-duhkt)

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22
Q

n.democratic uprisings that occurred independently in Arab nations in 2011

A

Arab Spring

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23
Q

n.the study of the past based on what people left behind

A

archaeology (ar-kee-AH-luh-jee)

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24
Q

n.the science of building

A

architecture

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25
Q

n.government that is made up of a small group of people from the highest social class in a society

A

aristocracy (ar-i-STAHK-ruh-see)

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26
Q

n.a rich landowner or noble

A

aristocrat (uh-RIS-tuh-krat)

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27
Q

n.the competition between the United States and Soviet Union to build a stronger military

A

arms race

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28
Q

n.an object created and used by humans

A

artifact

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29
Q

n.the study of stars and planets

A

astronomy

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30
Q

n.a collection of maps

A

atlas

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31
Q

n.nuclear weapon with a powerful explosion caused by the splitting of atoms

A

atomic bomb

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32
Q

n.the name for the alliance formed by Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II

A

Axis Powers

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33
Q

n.the relationship of goods imported to goods exported

A

balance of trade

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34
Q

n.one of the largest peninsulas in Europe; it extends south into the Mediterranean Sea

A

Balkan Peninsula

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35
Q

n.word used by historians to describe the 400 different ethnic groups from the eastern, central, and southern regions of Africa

A

Bantu

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36
Q

n.a scientific instrument that measures air pressure

A

barometer

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37
Q

n.Belgian colony in Central Africa

A

Belgian Congo

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38
Q

n.a meeting of European leaders at which a plan to divide Africa was made

A

Berlin Conference

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39
Q

n.the holy book of Christianity

A

Bible

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40
Q

n.the use of cells, bacteria, and even plants to make products

A

biotechnology

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41
Q

n.local Christian leader

A

bishop

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42
Q

n.a deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

A

Black Death

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43
Q

n.the strategy of moving armies quickly; also called lightning war

A

blitzkrieg

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44
Q

n.Dutch farmers who settled in South Africa in the 1600s

A

Boers

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45
Q

n.an attempt to drive all the Westerners out of China

A

Boxer Rebellion

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46
Q

n.company created to control trade between Britain, India, and East Asia

A

British East India Company

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47
Q

n.a religion based on the teachings of the Buddha that developed in India in the 500s BC

A

Buddhism

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48
Q

n.a body of unelected government officials

A

bureaucracy

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49
Q

n.the code of honor followed by the samurai in Japan

A

Bushido (BOOH-shi-doh)

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50
Q

n.the society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the western Roman Empire

A

Byzantine Empire (BI-zuhn-teen)

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51
Q

n.a title that Muslims use for the highest leader of Islam

A

caliph (KAY-luhf)

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52
Q

n.decorative writing

A

calligraphy

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53
Q

n.a human-made waterway

A

canal

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54
Q

n.an economic system in which individuals and private businesses run most industries

A

capitalism

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55
Q

n.a group of traders that travel together

A

caravan

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56
Q

n.rugged mountains that are an extension of the Alps of west-central Europe

A

Carpathians

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57
Q

n.the division of Indian society into groups based on rank, wealth, or occupation

A

caste system

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58
Q

n.rapids along a river, such as those along the Nile in Egypt

A

cataracts

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59
Q

n.the effort of the late 1500s and 1600s to reform the Catholic Church from within; also called the Counter-Reformation

A

Catholic Reformation

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60
Q

n.a raised road across water or wet ground

A

causeway

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61
Q

n.a unit of soldiers who ride horses

A

cavalry

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62
Q

n.a ceramic glaze that appears green; it originated in China

A

celadon

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63
Q

n.a wheeled, horse-drawn cart used in battle

A

chariot

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64
Q

n.a system that balances the distribution of power in a government

A

checks and balances

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65
Q

n.a religion based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth that developed in Judea at the beginning of the first century AD

A

Christianity

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66
Q

n.the combination of humanist and religious ideas

A

Christian humanism

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67
Q

v. to go all the way around

A

circumnavigate

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68
Q

n.a person who has the right to participate in government

A

citizen

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69
Q

n.a political unit consisting of a city and its surrounding countryside

A

city-state

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70
Q

n.study of citizenship and government

A

civics

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71
Q

n.an organized society that functions within established geographic boundaries

A

civilization

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72
Q

n.the refusal to obey laws in order to bring about change

A

civil disobedience

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73
Q

n.a legal system based on a written code of laws

A

civil law

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74
Q

n.service as a government official

A

civil service

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75
Q

n.an extended family

A

clan

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76
Q

n.church officials

A

clergy

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77
Q

n.the average weather conditions in a certain area over a long period of time

A

climate

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78
Q

n.the creation of identical copies of DNA

A

cloning

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79
Q

n.an ancient book made of separate pages

A

codex

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80
Q

n.a period of distrust between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II, when there was a tense rivalry between the two superpowers but no direct fighting

