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Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness > Vocabulary From Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Vocabulary From Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Lysozyme

A

antimicrobial enzyme present in some body fluids

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2
Q

Ischaemia

A

Impaired blood supply to a body part

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3
Q

Bronchodilation

A

widening of the larger airways and bronchioles

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4
Q

Articulation

A

joint

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5
Q

Haemostasis

A

Cessation of blood flow

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6
Q

Autorhythmicity

A

ability of a tissue to generate its own electrical signals

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7
Q

Adaptation

A

Lessening of response by sensory receptors to prolonged stimulation

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8
Q

Infection

A

Invasion of body tissues by pathogenic organisms

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9
Q

Superior

A

describes a body part or structure that is near the body surface

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10
Q

Cilia (sing. cilium)

A

microscopic cell extensions for moving materials through the lumen of a tube

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11
Q

Amino acid

A

Building block of protein

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12
Q

Mole

A

in chemistry, the quantity of a substance representing its molecular weight in grams

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13
Q

Tachycardia

A

abnormally fast heart rate

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14
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Sequence of metabolic steps in cellular biochemistry

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15
Q

Blastocyst

A

hollow ball of cells that embeds in the uterine wall during fetal development

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16
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs

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17
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Molecular store of chemical energy for chemical reactions

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18
Q

Inflammation

A

Non-specific tissue response to damage

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19
Q

Ligament

A

band of connective tissue that binds one bone to another

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20
Q

Leukopenia

A

low blood white cell count

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21
Q

Nephron

A

structure in the kidneys responsible for the formation of urine

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22
Q

Immunity

A

Body defence mechanisms against a specific disease

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23
Q

Plasma

A

clear, straw-coloured liquid portion of the blood

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24
Q

Supination

A

turning the palm to face forwards

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25
Q

Presbyopia

A

stiffening of the lens, usually due to ageing, which impairs the ability of the eye to change focus (accommodate)

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26
Q

Rotation

A

movement of a body part around its long axis

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27
Q

Chromosome

A

sausage-shaped structure consisting of a tightly coiled molecule of DNA visible at the end of interphase

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28
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process by which materials are expelled from a cell

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29
Q

Carbohydrate

A

any of a group of organic compounds that includes the sugars and starches

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30
Q

Motor nerve or neurone

A

Efferent nerve that carries impulses from the central nervous system to muscles or glands

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31
Q

Polyuria

A

production of large quantities of urine

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32
Q

Haematemesis

A

vomiting of blood

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33
Q

Osteon

A

Structural unit of compact bone

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34
Q

Chronic

A

long-standing or recurring

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35
Q

Thrombosis

A

inappropriate, pathological formation of stationary blood clots within blood vessels

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36
Q

pH scale

A

scale of measurement of acidity or alkalinity

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37
Q

Sphincter

A

circle of muscle surrounding an internal passageway or orifice, used to regulate passage through the opening

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38
Q

Mitosis

A

process of cell division giving two identical daughter cells

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39
Q

Metaphase

A

second phase of mitosis

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40
Q

Mediastinum

A

region between the lungs, containing the heart, great vessels, trachea and other important structures

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41
Q

Voluntary control

A

conscious control of a body function

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42
Q

Agranulocyte

A

white blood cell with no granules in its cytoplasm (ie lymphocytes)

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43
Q

Epidermis

A

outermost layer of the skin

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44
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Regular, predictable fluctuation of a physiological function over a 24-hour period

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45
Q

Zygote

A

fertilised egg formed by fusion of an ovum and spermatozoon

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46
Q

Anaerobic

A

not requiring oxygen

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47
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Alternative name for noradrenaline

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48
Q

Platelet (thrombocyte)

A

small cell fragment involved in blood clotting

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49
Q

Intracellular

A

inside a cell

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50
Q

Auditory

A

related to hearing

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51
Q

Hypothermia

A

Abnormally low body temperature (core temp <35C

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52
Q

Capacitance vessel

A

vessel that can expand to contain large quantities of blood at low pressure (veins)

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53
Q

Afterload

A

resistance to blood flow from the heart, determined mainly by the diameter of the arteries

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54
Q

Integumentary

A

of the skin

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55
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein substance that speeds up (catalyses) chemical reactions

