People - World Civ Book

Question 1

Who, and About When?

Legendary Egyptian ruler; he unified the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt and built the new capital city of Memphis.

Answer 1

Menes (MEE-neez) (c. 3100 BC)

Question 2

Who, and About When?

King of Uruk, a city-state in Sumer; he became a legendary figure in Sumerian literature.

Answer 2

Gilgamesh (c. 3000 BC)

Question 3

Who, and About When?

Legendary Roman hero; the Romans traced their history back to Aeneas. Aeneas was a Trojan hero who left Troy after the Trojan War, eventually settling in Italy.

Answer 3

Aeneas (i-NEE-uhs) (c. 2500s BC)

Question 4

Who, and About When?

Egyptian pharaoh; he ruled during Egypt’s Old Kingdom and is known for the many monuments built to honor him.

Answer 4

Khufu (KOO-foo) (ruled c. 2500s BC)

Question 5

Who, and About When?

King of Akkad, a land north of Sumer; he built the world’s first empire after defeating Sumer and northern Mesopotamia.

Answer 5

Sargon (c. 2300 BC)

Question 6

Who, and About When?

Biblical figure; according to the Bible, God led Abraham to Canaan, and Abraham’s descendants became the Jewish people.

Answer 6

Abraham (c. 2000 BC)

Question 7

Who, and About When?

Babylonian ruler, he was a brilliant military leader who brought all of Mesopotamia into the Babylonian Empire. Hammurabi is known for a unified code of 282 laws, the earliest known set of written laws, that was produced during his reign.

Answer 7

Hammurabi (ham-uh-RAHB-ee) (c. 1811–1750 BC)

Question 8

Who, and About When?

Egyptian queen, she worked to increase trade with places outside of Egypt and ordered many impressive monuments and temples built during her reign.

Answer 8

Hatshepsut (ruled c. 1503–1482 BC)

Question 9

Who, and About When?

Egyptian pharaoh; he died while still a young king. The discovery of his tomb in 1922 has taught archaeologists much about Egyptian culture.

Answer 9

Tutankhamen (too-tang-KAHM-uhn) (c. 1341–1323 BC)

Question 10

Who, and About When?

Egyptian pharaoh; he expanded the kingdom and built lasting temples at Karnak, Luxor, and Abu Simbel. Ramses the Great is often considered one of Egypt’s greatest rulers.

Answer 10

Ramses the Great (RAM-seez) (ruled c. 1279–1213 BC)

Question 11

Who, and About When?

Biblical figure; according to the Bible, he led the Hebrew people out of Egypt and back to Canaan in the Exodus. During this journey, Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.

Answer 11

Moses (c. 1200s BC)

Question 12

Who, and About When?

King of Israel, he defeated the Philistines and moved the capital to Jerusalem after capturing that city.

Answer 12

David (c. 1000 BC)

Question 13

Who, and About When?

King of Israel; he formed alliances with nearby kingdoms and built a temple to God in Jerusalem.

Answer 13

Solomon (SAHL-uh-muhn) (ruled c. 965–930 BC)

Question 14

Who, and About When?

Greek poet; he wrote theIliadand theOdyssey, two famous Greek epic poems. They describe the deeds of heroes during and after the Trojan War.

Answer 14

Homer (c. 800s–700s BC)

Question 15

Who, and About When?

Legendary figures in Roman history; they were said to have built a city that eventually became Rome.

Answer 15

Romulus and Remus (c. 753 BC)

Question 16

Who, and About When?

Ruler of Kush; he was one of Kush’s most successful military leaders. His army captured all of Egypt.

Answer 16

Piankhi (PYAN-kee) (c. 751–716 BC)

Question 17

Who, and About When?

Greek poet; she was one of the most famous lyric poets of Greece.

Answer 17

Sappho (SAF-oh) (c. 610–580 BC)

Question 18

Who, and About When?

Man whose teachings are the basis of Jainism.

Answer 18

Mahavira (c. 599–527 BC)

Question 19

Who, and About When?

Persian emperor; he created the Persian Empire by conquering most of Southwest Asia.

Answer 19

Cyrus the Great (SY-ruhs) (c. 585–529 BC)

Question 20

Who, and About When?

Founder of Buddhism; he was originally an Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama. He founded the Buddhist religion after a long spiritual journey through India.

Answer 20

Buddha (BOO-duh) (c. 563–483 BC)

Question 21

Who, and About When?

Chaldean king; he rebuilt Babylon into a beautiful city, which featured the famed Hanging Gardens.