A

Cold War

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81
Q

n.policy established by Stalin which forced peasants to give up their private farms and become part of large, group-based farms

A

collectivization

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82
Q

n.the exchange of plants, animals, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) and the Old World (Europe)

A

Columbian Exchange

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83
Q

n.large collective farms

A

communes

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84
Q

n.economic and political system in which the government owns all businesses and controls the economy

A

communism

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85
Q

n.an instrument that uses the earth’s magnetic field to indicate direction

A

compass

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86
Q

n.a type of prison camp where political prisoners and other enemies of the state are confined

A

concentration camp

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87
Q

n.a philosophy based on the ideas of Confucius that focuses on morality, family order, social harmony, and government

A

Confucianism

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88
Q

n.church assembly

A

congregation

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89
Q

n.Spanish soldier

A

conquistador (kahn-kees-tuh-DOHR)

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90
Q

n.a movement that arose to preserve the old social order and governments in an effort to return Europe to the way it was before the French Revolution

A

conservatism

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91
Q

n.a form of democracy in which a monarch serves as the head of state, but a legislature makes the laws

A

constitutional monarchy

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92
Q

n.written plan of government

A

constitution

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93
Q

n.the two most powerful officials in Rome

A

consuls (KAHN-suhlz)

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94
Q

n.the effort during the Cold War to prevent the Soviet Union from expanding its influence around the world

A

containment

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95
Q

n.local African customs blended with Christian teachings

A

Coptic Christianity

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96
Q

n.the decay of people’s values

A

corruption

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97
Q

n.a system in which family members worked in their homes to make part of a product

A

cottage industry

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98
Q

n.the forceful overthrow of a government

A

coup d’état (KOO DAY-tah)

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99
Q

n.a group of nobles who live near and serve or advise a ruler

A

court

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100
Q

n.a type of execution in which a person was nailed to a cross

A

crucifixion (kroo-suh-FIK-shuhn)

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101
Q

n.a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia; they fought for control of the Holy Land from 1096 to 1291

A

Crusades

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102
Q

n.the spread of cultural traits from one region to another

A

cultural diffusion

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103
Q

n.the knowledge, beliefs, customs, and values of a group of people

A

culture

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104
Q

n.the world’s first system of writing; developed in Sumer

A

cuneiform (kyoo-NEE-uh-fohrm)

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105
Q

n.money

A

currency

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106
Q

n.the title of Russian emperors

A

czar (ZAHR)

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107
Q

n.large landowners of feudal Japan

A

daimyo (DY-mee-oh)

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108
Q

n.river that begins in Germany, flows east across the Great Hungarian Plain, and finally empties into the Black Sea

A

Danube

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109
Q

n.a philosophy that developed in China and stressed the belief that one should live in harmony with the Dao, the guiding force of all reality

A

Daoism (DOW-ih-zum)

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110
Q

n.a region in western Sudan

A

Darfur

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111
Q

n.writings about Jewish beliefs, created about 2,000 years ago

A

Dead Sea Scrolls

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112
Q

n.a document written in 1776 that declared the American colonies’ independence from British rule

A

Declaration of Independence

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113
Q

n.a document written in France in 1789 that guaranteed specific freedoms for French citizens

A

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

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114
Q

n.a triangle-shaped area of land made from soil deposited by a river

A

delta

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115
Q

n.a type of government in which people rule themselves

A

democracy

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116
Q

n.countries that have become fully industrial

A

developed nations

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117
Q

n.countries that have not become fully industrial

A

developing nations

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118
Q

n.the Soviet policy of easing Joseph Stalin’s repressive policies

A

de-Stalinization

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119
Q

n.the policy of easing Cold War tensions

A

détente

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120
Q

n.the dispersal of the Jews outside of Judah after the Babylonian Captivity

A

Diaspora (dy-AS-puhr-uh)

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121
Q

n.a ruler who has almost absolute power

A

dictator

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122
Q

n.the elected legislature that still governs Japan

A

Diet

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123
Q

n.the spread of ideas, goods, and technology from one culture to another

A

diffusion

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124
Q

n.follower

A

disciple

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125
Q

n.an arrangement in which each worker specializes in a particular task or job

A

division of labor

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126
Q

n.the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans

A

domestication

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127
Q

n.the Cold War idea that if one country in Southeast Asia fell to communism, nearby nations would also fall

A

domino theory

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128
Q

n.a series of rulers from the same family

A

dynasty

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129
Q

n.system of producing, selling, and buying goods and services

A

economy

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130
Q

n.law passed in 1598 granting religious freedom in France

A

Edict of Nantes

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131
Q

n.people of wealth and power

A

elite (AY-leet)

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132
Q

n.a limit on trade

A

embargo

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133
Q

n.land with different territories and peoples under a single rule

A

empire

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134
Q

n.the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes

A

engineering

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135
Q

n.a document approved in 1689 that listed rights for Parliament and the English people and drew on the principles of Magna Carta

