Vocabulary Unit 6 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Purine

A

a base (such as adenine or guanine) that is a constituent of DNA or RNA

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2
Q

Pyrimidines

A

a base (such as cytosine, thymine, or uracil) that is a constituent of DNA or RNA

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3
Q

Antiparallel

A

parallel but oppositely directed or oriented

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4
Q

Plasmids

A

an extrachromosomal ring of DNA especially of bacteria that replicates autonomously

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5
Q

RNA

A

any of various nucleic acids that contain ribose and uracil as structural components and are associated with the control of cellular chemical activities

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6
Q

DNA

A

any of various nucleic acids that are usually the molecular basis of heredity, are constructed of a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases (see BASE entry 1 sense 6b) which project inward from two chains containing alternate links of deoxyribose and phosphate, and that in eukaryotes are localized chiefly in cell nuclei

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7
Q

Origins of Replication

A

An origin of replication is a sequence of DNA at which replication is initiated on a chromosome, plasmid or virus.

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8
Q

Replication Fork

A

The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand.

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9
Q

Helicase

A

any of various enzymes that catalyze the unwinding and separation of double-stranded DNA or RNA during its replication

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10
Q

Topoisomerase

A

any of a class of enzymes that reduce supercoiling in DNA by breaking and rejoining one or both strands of the DNA molecule

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11
Q

Primase

A

an enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers, which serve as starting points for DNA synthesis.

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12
Q

Primers

A

a molecule (such as a short strand of RNA or DNA) whose presence is required for formation of another molecule (such as a longer chain of DNA)

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13
Q

DNAP III

A

the primary enzyme complex involved in prokaryotic DNA replication.

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14
Q

DNAP I

A

a type of enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA, in the form of nucleic acid molecules.

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15
Q

Leading Strand

A

The leading strand is a single DNA strand that, during DNA replication, is replicated in the 3’ – 5’ direction (same direction as the replication fork).

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16
Q

Lagging Strand

A

a single DNA strand that, during DNA replication, is replicated in the 5′ – 3′ direction (opposite direction to the replication fork).

17
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Relatively short fragment of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

18
Q

DNA Ligase

A

An enzyme that closes nicks or discontinuities in one strand of double-stranded DNA by creating an ester bond between adjacent 3’ OH and 5’ PO4

19
Q

Telomeres

A

the natural end of a eukaryotic chromosome composed of a usually repetitive DNA sequence and serving to stabilize the chromosome

20
Q

Telomerase

A

a DNA polymerase that is a ribonucleoprotein catalyzing the elongation of chromosomal telomeres in eukaryotic cell division and is particularly active in cancer cells

21
Q

Nuclease

A

any of various enzymes that promote hydrolysis of nucleic acids

22
Q

Mismatch repair

A

Describes cells that have mutations (changes) in certain genes that are involved in correcting mistakes made when DNA is copied in a cell.

23
Q

Transcription

A

the process of constructing a messenger RNA molecule using a DNA molecule as a template with resulting transfer of genetic information to the messenger RNA

24
Q

Gene Expression

A

the appearance in a phenotype of a characteristic or effect attributed to a particular gene.

25
Q

Template strand

A

The term template strand refers to the sequence of DNA that is copied during the synthesis of mRNA.

26
Q

Codon

A

a specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and that specifies a particular amino acid in a protein or starts or stops protein synthesis

27
Q

rRNA

A

RIBOSOMAL RNA

28
Q

tRNA

A

TRANSFER RNA

29
Q

5’ Cap

A

In molecular biology, the five-prime cap is a specially altered nucleotide on the 5′ end of some primary transcripts such as precursor messenger RNA.

30
Q

POLY-A tail

A

The poly-A tail is a long chain of adenine nucleotides that is added to a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule during RNA processing

31
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA

32
Q

Redundency

A

two or more genes are performing the same function and that inactivation of one of these genes has little or no effect on the biological phenotype.

33
Q

Reading Frame

A

a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of consecutive, non-overlapping triplets.

34
Q

Alternative splicing

A

a cellular process in which exons from the same gene are joined in different combinations, leading to different, but related, mRNA transcripts.

35
Q

RNA splicing

A

The process by which introns, the noncoding regions of genes, are excised out of the primary messenger RNA transcript, and the exons (i.e., coding regions) are joined together to generate mature messenger RNA.

35
Q

Translation

A

the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.

36
Q

Anticodon

A

a triplet of nucleotide bases in transfer RNA that identifies the amino acid carried and binds to a complementary codon in messenger RNA during protein synthesis at a ribosome

37
Q

Stop Codon

A

a genetic codon in messenger RNA that signals the termination of protein synthesis during translation