Answer 21

Nebuchadnezzar (neb-uh-kuhd-NEZ-uhr) (died c. 562 BC)

Question 22

Who, and About When?

Chinese philosopher; he emphasized ethical behavior for individuals and governments. He was the most influential teacher in Chinese history.

Answer 22

Confucius (c. 551–479 BC)

Question 23

Who, and About When?

Persian emperor; he restored order to the Persian Empire after a period of rebellion. Darius I built roads and made other improvements to Persian society.

Answer 23

Darius I (da-RY-uhs) (c. 550–486 BC)

Question 24

Who, and About When?

Son of Darius; Xerxes I led the Persians against the Greeks in the Battle of Salamis, the battle that ended the Persian Wars.

Answer 24

Xerxes I (c. 519–465 BC)

Question 25

# Who, and About When? Roman dictator; he was chosen by the Romans to defend their lands from attack. Later, he willingly gave up power and was considered an ideal leader by the Romans.

Answer 25

Cincinnatus (sin-suh-NAT-uhs) (c. 519–430 BC)

Question 26

# Who, and About When? Chinese philosopher; he was the most famous Daoist teacher. Laozi is credited with writing The Way and Its Power, Daoism’s basic text.

Answer 26

Laozi (LOWD-zuh) (c. 500s or 400s BC)

Question 27

# Who, and About When? Athenian leader; he encouraged the spread of democracy and led Athens when the city was at its height.

Answer 27

Pericles (PER-uh-kleez) (c. 495–429 BC)

Question 28

# Who, and About When? Greek philosopher; his teaching style was based on asking questions. He wanted people to question their own beliefs. Socrates was arrested and condemned to death for challenging authority.

Answer 28

Socrates (SAHK-ruh-teez) (c. 470–399 BC)

Question 29

# Who, and About When? Greek doctor; he is regarded as the father of medicine. Hippocrates tried to find out what caused diseases and is known today for his ideas on how doctors should conduct themselves.

Answer 29

Hippocrates (hip-AHK-ruh-teez) (c. 460–377 BC)

Question 30

# Who, and About When? Greek philosopher; he was a student of Socrates. Plato started a school in Athens, called the Academy, and wrote The Republic, which describes an ideal society run by philosophers.

Answer 30

Plato (PLAYT-oh) (c. 428–389 BC)

Question 31

# Who, and About When? Ancient Greek storyteller; he was famous for his fables—short stories that teach important lessons about life.

Answer 31

Aesop (EE-sahp) (before c. 400 BC)

Question 32

# Who, and About When? Greek philosopher; he was a student of Plato. Aristotle taught that people should live lives of moderation and use reason in their lives.

Answer 32

Aristotle (ar-uh-STAH-tuhl) (c. 384–322 BC)

Question 33

# Who, and About When? Macedonian king; he was a brilliant military leader who defeated the Greeks. Alexander the Great was his son.

Answer 33

Philip II (c. 382–336 BC)

Question 34

# Who, and About When? One of the three powerful generals who, in the absence of an heir, claimed a share of Alexander the Great’s empire; Antigonus became the king of Macedonia.

Answer 34

Antigonus (an-TIG-uh-nuhs) (382–301 BC)

Question 35

# Who, and About When? Last of Alexander the Great’s generals to become a king; Ptolemy ruled Egypt.

Answer 35

Ptolemy I Soter (TAHL-uh-mee) (c. 367–283 BC)

Question 36

# Who, and About When? A general who controlled most of Alexander the Great’s empire in Asia, including Persia.

Answer 36

Seleucus (suh-LOO-kuhs) (c. 358–281 BC)

Question 37

# Who, and About When? Macedonian ruler; he was one of the greatest military commanders in history. The son of Philip II, Alexander conquered large areas of Asia and parts of Europe and Africa and spread Greek culture throughout his empire.

Answer 37

Alexander the Great (c. 356–323 BC)

Question 38

# Who, and About When? Mauryan ruler; he founded the Mauryan Empire.

Answer 38

Chandragupta Maurya (kuhn-druh-GOOP-tuh) (c. 350–297 BC)

Question 39

# Who, and About When? Astronomer; the first person to propose that the earth moves around the sun.

Answer 39

Aristarchus (ahr-uh-STAHR-kuhs) (c. 310–230 BC)

Question 40

# Who, and About When? Greek mathematician; he was one of the greatest mathematicians in history. Euclid is famous for his contributions to the field of geometry.