A

English Bill of Rights

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136
Q

n.a period during the 1600s and 1700s when reason was used to guide people’s thoughts about society, politics, and philosophy

A

Enlightenment

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137
Q

n.a person who organizes, manages, and assumes the risk of a business

A

entrepreneur

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138
Q

n.the movement to protect the natural world from destructive human activities

A

environmentalism

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139
Q

n.all the living and nonliving things that affect life in an area

A

environment

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140
Q

n.long poem that tells the story of a hero

A

epic

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141
Q

n.when an infectious disease spreads between many people in a community or region

A

epidemic

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142
Q

n.moral values

A

ethics

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143
Q

n.kingdom formed by the descendants of the people of Aksum

A

Ethiopia

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144
Q

n.central ceremony of the Christian Church

A

Eucharist

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145
Q

n.a large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia

A

Eurasia

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146
Q

n.established in 1992 to build an economic and political union among the nations of Europe

A

European Union

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147
Q

v. to cast out from the church

A

excommunicate

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148
Q

n.the journey of the Israelites, led by Moses, from Egypt to Canaan after they were freed from slavery

A

Exodus

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149
Q

n.items sent to other regions for trade

A

exports

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150
Q

n.a family group that includes the father, mother, children, and close relatives

A

extended family

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151
Q

n.a short story that teaches a lesson about life or gives advice on how to live

A

fable

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152
Q

n.a system in which machines rapidly manufacture large quantities of items

A

factory system

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153
Q

n.a country whose government is unable to provide stability to its people and protect its borders

A

failed state

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154
Q

n.a political system based on nationalism and strong government; Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy were the first fascist leaders

A

fascism (FASH-iz-uhm)

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155
Q

n.going without food for a period of time

A

fasting

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156
Q

n.the sharing of power between local governments and a strong central government

A

federalism

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157
Q

n.an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began

A

Fertile Crescent

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158
Q

n.the system of obligations that governed the relationships between lords and vassals in medieval Europe

A

feudalism (FYOO-duh-lih-zuhm)

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159
Q

n.a person who appears to rule even though real power rests with someone else

A

figurehead

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160
Q

n.plan thought up by Nazi leaders in 1942, which consisted of shipping Jews from throughout Europe to killing centers in Poland

A

Final Solution

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161
Q

n.five religious practices required of all Muslims

A

Five Pillars of Islam

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162
Q

n.a Roman public meeting place

A

Forum

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163
Q

n.a part or imprint of something that was once alive

A

fossil

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164
Q

n.the ending of trade barriers among nations

A

free trade

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165
Q

n.a member of a religious order who lived and worked among the public

A

friar

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166
Q

n.the study of how genes affect the development of living things

A

genetics

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167
Q

n.the deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group of people

A

genocide

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168
Q

n.the study of Earth’s physical and cultural features

A

geography

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169
Q

n.a political secret police created by Adolf Hitler to investigate and put down any political opposition

A

Gestapo

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170
Q

n.West African nation; formerly a British colony called the Gold Coast

A

Ghana

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171
Q

n.a district where Jews were isolated

A

ghetto

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172
Q

n.the Soviet policy of openness

A

glasnost

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173
Q

n.the organizations and individuals who have the right to rule over a group of people

A

government

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174
Q

n.a canal linking northern and southern China

A

Grand Canal

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175
Q

n.an economic collapse that occurred in the late 1920s and continued well into the 1930s

A

Great Depression

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176
Q

n.a barrier made of walls across China’s northern frontier

A

Great Wall

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177
Q

n.Bantu kingdom founded in about 1000

A

Great Zimbabwe

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178
Q

n.a West African storyteller

A

griot

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179
Q

n.the value of goods and services produced each year by a country

A

gross domestic product (GDP)

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180
Q

n.city in China in which European traders were allowed to live; known to the British as the city of Canton

A

Guangzhou (GWANG_JOH)

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181
Q

n.a mixture of powders used in guns and explosives

A

gunpowder

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182
Q

n.a Sikh place of worship

A

gurdwara

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183
Q

n.a set of 282 laws governing daily life in Babylon; the earliest known collection of written laws

A

Hammurabi’s Code

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184
Q

n.a separate area of a household where women lived away from men

A

harem

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185
Q

adj.Greek-like; heavily influenced by Greek ideas

A

Hellenistic

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186
Q

n.an international peace agreement signed by diplomats in Helsinki, Finland

A

Helsinki Accords

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187
Q

n.religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings

A

heresy (HER-uh-see)

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188
Q

n.the ancient Egyptian writing system that used picture symbols

A

hieroglyphics (hy-ruh-GLIH-fiks)

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189
Q

n.the two most sacred of all Jewish holidays—Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur

A

High Holy Days

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190
Q

n.the main religion of India; it teaches that everything is part of a universal spirit called Brahman

A

Hinduism

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191
Q

n.the number system we use today; it was created by Indian scholars during the Gupta dynasty