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56
Q

Protein

A

large polypeptide

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57
Q

Anaphase

A

third phase of mitosis

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58
Q

Insensible water loss

A

loss of water through the skin and respiratory tract

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59
Q

Haemolysis

A

Breakdown of red blood cells

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60
Q

Co-dominance

A

situation when more than one form of a gene is dominant

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61
Q

Systemic circulation

A

blood supply to all body organs except for the pulmonary arteries and veins

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62
Q

Glycogen

A

Very high-molecular weight form of glucose used for storage

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63
Q

Catabolism

A

breaking down of larger molecules into smaller ones

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64
Q

Parietal layer (cf. visceral layer)

A

layer of serous membrane lining a body cavity

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65
Q

Telophase

A

fourth (final) phase of mitosis

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66
Q

Translation

A

production of protein from messenger RNA

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67
Q

Alkali

A

Substance that accepts hydrogen ions in water or solution

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68
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

pressure recorded in the systemic circulation (often at the arm) when the pressure is at its highest, immediately following ventricular contraction; the higher of the two measurements used to denote a blood pressure recording

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69
Q

Sensory nerve or neurone

A

afferent nerve that carries impulses to the central nervous system

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70
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty substance that surrounds the axons of myelinated nerves

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71
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into right and left halves, either down the midline (midsagittal) or on either side of the midline (sagittal)

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72
Q

cardiac

A

of the heart

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73
Q

Baroreceptor

A

sensory receptor sensitive to pressure (stretch)

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74
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

specialised sensory receptors sensitive to solute concentration

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75
Q

Carcinogen

A

Cancer-causing substance

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76
Q

Menopause

A

time of the female lifespan when reproductive function ceases

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77
Q

Hyposecretion

A

Abnormally low secretion of a body product, e.g. hormone

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78
Q

Non-specific defence

A

defence mechanisms of the body that are effective against different types of threat, e.g. the skin, inflammation, complement

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79
Q

Striated

A

describes the microscopic appearance of a striped pattern on skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

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80
Q

Abscess

A

Pus-filled cavity within tissue

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81
Q

Sign

A

abnormality observed by people other than a patient

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82
Q

Presbycusis

A

irreversible hearing loss, usually due to ageing, which results from degradation of the cochlea and begins with an inability to hear high-pitched sounds

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83
Q

Adhesions

A

Fusion of two separate tissue layers with fibrous tissue, usually following inflammation

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84
Q

Telomere

A

non-coding section of DNA that caps and protects the ends of each chromosome

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85
Q

Dilation

A

widening of a tube or vessel due to relaxation of circular muscle in its wall

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86
Q

Diuresis

A

passing of urine

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87
Q

Fertilisation

A

penetration of an ovum by a spermatozoon to form a zygote that can grow into a fetus

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88
Q

Anatomical position

A

position in which the body is upright, with the head facing forwards, the arms at the sides with the palms of the hands facing forwards, and the feet together

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89
Q

Diastole

A

Resting period of the heart or its individual chambers

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90
Q

Fibre

A

Muscle cell; in nutrition, the indigestible part of the diet also known as non-starch polysaccharide

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91
Q

Vein

A

Blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart

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92
Q

Syndrome

A

collection of signs and symptoms that tend to occur together

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93
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

Narrowing of the larger airways and bronchioles

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94
Q

Dominant

A

in genetics, the preferential expression of one form of a gene over another

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95
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’

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96
Q

Arrhythmia

A

abnormal heart rhythm

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97
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

accepted mechanism by which actin and myosin filaments within muscle cells slide over one another to permit muscle shortening (contraction)

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98
Q

Glia

A

Nervous tissue that supports neurones

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99
Q

Glucose

A

simple sugar used by cells for energy

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100
Q

Gustation

A

taste

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101
Q

Resistance vessel

A

blood vessel, usually an arteriole, with a thick layer of smooth muscle in its tunica media, which constricts or dilates to regulate blood flow and blood pressure

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102
Q

Malignant

A

cancerous

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103
Q

Medial

A

describes a structure that is nearer to the midline

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104
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

synapse between a motor nerve and a skeletal muscle cell

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105
Q

Prognosis

A

likely outcome of a disease

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106
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules

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107
Q

Compound

A

Molecule containing more than one element

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108
Q

Senescence

A

cell ageing and the decline in function that accompanies it

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109
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death caused by an injury or a pathological condition

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110
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintenance of a stable internal environment