Answer 40

Euclid (YOO-kluhd) (c. 300 BC)

Question 41

# Who, and About When? Ruler of the Mauryan Empire; he extended his control over most of India and promoted the spread of Buddhism.

Answer 41

Asoka (uh-SOH-kuh) (ruled 270–232 BC)

Question 42

# Who, and About When? Ruler of China; he united China for the first time. He built roads and canals and began the Great Wall of China. Shi Huangdi also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing in China.

Answer 42

Shi Huangdi (SHEE hwahng-dee) (c. 259–210 BC)

Question 43

# Who, and About When? Carthaginian general; he was one of the greatest generals of the ancient world. Hannibal invaded Italy during the Second Punic War but was eventually defeated by Scipio at the Battle of Zama.

Answer 43

Hannibal (c. 247–183 BC)

Question 44

# Who, and About When? Ruler of Kush; historians think she was the first woman to rule Kush. Her tomb is one of the largest pyramids in Meroë.

Answer 44

Shanakhdakheto (shah-nahk-dah-KEE-toh) (ruled c. 170–150 BC)

Question 45

# Who, and About When? Roman consul; he was a popular general who encouraged the unemployed poor to join the Roman army.

Answer 45

Marius, Gaius (GY-uhs MER-ee-uhs) (c. 157–86 BC)

Question 46

# Who, and About When? Roman consul; he battled Gaius Marius in a civil war.

Answer 46

Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (LOO-shuhs kawr-NEEL-yuhs SUHL-uh) (c. 138–78 BC)

Question 47

# Who, and About When? Roman general; he was an ally of Caesar but later the two went to war and Pompey was defeated in Egypt.

Answer 47

Pompey (c. 106–48 BC)

Question 48

# Who, and About When? Roman orator and philosopher; he tried to limit the power of Rome’s generals and give control of the government back to the Senate.

Answer 48

Cicero (SIS-uh-roh) (c. 106–43 BC)

Question 49

# Who, and About When? Former Roman gladiator; he led a slave revolt against Rome.

Answer 49

Spartacus (SPAHR-tuh-kuhs) (c. 73 BC)

Question 50

# Who, and About When? Roman general; he was one of the greatest military leaders in history. Caesar conquered most of Gaul and was named dictator for life but was later murdered by a group of senators.

Answer 50

Caesar, Julius (JOOL-yuhs SEE-zuhr) (c. 100–44 BC)

Question 51

# Who, and About When? Young senator and friend of Caesar; Brutus ultimately turned against the emperor and participated in the Ides of March attack.

Answer 51

Brutus (BROOT-uhs) (c. 85–42 BC)

Question 52

# Who, and About When? Roman general; he fought against Octavian after the death of Julius Caesar. Antony was allied with Cleopatra of Egypt but was defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.

Answer 52

Antony, Marc (c. 82–30 BC)

Question 53

# Who, and About When? Roman author; he wrote the Aeneid, the great epic about the founding of Rome.

Answer 53

Virgil (70–19 BC)

Question 54

# Who, and About When? Egyptian queen, she became a devoted ally of Julius Caesar and Marc Antony. After Antony was defeated by Octavian, she committed suicide.

Answer 54

Cleopatra VII (c. 69–30 BC)

Question 55

# Who, and About When? First Roman emperor; he was originally named Octavian. He was the great-nephew of Julius Caesar and gained control of Rome after defeating Marc Antony in battle. As emperor, Augustus built many monuments and a new forum.

Answer 55

Augustus (aw-GUHS-tuhs) (c. 63 BC–AD 14)

Question 56

# Who, and About When? Roman poet and author; he was one of the greatest authors of the ancient world and wrote poems on Roman mythology.

Answer 56

Ovid (AHV-uhd) (c. 43 BC–AD 17)

Question 57

# Who, and About When? Famous prophet who preached the coming of the Messiah.

Answer 57

John the Baptist (b. 1st century BC)

Question 58

# Who, and About When? Founder of Christianity; he taught about kindness and love for God. His teachings spread throughout the Roman Empire and the world.

Answer 58

Jesus of Nazareth (c. 1–30)

Question 59

# Who, and About When? One of the most important figures in the spread of Christianity; he worked to spread Jesus’ teachings and wrote letters that explained key ideas of Christianity.

Answer 59

Paul (c. 10–67)

Question 60

# Who, and About When? Leaders of a famous rebellion in AD 39, which briefly drove the Chinese out of Vietnam

Answer 60

Trung sisters (died c. AD 43)

Question 61

# Who, and About When? Roman emperor; he conquered most of Britain and built a huge wall across the northern part of the island to keep barbarian invaders from the north out of Roman territory.