A

Hindu-Arabic numerals

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192
Q

n.the study of the past

A

history

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193
Q

n.the Nazis’ effort to wipe out the Jewish people in World War II, when 6 million Jews throughout Europe were killed

A

Holocaust

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194
Q

n.the region on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea where Jesus lived, preached, and died

A

Holy Land

195
Q

n.an early ancestor of humans

A

hominid

196
Q

n.French Protestants

A

Huguenots

197
Q

n.the study of history, literature, public speaking, and art that led to a new way of thinking in Europe in the late 1300s

A

humanism

198
Q

n.rights that all people deserve, such as the rights to equality and justice

A

human rights

199
Q

n.a long conflict between England and France that lasted from 1337 to 1453

A

Hundred Years’ War

200
Q

n.people who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive

A

hunter-gatherers

201
Q

n.a solution that a scientist proposes to solve or explain a scientific problem

A

hypothesis

202
Q

n.long periods of freezing weather

A

ice ages

203
Q

n.religious images painted on wood

A

icons

204
Q

n.protection from being arrested, tried, or punished for any crime

A

immunity

205
Q

n.the control of a region or country by another country

A

imperialism

206
Q

n.goods brought in from other regions

A

imports

207
Q

n.money gained from collecting taxes and tributes and trading gold

A

income

208
Q

n.a relaxation of penalties for sins people had committed

A

indulgence

209
Q

n.a continuing increase in the prices of goods and services

A

inflation

210
Q

n.jobs that do not provide minimum wages, regular schedules, or retirement benefits

A

informal jobs

211
Q

n.the basic items a society needs to function, such as roads and bridges

A

infrastructure

212
Q

n.injecting a person with a small dose of a virus to help build up defenses against a disease

A

inoculation (i-nah-kyuh-LAY-shuhn)

213
Q

n.a fee that borrowers pay for the use of someone else’s money, usually a certain percentage of the loan

A

interest

214
Q

n.organization that offers emergency loans to countries in financial trouble

A

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

215
Q

n.a space station assembled by the United States, Russia, the European Space Agency, and Japan

A

International Space Station (ISS)

216
Q

n.a worldwide network of linked computers

A

Internet

217
Q

n.an alliance of five northeastern Native American peoples

A

Iroquois Confederacy

218
Q

n.a way of supplying water to an area of land

A

irrigation

219
Q

n.a religion based on the messages Muhammad is believed to have received from God

A

Islam

220
Q

n.a policy of avoiding contact with other countries

A

isolationism

221
Q

n.a hard gemstone often used in jewelry

A

jade

222
Q

n.an Indian religion, based on the teachings of Mahavira, that teaches all life is sacred

A

Jainism

223
Q

n.an Ottoman slave soldier

A

Janissary

224
Q

n.members of a Catholic religious order created to serve the pope and the church

A

Jesuits

225
Q

v. to make an effort or to struggle; has also been interpreted to mean “holy war”

A

jihad (ji-HAHD)

226
Q

n.the religion of the Hebrews (practiced by Jews today); it is the world’s oldest monotheistic religion

A

Judaism (JOO-dee-i-zuhm)

227
Q

n.in Buddhism and Hinduism, the effects that good or bad actions have on a person’s soul

A

karma

228
Q

n.a mountainous area in the northern part of South Asia, near the Chinese border

A

Kashmir

229
Q

n.a handwoven, brightly colored West African fabric

A

kente

230
Q

n.East African nation; formerly a British colony

A

Kenya

231
Q

n.capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

A

Kinshasa

232
Q

n.a system of social organization based on family ties

A

kinship system

233
Q

n.a warrior in medieval Europe who fought on horseback

A

knight

234
Q

n.the night of November 9, 1938, when the Nazis carried out attacks on Jewish businesses, homes, and synagogues

A

Kristallnacht

235
Q

n.Nigeria’s largest city and former capital

A

Lagos

236
Q

n.a “let things be” attitude on the part of government toward industry

A

laissez-faire (leh-say-FAYR)

237
Q

n.the natural features of the land’s surface

A

landforms

238
Q

n.a strip of land connecting two continents

A

land bridge

239
Q

n.kitchen where food is served without charge

A

langar

240
Q

n.the language of the Romans

A

Latin

241
Q

n.an organization in which countries would try to solve their problems peacefully

A

League of Nations

242
Q

n.the Chinese belief that people were bad by nature and needed to be controlled

A

Legalism

243
Q

n.a group of up to 6,000 Roman soldiers

A

legion (LEE-juhn)

244
Q

n.a movement for individual rights and liberties

A

liberalism

245
Q

n.a government that is not all-powerful and is checked by laws and institutions representing the will of the people

A

limited government

246
Q

n.animals that are related to camels but native to South America

A

llamas

247
Q

n.a person of high rank who owned land but owed loyalty to his king

A

lord

248
Q

n.an elected official in Rome

A

magistrate (MA-juh-strayt)

