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ap chemistry > vocabulary from summer assignment > Flashcards

vocabulary from summer assignment Flashcards

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1
Q

activation energy

A

minimum energy needs to be added to a system in order for the chemical reaction to occur, how much energy it needs to work

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2
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

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3
Q

arrhenius acid

A

donates an h+ ion, can easily give hydrogen ion or proton in its aqueous solution

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4
Q

Arrhenius base

A

Donates an OH- ion

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5
Q

atom

A

smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element

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6
Q

atomic mass

A

average of all naturally occurring isotopes

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7
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons; defines the atom

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8
Q

boiling

A

phase change from a liquid to a gas

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9
Q

Bronsted-Lowry Acid

A

proton donor

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10
Q

Broasted-Lowry Base

A

proton acceptor

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11
Q

Calorimetry

A

-means of measuring the heat gained/lost by a system during a chemical reaction

  • used to measure the amount of heat transferred from one substance to another
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12
Q

catalyst

A

lowers the activation energy

speeds up a reaction

not a reactant, not a product

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13
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

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14
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

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15
Q

condensation

A

phase change from a gas to a liquid

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16
Q

covalent bond

A

bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

mutual sharing of one or more electrons between two atoms

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17
Q

deposition

A

phase change from a gas to a liquid

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18
Q

dipole-dipole interaction

A

attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another

permanent IMF present in polar molecules

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19
Q

dissociate

A

to break into ions

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20
Q

dissolve

A

to break into smaller pieces

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21
Q

distillation

A

process of separating liquids based on differences in boiling temperatures

22
Q

electrolyte

A

dissociates into charge particles which are capable of conducting electricity

23
Q

electrolytic cell

A

redox reaction that is spontaneous

converts electrical energy into chemical energy

24
Q

electron affinity

A

energy released when an atom gains an electron (negative ion)

25
Q

electron

A

negatively charged particle, located in the orbitals surrounding the nucleus

26
Q

electronegativity

A

the ability of an atom to attract electrons from another atom

27
Q

empirical formula

A

lowest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound (simplified formula)

28
Q

endothermic

A

energy is gained by the system

29
Q

exothermic

A

energy is released by the system

30
Q

evaporation

A

process of removing water from an aqueous solution. solute is left behind

31
Q

filtrate

A

a liquid that has passed through the filter paper

32
Q

filtration

A

process of separating a precipitate from its aqueous solution

33
Q

freezing

A

phase change from a liquid to a solid

34
Q

galvanic / voltaic cell

A

uses chemical reaction to produce electrical energy

redox reaction that is spontaneous

35
Q

halogen

A

elements in group 17

form halides as ions

36
Q

hydrogen bonding

A

strong dipole that results when H is bonded to F, O, or N

37
Q

intermolecular forces

A

attractive forces between molecules

38
Q

ionization energy

A

energy required to remove the outer electron

39
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion, temperature is a measure of KE

40
Q

limiting reactant

A

reactant that runs out first thus limiting the amount of product that can be formed

41
Q

london dispersion forces

A

weakest IMFs (part of VanDer Waals forces)

temporary IMF caused by the movement of electrons

42
Q

lone pair

A

unbounded electrons

43
Q

melting

A

phase change from solid to liquid

44
Q

molar mass

A

grams per 1 mol

45
Q

molarity

A

moles of solute per liter of solution

46
Q

molecular formula

A

actual number of moles of each atom in a compound

47
Q

noble gases

A

group 18 elements

each has 8 valence electrons

nonreactive

48
Q

precipitate

A

solid matter that forms from the reaction of 2 aqueous solutions

49
Q

sublimation

A

phase change from a solid to a gas

50
Q

specific heat

A

energy required to raise 1 gram of substance 1C

ap chemistry (10 decks)

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