Answer 61

Hadrian (c. 76–138)

Question 62

# Who, and About When? Ancient Greek astronomer and geographer; he studied the skies and made maps of the Mediterranean region.

Answer 62

Ptolemy (TAHL-uh-mee) (c. 90–168)

Question 63

# Who, and About When? Greek surgeon of the Roman Empire; he described heart valves and studied arteries and veins.

Answer 63

Galen (c. 129–199)

Question 64

# Who, and About When? Roman emperor; he divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves.

Answer 64

Diocletian (dy-uh-KLEE-shuhn) (c. 245–316)

Question 65

# Who, and About When? Roman emperor; he was the first Roman emperor to become a Christian. Constantine moved the empire’s capital from Rome to Constantinople and removed bans on Christianity.

Answer 65

Constantine (KAHN-stuhn-teen) (c.280–337)

Question 66

# Who, and About When? Aksumite ruler; he destroyed Meroë and took over the kingdom of Kush about AD 350.

Answer 66

Ezana (AY-zah-nah) (c. 300s)

Question 67

# Who, and About When? Ruler of the Gupta Empire at its height.

Answer 67

Chandra Gupta II (KUHN-druh GOOP-tuh) (c. 300s–400s)

Question 68

# Who, and About When? Early Christian philosopher whose writings influenced the development of Christianity; also known as Saint Augustine.

Answer 68

Augustine of Hippo (AW-guhs-teen) (354–430)

Question 69

# Who, and About When? Christian saint; he converted the people of Ireland to Christianity.

Answer 69

Patrick (c. 400s)

Question 70

# Who, and About When? Leader of the Huns; he led invasions of Constantinople, Greece, Gaul, and northern Italy and was greatly feared by the Romans.

Answer 70

Attila (AT-uhl-uh) (c. 406–453)

Question 71

# Who, and About When? King of the Franks; he was a Christian leader who built a huge kingdom in Gaul.

Answer 71

Clovis (c. 466–511)

Question 72

# Who, and About When? Italian saint and monk; he created a set of rules for monks to follow.

Answer 72

Benedict (c. 480–547)

Question 73

# Who, and About When? Emperor of the eastern Roman Empire; he organized all Roman laws into a legal system called Justinian’s Code. He also reconquered much of the Mediterranean and built Hagia Sophia.

Answer 73

Justinian (juh-STIN-ee-uhn) (c. 483–565)

Question 74

# Who, and About When? Wife of the Byzantine emperor Justinian; she was a smart and powerful woman who helped him rule effectively.

Answer 74

Theodora (thee-uh-DOHR-uh) (c. 500–548)

Question 75

# Who, and About When? Founder of Islam; he spread Islam’s teachings to the people of Arabia. His teachings make up the Qur’an.

Answer 75

Muhammad (c. 570–632)

Question 76

# Who, and About When? Japanese regent; he was one of Japan’s greatest leaders. He was influential in bringing Buddhism and Chinese ideas to Japan.

Answer 76

Shotoku (shoh-TOH-koo) (c. 573–621)

Question 77

# Who, and About When? First caliph; he ruled the Muslim world after Muhammad’s death.

Answer 77

Abu Bakr (UH-boo BAK-urh) (c. 573–634)

Question 78

# Who, and About When? Maya king of Palenque; he had a temple built in the city to record his achievements.

Answer 78

Pacal (pah-KAHL) (603–683)

Question 79

# Who, and About When? Empress of China during the Tang dynasty; she ruled ruthlessly and brought prosperity to China.

Answer 79

Wu (c. 625–705)

Question 80

# Who, and About When? King of the Franks; he was a brilliant warrior and strong leader. He was crowned emperor of the Romans in 800.

Answer 80

Charlemagne (SHAHR-luh-mayn) (742–814)

Question 81

# Who, and About When? Japanese noble and writer; she wrote The Tale of Genji, the world’s first known novel.

Answer 81

Murasaki Shikibu (moohr-ah-SAHK-ee shee-KEE-boo) (c. 978–c. 1014)

Question 82

# Who, and About When? King of the Empire of Ghana; his kingdom was visited by Muslim writers.

Answer 82

Tunka Manin (TOOHN-kah MAH-nin) (ruled c. 1068)

Question 83

# Who, and About When? Founder of the Empire of Mali; his reign is recorded in legends.

Answer 83

Sundiata (soohn-JAHT-ah) (died c. 1255)

Question 84

# Who, and About When? Mali’s greatest and most famous mansa, or ruler; he was a devout Muslim. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca that helped spread Mali’s fame.