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111
Q

Aneurysm

A

weakness in the wall of an artery

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112
Q

Hypersecretion

A

Abnormally high secretion of a body product, e.g. a hormone

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113
Q

Autosome

A

any one of the chromosomes in pairs 1-22 (all but the sex chromosomes)

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114
Q

Secondary wound healing

A

repair of tissue after extensive damage; a more complex and intense process than primary wound healing

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115
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

amount of blood ejected by one ventricle every minute: CO = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)

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116
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

production of red blood cells

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117
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of small molecules, by hydrostatic pressure, through a selectively permeable membrane

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118
Q

Lactation

A

production of breast milk

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119
Q

Tunica intima

A

lining of blood vessels (also called endothelium)

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120
Q

Hormone

A

Substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is transported in the blood and acts on specific target cells elsewhere in the body

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121
Q

Hypertension

A

Abnormally high blood pressure

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122
Q

Olfaction

A

sense of smell

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123
Q

Semipermeability (selective permeability)

A

property of a cell membranes that allows passage of some substances but not others

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124
Q

Flexion

A

reduction of the angle between two bones, bending a limb

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125
Q

Pulse

A

pressure wave generated by the heart, felt along an arterial wall where that artery lies close to the body surface

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126
Q

Essential nutrient

A

nutrient that must be eaten in the diet

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127
Q

Teratogen

A

any substance or agent knows to cause abnormal fetal development

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128
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

energy use of the body when at rest in a warm environment, without having eaten for 12 hours

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129
Q

Arteriole

A

small artery

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130
Q

Hypertonic

A

Describes a solution with a solute concentration higher than body fluids

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131
Q

Pulse pressure

A

diastolic blood pressure subtracted from the systolic value

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132
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

fluid bathing the brain and spinal cord

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133
Q

Squamous

A

flattened (epithelial cells)

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134
Q

Lateral

A

Describes a structure further from the midline or at the side of the body

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135
Q

Citric acid cycle (Krebs)

A

important sequence of aerobic metabolic reactions in cellular energy production

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136
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Describes a condition resulting from a healthcare intervention

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137
Q

Efferent

A

Carrying or travelling away from an organ

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138
Q

Superficial

A

describes a body part or structure that is near the body surface

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139
Q

Medulla

A

inner layer of a gland or structure

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140
Q

Deglutition

A

swallowing

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141
Q

Renal

A

of the kidneys

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142
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Group of steroid (fat-based) adrenal cortex hormones essential for life

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143
Q

Element

A

chemical whose atoms are all of the same type

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144
Q

Gamete

A

Ovum or spermatozoon (reproductive cell)

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145
Q

Melaena

A

Blood in the faeces

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146
Q

Anastomosis

A

joining of two tubes, e.g. in blood vessels where there are no capillary beds; following surgery

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147
Q

Isometric

A

describes muscle work where the tension in the muscle rises but the muscle does not shorten, e.g. if trying to lift a weight that is too heavy to move

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148
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of substances down a concentration gradient, which does not require energy or the presence of a membrane

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149
Q

Reticulocyte

A

immature red blood cell

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150
Q

Inspiration (cf. expiration)

A

physical process of breathing in

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151
Q

Meatus

A

Opening into a passage

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152
Q

Accommodation

A

Focusing adjustment of the eyes to view close objects

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153
Q

Transcription

A

production of messenger RNA from DNA

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154
Q

Mucosa or mucous membrane

A

lining of body tracts

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155
Q

Pleural

A

related to the lungs

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156
Q

Cytoplasm

A

contents of a cell except the nucleus (ie cytosol plus organelles)

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157
Q

Constriction

A

narrowing of a tube or vessel due to contraction of circular muscle in its wall

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158
Q

Interphase

A

phase of the cell cycle when there is no division

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159
Q

Inferior

A

Describes a body part or structure that is closer to the soles of the feet

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160
Q

Venule

A

small vein

161
Q

Lymph

A

Watery fluid drained by the lymphatic system from the tissue spaces

162
Q

Involuntary

A

not under conscious control

163
Q

Haploid

A

Describes a cell with 23 chromosomes (half the total chromosome complement)