249
Q

n.a document signed in 1215 by King John of England that required the king to honor certain rights

A

Magna Carta

250
Q

n.corn

A

maize (MAYZ)

251
Q

n.a system in which the ideas and decisions supported by the most people are followed

A

majority rule

252
Q

n.a large estate owned by a knight or lord

A

manor

253
Q

n.the original settlers of New Zealand

A

Maori

254
Q

n.an economic system in which individuals decide what goods and services they will buy

A

market economy

255
Q

n.plan under which Western Europe received more than $13 billion in U.S. loans and grants between 1948 and 1952

A

Marshall Plan

256
Q

n.people who suffer death for their religious beliefs

A

martyrs

257
Q

n.the belief that the struggle of oppressed workers is the basis for social change

A

Marxism

258
Q

adj.society in which, even though men still serve as leaders, leadership passes down through the mother’s family

A

matrilineal

259
Q

n.violent movement with a goal to rid Kenya of white settlers

A

Mau Mau

260
Q

adj.referring to the Middle Ages

A

medieval (mee-DEE-vuhl)

261
Q

n.deep, continued thought that focuses the mind on spiritual ideas

A

meditation

262
Q

n.huge stone monument

A

megalith

263
Q

n.a system in which a government controls all economic activity in a country and its colonies to make the government stronger and richer

A

mercantilism

264
Q

n.a trader

A

merchant

265
Q

n.a region that includes the southern part of what is now Mexico and parts of the northern countries of Central America

A

Mesoamerica

266
Q

n.the middle part of the Stone Age; marked by the creation of smaller and more complex tools

A

Mesolithic Era

267
Q

n.in Judaism, a new leader that would appear among the Jews and restore the greatness of ancient Israel

A

Messiah (muh-SY-uh)

268
Q

n.the science of working with metals

A

metallurgy (MET-uhl-uhr-jee)

269
Q

n.tiny silicon chip used in computers

A

microchip

270
Q

n.a period that lasted from about 500 to 1500 in Europe

A

Middle Ages

271
Q

n.the period of Egyptian history from about 2050 to 1750 BC and marked by order and stability

A

Middle Kingdom

272
Q

v. to move to a new place

A

migrate

273
Q

n.the idea that a country should use a strong military to defend its interests

A

militarism

274
Q

n.a narrow tower from which Muslims are called to prayer

A

minaret

275
Q

n.someone who works to spread religious beliefs

A

missionary

276
Q

n.a market economy with features of traditional and command systems

A

mixed economy

277
Q

n.a ruler of a kingdom or empire

A

monarch (MAH-nark)

278
Q

n.a community of monks

A

monastery

279
Q

n.a religious man who lived apart from society in an isolated community

A

monk

280
Q

n.the belief in only one God

A

monotheism

281
Q

n.a seasonal wind pattern that causes wet and dry seasons

A

monsoon

282
Q

n.pictures made with pieces of colored stone or glass

A

mosaics

283
Q

n.a building for Muslim prayer

A

mosque (MAHSK)

284
Q

n.a specially treated body wrapped in cloth for preservation

A

mummy

285
Q

n.a follower of Islam

A

Muslim

286
Q

n.stories about gods and heroes that try to explain how the world works

A

mythology

287
Q

n.a devotion and loyalty to one’s country; develops among people with a common language, religion, or history

A

nationalism

288
Q

n.self-governing countries made up of people with a common cultural background

A

nation-states

289
Q

n.a law that people believed God had created to govern how the world operated

A

natural law

290
Q

n.the belief that developed during the Enlightenment that people had certain rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property

A

natural rights

291
Q

n.a German political party, which Adolf Hitler joined in 1919 and renamed

A

Nazi Party

292
Q

n.the New Stone Age; when people learned to make fire and tools like saws and drills

A

Neolithic Era

293
Q

n.the federal government’s efforts to reform business practices and to stimulate the economy

A

New Deal

294
Q

n.the period from about 1550 to 1050 BC in Egyptian history, when Egypt reached the height of its power and glory

A

New Kingdom

295
Q

n.in Buddhism, a state of perfect peace

A

nirvana

296
Q

n.a rich and powerful person

A

noble

297
Q

n.an organization made up of volunteers dedicated to solving a specific issue or problem

A

nongovernmental organization (NGO)

298
Q

n.the avoidance of violent actions

A

nonviolence

299
Q

n.a formal trade agreement signed by Mexico, the United States, and Canada; it went into effect in 1994

A

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

300
Q

n.a defensive military alliance formed by the United States, Canada, and ten Western European countries to protect themselves from Soviet aggression

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

301
Q

n.a number of trials of Nazi war criminals held at Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II

A

Nuremberg Trials

302
Q

n.a wet, fertile area within a desert

A

oasis

303
Q

n.a tall, pointed, four-sided pillar typical of ancient Egypt

A

obelisk (AH-buh-lisk)

304
Q

n.buildings used to study astronomy; Mayan priests watched the stars from these buildings