Answer 84

Mansa Musa (moo-sah) (died c. 1332)

Question 85

# Who, and About When? Sunni, or emperor, of Songhai; he conquered Mali and made Songhai into a powerful state.

Answer 85

Sunni Ali (SOOH-nee ah-LEE) (died c. 1492)

Question 86

# Who, and About When? A powerful medieval pope; he fought with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the power to choose church officials.

Answer 86

Gregory VII (c. 1020–1085)

Question 87

# Who, and About When? Powerful French noble who conquered England; he brought feudalism to Britain.

Answer 87

William the Conqueror (c. 1028–1087)

Question 88

# Who, and About When? Medieval pope; he called on Christians to launch the First Crusade.

Answer 88

Urban II (c. 1035–1099)

Question 89

# Who, and About When? Sufi poet, mathematician, and astronomer; he wrote The Rubáiyát.

Answer 89

Omar Khayyám (OH-mahr ky-AHM) (c. 1048–1131)

Question 90

# Who, and About When? Holy Roman Emperor; he fought against Pope Gregory VII over the power to choose church officials.

Answer 90

Henry IV (1050–1106)

Question 91

# Who, and About When? Queen of France and England; she was one of the most powerful women in Europe in the Middle Ages.

Answer 91

Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1122–1204)

Question 92

# Who, and About When? Muslim general; he led the Muslim forces during the Third Crusade.

Answer 92

Saladin (1137–1193)

Question 93

# Who, and About When? King of England; he led Christian soldiers in the Third Crusade. He earned the respect of his enemies as well as Christian soldiers for his bravery and his fairness.

Answer 93

Richard I (1157–1199)

Question 94

# Who, and About When? Ruler of the Mongols; he led his people in attacks against China and against other parts of Asia. His name means “universal leader.”

Answer 94

Genghis Khan (JENG-guhs KAHN) (c. 1162–1227)

Question 95

# Who, and About When? Italian saint; he encouraged people to be kind to others and founded the Franciscan Order.

Answer 95

Francis of Assisi (c. 1182–1226)

Question 96

# Who, and About When? Mongol ruler; he completed the conquest of China and founded the Yuan dynasty.

Answer 96

Kublai Khan (KOO-bluh KAHN) (1215–1294)

Question 97

# Who, and About When? Dominican philosopher; he argued that rational thought could be used to support Christian belief.

Answer 97

Aquinas, Thomas (uh-KWY-nuhs) (1225–1274)

Question 98

# Who, and About When? Italian trader; he traveled to China and later wrote about his trip. During his time in China, he served as a government official in Kublai Khan’s court.

Answer 98

Polo, Marco (1254–1324)

Question 99

# Who, and About When? Italian Renaissance poet; he wrote The Divine Comedy in the Italian language.

Answer 99

Alighieri, Dante (DAHN-tay ahl-eeg-YEH-ree) (1265–1321)

Question 100

# Who, and About When? Muslim traveler and writer; he visited Africa, India, China, and Spain.

Answer 100

Ibn Battutah (c. 1304–1368)

Question 101

# Who, and About When? Early Italian Renaissance scholar; he wrote about the importance of knowing history.

Answer 101

Petrarch (PEH-trahrk) (1304–1374)

Question 102

# Who, and About When? Chinese admiral during the Ming dynasty; he led great voyages that spread China’s fame throughout Asia.

Answer 102

Zheng He (juhng HUH) (c. 1371–1433)

Question 103

# Who, and About When? Italian banker and leader of Florence; he wanted to make Florence the greatest city in the world. His actions helped bring about the Renaissance.

Answer 103

Medici, Cosimo de’ (KOH-zee-moh day MED-i-chee) (1389–1464)

Question 104

# Who, and About When? Prince of Portugal; he helped promote exploration by Portuguese sailors.

Answer 104

Henry the Navigator (1394–1460)

Question 105

# Who, and About When? German printer; he developed a printing press that used movable type.

Answer 105

Gutenberg, Johann (YOH-hahn GOOT-uhn-berk) (c. 1400–1468)

Question 106

# Who, and About When? French peasant girl; she rallied the French troops during the Hundred Years’ War.

Answer 106

Joan of Arc (c. 1412–1431)

Question 107

# Who, and About When? Ottoman sultan; he defeated the Byzantine Empire in 1453.

Answer 107

Mehmed II (1432–1481)

Question 108

# Who, and About When? Prince of Muscovy who broke away from the Mongol Empire and took the title of czar.

Answer 108

Ivan III (1440–1505)

Question 109

# Who, and About When? Songhai ruler; he overthrew Sunni Baru. His reign was the high point of Songhai culture.

Answer 109

Askia the Great (c. 1443–1538)

Question 110

# Who, and About When? Queen of Spain; she helped complete the Reconquista. She and her husband banned Islam and forced all Jews in Spain either to become Christian or to leave. She also paid for the voyages of Christopher Columbus.