164
Q

Tunica media

A

middle layer of tissue in larger blood vessels

165
Q

Trophoblast

A

outer cell layer of the blastocyst that forms the placenta

166
Q

Synapse

A

junction between a nerve and the cell it supplies

167
Q

Organelle

A

intracellular structure that carries out a specific function

168
Q

Scar tissue

A

non-functional tissue that replaces damaged tissue

169
Q

Communicable

A

describes a disease that is transferable from one person to another

170
Q

Stratified

A

describes tissues that have several cell layers

171
Q

Neurone

A

Nerve cell

172
Q

Internal respiration

A

exchange of gases in the tissues

173
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

‘Jumping’ of a nerve impulse along a myelinated nerve axon, from one node of Ranvier to the next

174
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

molecule used to transfer genetic instructions from DNA to cytoplasmic ribosomes

175
Q

Granulocyte

A

General term for a white blood cell without cytoplasmic granules

176
Q

Pressure ulcer

A

damage to superficial tissues caused by prolonged pressure and interrupted blood supply, usually over a bony prominence

177
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of a cell towards a chemical attractant

178
Q

Tissue fluid

A

fluid between body cells, also known as interstitial fluid

179
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

describes a body part or structure lying to the front

180
Q

Aetiology

A

cause of a disease

181
Q

Hypotension

A

Abnormally low blood pressure

182
Q

Hilum

A

indented area of an organ where blood vessels, nerves and ducts enter and leave

183
Q

Dehydration

A

Excessive loss of body water

184
Q

Lipolysis

A

breakdown of fat

185
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone

186
Q

Chromatin

A

Uncoiled state of chromosomes during interphase

187
Q

Haemopoiesis

A

production of blood cells

188
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size resulting in enlargement of an organ or body part

189
Q

Oedema

A

tissue swelling due to collection of fluid in the intercellular spaces

190
Q

Mastication

A

chewing

191
Q

Proximal

A

nearer the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb

192
Q

Specific defence mechanisms

A

immunity; the body’s protective mechanisms raised against a specific threat or antigen

193
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water down its concentration gradient across a semipermeable membrane

194
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Defence mechanism by which body cells consume and destroy foreign materials; ‘cell eating’

195
Q

Thrombus (pl. thrombi)

A

stationary blood clot

196
Q

Plexus

A

network formed by a collection of nerves or blood vessels

197
Q

Systole

A

contraction period of the heart or its individual chambers

198
Q

Cortex

A

Outer layer of a gland or structure

199
Q

Menarche

A

Onset of puberty in females, marked by the start of menstruation

200
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking in of substances orally, i.e. through the mouth

201
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

force against which the blood has to push to move through the arterial circulation, determined mainly by the diameter of the arterioles

202
Q

Commensal

A

Harmless microorganism that lives in the body or on its surfaces, which may bring advantages to its host, e.g. by producing vitamins or preventing the growth of pathogens

203
Q

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte

A

general term for a white blood cell with an irregular nucleus (i.e. basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils)

204
Q

Embryo

A

in humans, the developing offspring in the first eight weeks of development after fertilisation, following which it is referred to as the fetus

205
Q

Stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected by the ventricle when it contracts

206
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions that take place within the body

207
Q

Peptidase

A

enzyme that breaks down protein

208
Q

Granulation tissue

A

Newly formed repair tissue following tissue damage

209
Q

Insertion (cf. origin)

A

point where a muscle is attached to the bone it moves

210
Q

Genome

A

All the genes in a cell

211
Q

Phospholipid

A

Fat-based molecule containing phosphate, essential to the structure of the cell membrane

212
Q

Pinocytosis

A

ingestion of small vacuoles into a cell; ‘cell drinking’

213
Q

Gestation

A

The process of intrauterine development, between conception and birth

214
Q

Haemorrhage

A

Profuse blood loss

215
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

pressure recorded in the systemic circulation (often at the arm) when the pressure is at its lowest, corresponding to relaxation of the myocardium; the lower of the two measurements used to denote a blood pressure recording

216
Q

Radiation

A

transmission of energy in waves

217
Q

Alkalosis

A

Situation when blood pH rises above the normal pH range

218
Q

Gene

A

Area on a chromosome that codes for one particular protein

219
Q

Organic

A

Molecule or substance containing carbon

220
Q

Meiosis

A

Process of cell division by which gametes are formed

221
Q

Inversion

A

turning of the soles of the feet to face each other

222
Q

Metastasis (pl. metastases)

A

secondary deposit from a primary malignant tumour

223
Q

Fibroblast

A

Connective tissue cell that produces collagen fibres

224
Q

Extension

A

increase in the angle between two bones, straightening a limb

225
Q

Autoimmunity

A

targeting and sometimes destruction of one’s own or ‘self’ tissues by the immune system