A

observatories

305
Q

n.a sharp, glasslike volcanic rock that came from different parts of Mesoamerica

A

obsidian

306
Q

n.the period from about 2700 to 2200 BC in Egyptian history that began shortly after Egypt was unified

A

Old Kingdom

307
Q

n.a government in which only a few people have power

A

oligarchy (AH-luh-gar-kee)

308
Q

n.an international organization whose members work to influence the price of oil on world markets by controlling the supply; founded in 1960

A

OPEC

309
Q

n.a prediction by a wise person, or a person who makes a prediction

A

oracle

310
Q

n.a spoken record of past events

A

oral history

311
Q

n.public speaker

A

orator

312
Q

n.when there are more people than resources in an area can support

A

overpopulation

313
Q

n.a layer of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere

A

ozone layer

314
Q

n.a nation formed in 1947; it originally included the area that is now Bangladesh

A

Pakistan

315
Q

n.the first part of the Stone Age; when people first used stone tools

A

Paleolithic Era (pay-lee-uh-LI-thik)

316
Q

n.when a disease affects many people over a wide area, such as in different countries or continents

A

pandemic

317
Q

n.a long-lasting, paperlike material, made from reeds, that the ancient Egyptians used to write on

A

papyrus (puh-PY-ruhs)

318
Q

n.the lawmaking body that governs England

A

Parliament (PAHR-luh-muhnt)

319
Q

n.division

A

partition

320
Q

n.a holiday in which Jews remember the Exodus

A

Passover

321
Q

n.the nobility in Roman society

A

patricians (puh-TRI-shuhnz)

322
Q

adj.describes a society in which leadership passes from fathers or grandfathers to sons, grandsons, or nephews

A

patrilineal

323
Q

n.a sponsor

A

patron

324
Q

n.Roman Peace; a period of general peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire that lasted from 27 BC to AD 180

A

Pax Romana

325
Q

n.a farmer with a small farm

A

peasant

326
Q

n.a war between Athens and Sparta in the 400s BC

A

Peloponnesian War

327
Q

n.the Soviet policy of economic restructuring

A

perestroika

328
Q

n.the time of disorder following the collapse of the Han dynasty

A

Period of Disunion

329
Q

n.punishment of a group because of its beliefs or differences

A

persecution

330
Q

n.a series of wars between Persia and Greece in the 400s BC

A

Persian Wars

331
Q

n.a method of showing a three-dimensional scene on a flat surface so that it looks real

A

perspective

332
Q

n.a group of Greek warriors who stood close together in a square formation

A

phalanx (FAY-langks)

333
Q

n.the title used by the rulers of Egypt

A

pharaoh (FEHR-oh)

334
Q

n.manufactured medical drugs

A

pharmaceuticals

335
Q

n.a picture symbol

A

pictograph

336
Q

n.a journey to a sacred place

A

pilgrimage

337
Q

n.a large farm

A

plantation

338
Q

n.amendment to Cuba’s constitution that limited Cuba’s right to make treaties and allowed the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs

A

Platt Amendment

339
Q

n.the common people of ancient Rome

A

plebeians (pli-BEE-uhnz)

340
Q

n.the Greek word for a city-state

A

polis (PAH-luhs)

341
Q

n.a difference of opinion over political issues

A

political dissent

342
Q

n.the worship of many gods

A

polytheism

343
Q

n.bishop of Rome

A

pope

344
Q

n.a book of Maya legends and history

A

Popol Vuh

345
Q

n.the Enlightenment idea that governments should express the will of the people

A

popular sovereignty

346
Q

n.a thin, beautiful pottery invented in China

A

porcelain

347
Q

n.an event where a host prepared a feast and gave valuable gifts

A

potlatch

348
Q

n.the time before there was writing

A

prehistory

349
Q

n.a person who performs religious ceremonies

A

priest

350
Q

n.an account of an event by someone who took part in or witnessed the event

A

primary source

351
Q

n.small states ruled by princes

A

principalities

352
Q

n.the money an individual or business has left after paying expenses

A

profit

353
Q

n.someone who is said to receive messages from God to be taught to others

A

prophet

354
Q

n.a Christian who protested against the Catholic Church

A

Protestant

355
Q

n.a short saying of wisdom or truth

A

proverb

356
Q

n.territory

A

province

357
Q

n.a series of wars between Rome and Carthage in the 200s and 100s BC

A

Punic Wars

358
Q

n.in Catholic teachings, a place where souls went before they went to heaven

A

purgatory

359
Q

n.a huge triangular tomb built by the Egyptians and other peoples

A

pyramid

360
Q

n.the language of the Inca

A

Quechua (KE-choo-wuh)

361
Q

n.the holy book of Islam

A

Qur’an (kuh-RAN)

362
Q

n.a Jewish religious leader and teacher

A

rabbi (RAB-eye)

363
Q

n.the belief that some people are better than others because of racial traits, such as skin color