Answer 110

Isabella (1451–1504)

Question 111

# Who, and About When? Italian sailor supported by the rulers of Spain; he reached the Americas in 1492, becoming the first European to do so.

Answer 111

Columbus, Christopher (c. 1451–1506)

Question 112

# Who, and About When? King of Spain; he and his wife, Isabella, completed the Reconquista. They forced Jews in Spain either to become Christian or to leave. Ferdinand and Isabella also banned Islam.

Answer 112

Ferdinand (1452–1516)

Question 113

# Who, and About When? Genius of the Renaissance; he was a painter, sculptor, inventor, engineer, town planner, and mapmaker.

Answer 113

da Vinci, Leonardo (1452–1519)

Question 114

# Who, and About When? Portuguese sailor; he sailed around Africa to reach India.

Answer 114

da Gama, Vasco (c. 1460–1524)

Question 115

# Who, and About When? Last Aztec emperor; he was killed in the Spanish conquest led by Cortés.

Answer 115

Moctezuma II (MAWK-tay-soo-mah) (1466–1520)

Question 116

# Who, and About When? Dutch priest; he published The Praise of Folly, in which he criticized corrupt clergy. His criticisms helped inspire the Protestant Reformation.

Answer 116

Erasmus, Desiderius (des-i-DEER-ee-uhs i-RAZ-mus) (1466–1536)

Question 117

# Who, and About When? Italian writer and politician; he wrote The Prince in which he advised leaders on how to rule.

Answer 117

Machiavelli, Niccolo (mahk-yah-VEL-lee) (1469–1527)

Question 118

# Who, and About When? Man whose teachings form the basis of Sikhism.

Answer 118

Nanak (c. 1469–1539)

Question 119

# Who, and About When? German Renaissance artist; he is famous for his prints and woodcuts.

Answer 119

Dürer, Albrecht (AWL-brekt DYUR-uhr) (1471–1528)

Question 120

# Who, and About When? Inca ruler; he greatly expanded the Incas’ territory.

Answer 120

Pachacuti (pah-chah-KOO-tee) (died c. 1471)

Question 121

# Who, and About When? Polish astronomer; his book On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres helped begin the Scientific Revolution.

Answer 121

Copernicus, Nicolaus (kuh-PUHR-ni-kuhs) (1473–1543)

Question 122

# Who, and About When? Priest who believed that the Spanish should try to convert American Indians to Christianity by showing them love, gentleness, and kindness.

Answer 122

de las Casas, Bartolomé (c. 1474–1566)

Question 123

# Who, and About When? Spanish conquistador; he conquered the Inca Empire.

Answer 123

Pizarro, Francisco (c. 1475–1541)

Question 124

# Who, and About When? Italian Renaissance artist; he designed buildings, wrote poetry, and created sculptures and paintings.

Answer 124

Michelangelo (mee-kay-LAHN-jay-loh) (1475–1564)

Question 125

# Who, and About When? Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain; his crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe.

Answer 125

Magellan, Ferdinand (muh-JEHL-uhn) (c. 1480–1521)

Question 126

# Who, and About When? Indian emperor; he founded the Mughal Empire.

Answer 126

Babur (BAH-boor) (1483–1530)

Question 127

# Who, and About When? German priest credited with starting the Reformation; he nailed a list of complaints about the Catholic Church to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany.