226
Q

Pronation

A

turning the palm to face backwards

227
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure exerted by a fluid on the walls of its container, e.g. blood on the walls of blood vessels

228
Q

Exogenous

A

external, not produced by the body

229
Q

Ionising radiation

A

Radiation that generates ions when it passes through atoms, and can damage cells by changing the atoms in the molecules that make up living tissue, e.g. x-rays

230
Q

Carcinoma

A

tumor arising from epithelial tissue

231
Q

Axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs

232
Q

Puberty

A

stage of life in males and females when reproductive maturity is achieved

233
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged ion

234
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

clotting process triggered by damaged extravascular tissues

235
Q

Benign

A

non-cancerous or non-serious condition for which treatment may be required

236
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of substances across a cell membrane, up the concentration gradient, and requiring energy

237
Q

Aerobic

A

requiring oxygen

238
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

outer, supportive lining of blood vessels

239
Q

Acidosis

A

Situation when blood pH falls below the normal pH range

240
Q

Follicle

A

small secretory gland

241
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability of a tissue to stretch and recoil to its original length or shape

242
Q

Endothelium

A

epithelium lining blood vessels

243
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmical contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of hollow organs and tubes, e.g. the alimentary canal

244
Q

Epinephrine

A

another term for adrenaline

245
Q

Organ

A

body part, composed of different tissues, that carries out specific body function

246
Q

Allele

A

Form of gene carried on a chromosome

247
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water-loving

248
Q

Faeces

A

Waste product of digestion excreted through the anus

249
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin

A

oxygenated form of haemoglobin

250
Q

Ion

A

charged atom (which has either lost or acquired electrons)

251
Q

Tumour

A

mass of cells growing outside the body’s normal control mechanisms

252
Q

Costal

A

related to the ribs

253
Q

Alveolus (pl. alveoli)

A

Air sac in the lungs; also, milk-secreting sac in the mammary glands

254
Q

Micturition

A

passing urine

255
Q

High-density lipoprotein

A

Lipid/protein complex in the bloodstream that is important in transporting cholesterol to the liver for disposal

256
Q

Preload

A

amount of blood in the ventricle just prior to ventricular contraction, determined mainly by venous return

257
Q

Gastric

A

Of the stomach

258
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

lying behind the peritoneum

259
Q

Heterozygous

A

In genetics, describes a form of a gene on one chromosome that is different to the form of the same gene on the other chromosome of the pair

260
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

production of white blood cell

261
Q

Mutation

A

Genetic change that arises during cell division

262
Q

Macrophage

A

phagocytic cell usually found in connective tissue

263
Q

Isotonic

A

describes muscle work where the muscle shortens as the tension rises, allowing, for example, a load to be lifted by the arm; in chemistry, solutions with a solute concentration the same as body tissues

264
Q

Nutrient

A

any substance that is digested, absorbed, and used to promote body function

265
Q

Pathogen

A

microorganism capable of causing disease

266
Q

Homozygous

A

In genetics, describes a form of a gene on one chromosome that is the same as the form of the same gene on the other chromosome of the pair

267
Q

Antigen

A

protein that stimulates the body’s immunological defenses

268
Q

Microbe

A

microorganism, e.g. fungus, bacterium, or virus

269
Q

External respiration

A

exchange of gases in the lungs

270
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Molecule in which the genetic code is written, and packaged into chromosomes in the nucleus

271
Q

Expiration (cf. inspiration)

A

physical process of breathing out

272
Q

Idiopathic

A

Describes a condition of unknown cause

273
Q

Pyrogen

A

substance that causes fever

274
Q

Myofilaments

A

intracellular protein threads within muscle cells, made of either actin or myosin, responsible for muscle cell contraction

275
Q

Positive feedback (cf. negative feedback)

A

control mechanism that increases and accelerates any change from normal in a physiological system; much rarer than negative feedback control

276
Q

Phenotype

A

expression of the genes in an individual, e.g. hair colour, height, etc.