A

racism

364
Q

n.a moist, densely wooded area that contains many different plants and animals

A

rain forest

365
Q

n.the period when the British controlled India

A

Raj

366
Q

n.person who looks at the world in a reasonable and logical way

A

rationalist

367
Q

n.clear and ordered thinking

A

reason

368
Q

n.a time of very slow economic activity

A

recession

369
Q

n.the effort of Christian kingdoms in northern Spain to retake land from the Moors during the Middle Ages

A

Reconquista (re-kahn-KEES-tuh)

370
Q

n.a reform movement against the Roman Catholic Church that began in 1517; it resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

A

Reformation (re-fuhr-MAY-shuhn)

371
Q

n.people who leave their country to move to another for safety

A

refugees

372
Q

n.a person who rules a country for someone who is unable to rule alone

A

regent

373
Q

n.an area with one or more features that make it different from surrounding areas

A

region

374
Q

n.a Hindu and Buddhist belief that souls are born and reborn many times, each time into a new body

A

reincarnation

375
Q

n.a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules

A

religious order

376
Q

n.the period of “rebirth” and creativity that followed Europe’s Middle Ages

A

Renaissance (REN-uh-sahns)

377
Q

n.payments for war damage

A

reparations

378
Q

n.a political system in which people elect leaders to govern them

A

republic

379
Q

n.the materials found on the earth that people need and value

A

resources

380
Q

n.in Christianity, Jesus’ rise from the dead

A

Resurrection

381
Q

n.a long, deep valley formed by the movement of the earth’s crust

A

rift

382
Q

n.languages that developed from Latin, such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian

A

Romance languages

383
Q

n.a council of wealthy and powerful citizens who advised Rome’s leaders

A

Roman Senate

384
Q

n.a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing

A

Rosetta Stone

385
Q

n.the idea that everybody must follow the laws of the land

A

rule of law

386
Q

adj.referring to a countryside area

A

rural

387
Q

n.Vikings from Scandinavia who likely traded with the Slavs

A

Rus

388
Q

n.a semiarid region in Africa, just south of the Sahara, that separates the desert from wetter areas

A

Sahel (sah-HEL)

389
Q

n.a person known and admired for his or her holiness

A

saint

390
Q

n.a social gathering held to discuss ideas during the Enlightenment

A

salon

391
Q

n.rites of passage to prepare a person for a certain event or for their next stage in life

A

samskaras

392
Q

n.a trained professional warrior in feudal Japan

A

samurai (SA-muh-rye)

393
Q

n.economic or political penalties imposed by one country on another to force a policy change

A

sanctions

394
Q

n.hills of sand shaped by the wind

A

sand dunes

395
Q

n.the most important language of ancient India

A

Sanskrit

396
Q

n.style of writing that pokes fun at people or society

A

satire

397
Q

n.an open grassland with scattered trees

A

savannah

398
Q

n.when there are not enough resources to meet people’s wants

A

scarcity

399
Q

n.an educated member of the government

A

scholar-official

400
Q

n.a particular way of gaining knowledge about the world

A

science

401
Q

n.a step-by-step method for performing experiments and other scientific research

A

scientific method

402
Q

n.a series of events that led to the birth of modern science; it lasted from about 1540 to 1700

A

Scientific Revolution

403
Q

n.a writer

A

scribe

404
Q

n.stamped images

A

seals

405
Q

n.information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event

A

secondary source

406
Q

n.investments in companies or governments, such as stock

A

securities

407
Q

adj.settled

A

sedentary

408
Q

n.a device that measures the strength of an earthquake

A

seismograph

409
Q

n.a worker in medieval Europe who was tied to the land on which he or she lived

A

serf

410
Q

n.title for a Persian king

A

shah

411
Q

n.a member of the second-largest branch of Islam

A

Shia (SHEE-ah)

412
Q

n.the traditional religion of Japan

A

Shinto

413
Q

n.a general who ruled Japan in the emperor’s name

A

shogun

414
Q

n.a place at which people worship a saint or a god

A

shrine

415
Q

n.a monotheistic religion that developed in India in the 1400s

A

Sikhism

416
Q

n.a process in which people exchange goods without contacting each other directly

A

silent barter

417
Q

n.a soft, light, and highly valued fabric developed in China

A

silk

418
Q

n.a network of trade routes that stretched across Asia from China to the Mediterranean Sea

A

Silk Road

419
Q

n.a mixture of fertile soil and tiny rocks that can make land ideal for farming

A

silt

420
Q

n.a political and economic system in which the government owns the means of production

A

socialism

421
Q

n.the division of society by rank or class

A

social hierarchy

422
Q

n.a community of people who share a common culture

A

society

423
Q

n.a market or bazaar

A

souk

424
Q

n.a large fleet of Spanish ships that was defeated by England in 1588

A

Spanish Armada

425
Q

n.an organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished people suspected of secretly practicing their old religion