Answer 127

Luther, Martin (1483–1546)

Question 128

# Who, and About When? Spanish conquistador; he went to Mexico in search of gold and conquered the Aztec Empire.

Answer 128

Cortés, Hernán (er-NAHN kohr-TAYS) (1485–1547)

Question 129

# Who, and About When? King of England; he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church.

Answer 129

Henry VIII (1491–1547)

Question 130

# Who, and About When? Spanish noble and saint, he founded the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits.

Answer 130

Ignatius (ig-NAY-shuhs) of Loyola (c. 1491–1556)

Question 131

# Who, and About When? Ottoman ruler; he governed the empire at its height.

Answer 131

Suleyman I (soo-lay-MAHN) (c. 1494–1566)

Question 132

# Who, and About When? Last Inca king; he was killed by Francisco Pizarro.

Answer 132

Atahualpa (ah-tah-WAHL-pah) (1502–1533)

Question 133

# Who, and About When? Jesuit priest and missionary; he introduced Catholicism to parts of India and Japan.

Answer 133

Xavier, Francis (ZAYV-yuhr) (1506–1552)

Question 134

# Who, and About When? Christian reformer; he taught about predestination, living a good life, and obeying God’s laws.

Answer 134

Calvin, John (1509–1564)

Question 135

# Who, and About When? English sailor sent to the Americas by Queen Elizabeth I to steal gold and silver from Spanish ships; he became a famous pirate.

Answer 135

Drake, Francis (c. 1540–1596)

Question 136

# Who, and About When? Mughal emperor; he conquered new lands and worked to make the Mughal government stronger. He also began a tolerant religious policy that helped unify the empire.

Answer 136

Akbar (1542–1605)

Question 137

# Who, and About When? Danish astronomer of the Scientific Revolution; he emphasized the importance of careful observation.

Answer 137

Brahe, Tycho (TYOO-koh BRAH-huh) (1546–1601)

Question 138

# Who, and About When? Spanish writer; he wrote Don Quixote.

Answer 138

Cervantes, Miguel de (mee-GEL day ser-VAHN-tays) (c. 1547–1616)

Question 139

# Who, and About When? English philosopher who, in 1605, authored The Advancement of Learning

Answer 139

Bacon, Francis (1561–1626)

Question 140

# Who, and About When? English Renaissance writer and playwright; he is considered by many to be the greatest English writer of all time.

Answer 140

Shakespeare, William (c. 1564–1616)

Question 141

# Who, and About When? Italian scientist; he was the first scientist to routinely use experiments to test theories. He was placed on trial for supporting theories that contradicted church teachings.

Answer 141

Galileo Galilei (gal-uh-LEE-oh gal-uh-LAY) (1564–1642)

Question 142

# Who, and About When? German astronomer; he proved that the planets orbit the sun.

Answer 142

Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630)

Question 143

# Who, and About When? French philosopher who believed that nothing should be accepted as true if it isn’t proven to be true.

Answer 143

Descartes, René (1596–1650)

Question 144

# Who, and About When? English philosopher; he thought that government was a contract between the ruler and the people.

Answer 144

Locke, John (1632–1704)

Question 145

# Who, and About When? English scientist; he studied and simplified the work of earlier scientists. He identified four laws that explained how the physical world works.

Answer 145

Newton, Sir Isaac (c. 1642–1727)

Question 146

# Who, and About When? French Enlightenment thinker; he believed that government should be divided into separate branches to protect people’s freedom.

Answer 146

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis (mohn-te-SKYOO) (1689–1755)

Question 147

# Who, and About When? French philosopher; he mocked government and religion in his writings.

Answer 147

Voltaire (vohl-TAYR) (1694–1778)

Question 148

# Who, and About When? French philosopher; he believed in popular sovereignty and the social contract between citizens and their governments.

Answer 148

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (roo-SOH) (1712–1778)

Question 149

# Who, and About When? British writer; she argued that women should have the same rights as men.

Answer 149

Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759–1797)

Question 150

# Who, and About When? Young French general who, after the French Revolution, seized political power and made France into a great empire that dominated Europe.

Answer 150

Bonaparte, Napoleon (1769–1821)

Question 151

# Who, and About When? Austrian prince; he led the Congress of Vienna in setting peace terms after the defeat of Napoleon.

Answer 151

Metternich, Klemens von (MEH-tuhr-nik) (c. 1773–1859)

Question 152

# Who, and About When? Latin American revolutionary leader; he inspired revolutionary movements in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.

Answer 152

Bolívar, Simón (see-MOHN boh-LEE-vahr) (1783–1830)

Question 153

# Who, and About When? Italian military and political leader; he led the movement for Italian unification.

Answer 153

Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807–1882)

Question 154

# Who, and About When? Prussian prime minister; he led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German Empire.

Answer 154

Bismarck, Otto von (1815–1898)

Question 155

# Who, and About When? German philosopher; he called on workers to overthrow capitalism. His ideas helped inspire socialism.