277
Q

Antimicrobial

A

substance or mechanism that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms

278
Q

Acute

A

of sudden onset

279
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

decrease in diameter (narrowing) of a blood vessel

280
Q

Acid

A

Substance that releases hydrogen ions in solution

281
Q

Catalyst

A

substance that speeds up a biochemical reaction without taking part in it

282
Q

Spinal reflex

A

involuntary, usually protective action controlled at the level of the spinal cord (i.e. independent of the brain)

283
Q

Simple propagation

A

continuous conduction of an impulse along a non-myelinated nerve fibre

284
Q

Plasma protein

A

any one of a group of important proteins synthesised by the liver and carried in the plasma, with diverse physiological functions, e.g. as antibodies or clotting proteins

285
Q

Primary wound healing

A

simple repair of relatively minor tissue damage

286
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Abnormally high respiratory effort, associated with loss of excessive amounts of carbon dioxide

287
Q

Hepatic

A

of the liver

288
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

289
Q

Defaecation

A

expulsion of faeces from the rectum

290
Q

Osteopenia

A

age-related bone degradation

291
Q

Artery

A

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

292
Q

Buffer

A

substance that resists a shift in the pH of body fluids

293
Q

Differentiation

A

process of cell specialisation

294
Q

Parturition

A

childbirth

295
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in cell size resulting in shrinkage of an organ or body parts

296
Q

Tract

A

bundle of axons in the central nervous system

297
Q

Diploid

A

Describes a cell with 46 chromosomes, the whole complement of 23 pairs

298
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

fluid situated between body cells, also known as tissue fluid

299
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Abnormally low respiratory effort, associated with retention of carbon dioxide

300
Q

Compliance

A

Stretchability of a tissue

301
Q

Hypotonic

A

Describes a solution with a solute concentration lower than body fluids

302
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Ductless glad that secrets a hormone that travels to its target organ in the bloodstream

303
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

amount of air reaching the alveoli with each breath

304
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

severest form of allergy, with multiple, potentially fatal, systematic effects

305
Q

Glycolysis

A

Anaerobic breakdown of glucose to release some of its stored energy

306
Q

Circumduction

A

movement of a body part to describe a cone shape

307
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

clotting process triggered by damaged blood vessels

308
Q

Adipose tissue

A

fat tissue

309
Q

Deamination

A

removal of the amine group from an amino acid

310
Q

Tolerance

A

ability of the immune system and its defensive cells and mechanisms to identify, and not attack, ‘self’ tissues

311
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

sensory receptor sensitive to chemicals in solution

312
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

collective term given to the physiological adaptations in the central nervous system that prevent many blood-borne substances from accessing it

313
Q

Neoplasm

A

New growth, which may be benign or malignant

314
Q

Lumen

A

central passageway within an internal tube or duct

315
Q

Diapedesis

A

movement of an independently motile cell from one place to another

316
Q

Ossification

A

Production of bone tissue

317
Q

Mutagen

A

Any substance that causes mutation

318
Q

Lipase

A

Enzyme that breaks down fat

319
Q

Median plane

A

imaginary line that divides the body longitudinally into right and left halves

320
Q

Osteoid

A

Organic constituent of bone tissue

321
Q

Ovulation

A

release of a mature ovum from the ovary

322
Q

Oncogenic

A

cancer-causing

323
Q

Eversion

A

turning the soles of the feet outwards

324
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

aerobic, high energy-generating metabolic process of cellular respiration

325
Q

Distal

A

further from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb

326
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

327
Q

Autoregulation

A

ability of a tissue to control its own electrical signs

328
Q

Transverse plane

A

imaginary line slicing the body into an upper and a lower part

329
Q

Endogenous

A

internal, produced by the body

330
Q

Infarction

A

death of a region of tissue due to interruption of its blood supply

331
Q

Karyotype

A

Photographic presentation of a cell’s chromosomes as matched pairs in descending order of size

332
Q

Coitus

A

Act of sexual intercourse

333
Q

Capillary

A

Tiny blood vessel between an arteriole and a venule, which has leaky walls to allow exchange of substances between the blood and tissues

334
Q

Flagella (sing. flagellum)

A

Long cell extensions used for cellular propulsion

335
Q

Hypoxia

A

Inadequate levels of oxygen in the tissues

336
Q

Pulmonary

A

of the lungs

337
Q

Serous fluid

A

general term for protein-containing fluid secreted by certain membranes, e.g. serous pericardium and visceral pleura