A

Spanish Inquisition

426
Q

n.areas in China over which other countries had economic power

A

spheres of influence

427
Q

n.an imaginary creature with a human head and the body of a lion that was often shown on Egyptian statues

A

sphinx (sfinks)

428
Q

n.how well people in a nation can meet their needs and wants

A

standard of living

429
Q

n.pieces of a company

A

stocks

430
Q

n.a large landmass that is smaller than a continent, such as India

A

subcontinent

431
Q

n.Africa south of the Sahara

A

sub-Saharan Africa

432
Q

n.a waterway built in Egypt in the 1860s to connect the Mediterranean and Red Seas

A

Suez Canal

433
Q

n.a movement in Islam that taught people they can find God’s love by having a personal relationship with God

A

Sufism (SOO-fi-zuhm)

434
Q

n.Ottoman ruler

A

sultan

435
Q

n.a device that uses the position of shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day

A

sundial

436
Q

n.a collection of writings about the way Muhammad lived that provides a model for Muslims to follow

A

Sunnah (SOOH-nuh)

437
Q

n.a member of the largest branch of Islam

A

Sunni

438
Q

n.more of something than is needed

A

surplus

439
Q

n.the process of creating economic growth while preserving the environment

A

sustainable growth

440
Q

n.blended African-Arab culture

A

Swahili

441
Q

n.a Jewish house of worship

A

synagogue (SI-nuh-gawg)

442
Q

n.vast forest of evergreens, which covers about half of Russia

A

taiga

443
Q

n.a radical Muslim group in Afghanistan

A

Taliban

444
Q

n.a set of commentaries and lessons for everyday life in Judaism

A

Talmud (TAHL-moohd)

445
Q

n.a fee that a country charges on imports or exports

A

tariff

446
Q

n.a charge people pay to a government

A

tax

447
Q

v. to perform jobs by computer from home

A

telecommute

448
Q

n.in the Bible, a code of moral laws given to Moses by God

A

Ten Commandments

449
Q

n.a government ruled by religious authorities

A

theocracy

450
Q

n.an explanation a scientist develops based on facts

A

theory

451
Q

n.a long series of wars, mostly between Catholics and Protestants, that involved several countries in Europe, especially in the Holy Roman Empire

A

Thirty Years’ War

452
Q

n.a public area in Beijing, the capital of China

A

Tiananmen Square

453
Q

n.acceptance

A

tolerance

454
Q

n.an object that has been modified to help a person accomplish a task

A

tool

455
Q

n.the first five books of the Hebrew Bible and the most sacred text of Judaism

A

Torah

456
Q

n.a system in which the government controls all aspects of people’s lives

A

totalitarianism

457
Q

n.crowded clusters of tiny homes

A

townships

458
Q

n.exchanging goods and services

A

trade

459
Q

n.a system of people in different lands who trade goods back and forth

A

trade network

460
Q

n.a path followed by traders

A

trade route

461
Q

n.when a country exports more goods than it imports

A

trade surplus

462
Q

n.the peace treaty that ended World War I; signed in Versailles, France, on June 28, 1919

A

Treaty of Versailles

463
Q

n.policy of providing aid to help foreign countries fight communism

A

Truman Doctrine

464
Q

n.an ancient Greek leader who held power through the use of force

A

tyrant

465
Q

n.international organization that aims to maintain peace and security around the world

A

United Nations (UN)

466
Q

n.a UN declaration that defines human rights goals for the world community

A

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

467
Q

n.a government in which one person or group of people holds all power with no restrictions

A

unlimited government

468
Q

n.Russian mountain range

A

Ural Mountains

469
Q

adj.referring to a city area

A

urban

470
Q

n.a knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land in medieval Europe

A

vassal

471
Q

v. to reject or prohibit actions and laws of other government officials

A

veto (VEE-toh)

472
Q

n.South Vietnamese fighters who supported the Communist government of North Vietnam

A

Vietcong

473
Q

n.the longest river in Europe; it flows south through western Russia to the Caspian Sea

A

Volga

474
Q

n.strings of beads

A

wampum

475
Q

n.an alliance formed by the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries to protect themselves from the threat they believed NATO posed

A

Warsaw Pact

476
Q

n.violation of the laws of war as defined by international treaties and customs

A

war crime

477
Q

n.the value of all possessions that a person or country has

A

wealth

478
Q

n.a form of printing in which an entire page is carved into a block of wood, covered with ink, and pressed to a piece of paper to create a printed page

A

woodblock printing

479
Q

n.organization that provides loans for large projects in countries that need them

A

World Bank

480
Q

n.a type of journalism in which stories are exaggerated in order to attract readers

A

yellow journalism

481
Q

n.radical Jews who supported rebellion against the Romans

A

Zealots (ZE-luhts)

482
Q

n.a form of Buddhism that emphasizes meditation

A

Zen

483
Q

n.a pyramid-shaped temple in Sumer

A

ziggurat

LS History (2 decks)

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