Answer 155

Marx, Karl (1818–1883)

Question 156

# Who, and About When? Cuban writer and revolutionary who, in 1895, returned from exile to launch a second war for Cuban independence.

Answer 156

Martí, José (1853–1895)

Question 157

# Who, and About When? Last czar of Russia.

Answer 157

Nicholas II (1868–1918)

Question 158

# Who, and About When? One of the leaders of a rebellion that broke out in the Philippines in 1896

Answer 158

Aguinaldo, Emilio (1869–1964)

Question 159

# Who, and About When? Russian revolutionary leader; he led the overthrow of the Russian government in 1917 to create the first Communist state.

Answer 159

Lenin, Vladimir (1870–1924)

Question 160

# Who, and About When? British prime minister; he rallied the British people during World War II.

Answer 160

Churchill, Winston (1874–1965)

Question 161

# Who, and About When? Soviet leader; he took over the Soviet government after Lenin died. He killed or sent to labor camps thousands of people he considered disloyal.

Answer 161

Stalin, Joseph (c. 1879–1953)

Question 162

# Who, and About When? U.S. general and commander of the Allied Powers in Japan.

Answer 162

MacArthur, Douglas (1880–1964)

Question 163

# Who, and About When? U.S. president who attempted to restore the country’s economy after the Great Depression

Answer 163

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882–1945)

Question 164

# Who, and About When? Italian dictator; he made Italy a fascist state shortly before World War II.

Answer 164

Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945)

Question 165

# Who, and About When? German dictator; his aggression launched World War II.

Answer 165

Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945)

Question 166

# Who, and About When? U.S. general who, as the Supreme Allied Commander, was the leader in charge of planning the Allied invasion.

Answer 166

Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1890–1969)

Question 167

# Who, and About When? Vietnamese nationalist whose Communist forces governed North Vietnam after France’s defeat in 1954

Answer 167

Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969)

Question 168

# Who, and About When? Chinese leader; he made China a Communist state in 1949.

Answer 168

Mao Zedong (MOW ZUH-DOOHNG) (1893–1976)

Question 169

# Who, and About When? Communist Party leader in 1956

Answer 169

Khrushchev, Nikita (1894–1971)

Question 170

# Who, and About When? Army colonel who became president of Argentina in 1946.

Answer 170

Perón, Juan (1895–1974)

Question 171

# Who, and About When? Popular Hungarian Communist leader who formed a new government in an attempt to overthrow Soviet forces

Answer 171

Nagy, Imre (1896–1958)

Question 172

# Who, and About When? Japanese Emperor who took the throne in 1926 after the death of his father.

Answer 172

Hirohito (1901–1989)

Question 173

# Who, and About When? U.S. president; he expanded U.S. military forces to put more pressure on the Soviet Union.

Answer 173

Reagan, Ronald (1911–2004)

Question 174

# Who, and About When? Military dictator who ruled Chile; he came to power during a bloody coup that was supported by the United States.

Answer 174

Pinochet, Augusto (1915–2006)

Question 175

# Who, and About When? Egyptian president who, in 1979, signed a peace treaty with the Israeli prime minister at the White House

Answer 175

Sadat, Anwar (1918–1981)

Question 176

# Who, and About When? Czech Communist leader

Answer 176

Dubček, Alexander (1921–1992)

Question 177

# Who, and About When? British prime minister who spoke out strongly against the Soviet Union

Answer 177

Thatcher, Margaret (1925–2013)

Question 178

# Who, and About When? Cuban dictator who came to power in 1959

Answer 178

Castro, Fidel (1926–)

Question 179

# Who, and About When? Leader of the Soviet Union; he proposed reforms and openness that encouraged changes in government throughout Eastern Europe.

Answer 179

Gorbachev, Mikhail (GAWR-buh-chawf) (1931–)

Question 180

# Who, and About When? Challenged the president of the Philippines in an election in 1986 and won.

Answer 180

Aquino, Corazón (ah-KEE-no, cor-AH-zohn) (1933–2009)

Question 181

# Who, and About When? Czechoslovakian playwright who was elected president just before the country peacefully split into Slovakia and the Czech Republic

Answer 181

Havel, Václav (1936–2011)

Question 182

# Who, and About When? Outspoken activist for democracy in Myanmar; she gained a powerful position in Myanmar’s government.

Answer 182

Aung San Suu Kyi (AWNG SAHN SOO CHEE) (1945–)

Question 183

# Who, and About When? Ukraine’s president; elected in 2014

Answer 183

Poroshenko, Petro (1965–)