338
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones

339
Q

Incontinence

A

Inability to control the voiding of urine

340
Q

Salt

A

product of a reaction between an acid and a base

341
Q

Passive transport

A

any form of transport within the body that does not require the use of energy

342
Q

Fistula

A

Abnormal passageway between two organs or an organ and the body surface

343
Q

Convergence

A

Turning of the eyes inwards to focus on a close object

344
Q

Virus

A

non-living particle, which may be capable of causing disease

345
Q

Menstruation (menses)

A

regular shedding of the uterine lining, usually monthly, during the reproductive period of the female lifespan

346
Q

Negative feedback (cf. positive feedback)

A

control mechanism that resists and reverses any change from normal in a physiological system

347
Q

Tendon

A

band of fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone

348
Q

Epithelium

A

tissue that lines and covers most body organs

349
Q

Nucleotide

A

Building block of nucleic acids

350
Q

Exocrine gland

A

gland that secretes its product into ducts for transport

351
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for ‘rest and repair’

352
Q

Refraction

A

bending of light rays as they pass through a lens, e.g. the lens of the eye

353
Q

Visceral layer

A

layer of serous membrane covering a body organ

354
Q

Antibody

A

defensive protein synthesised by B-lymphocytes in response to the presence of antigen

355
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water-hating

356
Q

Urine

A

liquid waste product made in the kidneys

357
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

describes a body part or structure lying to the back

358
Q

Low-density Lipoprotein

A

lipid/protein complex in the bloodstream that is associated with deposition of cholesterol in arterial walls

359
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

nervous tissue that is not part of the brain or spinal cord

360
Q

Epiphysis

A

Each end of a long bone

361
Q

Genotype

A

genetic make-up of an individual

362
Q

Coagulation

A

blood clotting

363
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

form of diffusion that requires carrier proteins for transfer of substances across cell membranes

364
Q

Trophic hormone

A

hormone released that causes the release of a second hormone

365
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical current (impulse) conducted along a nerve cell (neurone)

366
Q

Ossicles

A

Bones of the middle ear: hammer, anvil, and stirrup

367
Q

Bacterium (pl. bacteria)

A

single-celled microorganism, common in the external environment

368
Q

Symptom

A

abnormality described by a patient

369
Q

Embolus

A

Blood clot or other substance that travels in a blood vessel and may lodge there, blocking a smaller vessel

370
Q

Concentration gradient

A

situation there two areas of, for example, liquid have different concentrations of a solute

371
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

protein secreted by the stomach required for absorption of vitamin B12

372
Q

Globulin

A

One class of plasma protein, including antibodies

373
Q

Isotope

A

form of an element that has a different number of neutrons from the principal form

374
Q

Receptor

A

molecule, usually on the cell surface, that detects and responds to chemicals in the cell’s external environment, e.g. a neurotransmitter. Also, a sensory nerve ending that detects physical changes in the local environment, e.g. a baroreceptor measuring pressure

375
Q

Afferent

A

carrying or travelling towards an organ

376
Q

Allergy

A

Targeting and destruction of harmless antigens by the immune system, often with detrimental effects on normal body tissues

377
Q

Equilibrium

A

state of physiological balance or equivalence

378
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

Breakdown of a blood clot

379
Q

Electrolyte

A

Inorganic ion in body fluids, which conducts electricity

380
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Mature cartilage cell

381
Q

Vasodilation

A

increase in diameter (widening) of a blood vessel

382
Q

Lysis

A

destruction of a cell, e.g. haemolysis

383
Q

Leukocyte

A

general term for a white blood cell

384
Q

Congenital

A

inherited

385
Q

Sex chromosome

A

X or Y chromosome (pair 23)

386
Q

Fascia

A

Fibrous membrane that supports, covers and separates muscles

387
Q

Extracellular

A

outside a cell

388
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Abnormal immune response directed against either a harmless antigen (allergy) or a ‘self’ antigen (autoimmunity)

389
Q

Deep

A

describes a body structure or part that is not close to the body surface

390
Q

Pyrexia

A

Fever

391
Q

Lipid

A

general term for any substance that does not dissolve in water but dissolves in non-polar solvents like alcohol

392
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure exerted by water in a solution

393
Q

Origin

A

point of attachment of a muscle to a bone that moves least during muscle contraction

394
Q

Recessive

A

in genetics, a form of a gene that can only be expressed if it is present as two identical forms on the chromosome pair

395
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical that transmits an impulse between one nerve and the next, or between a nerve and the neuromuscular junction

396
Q

Rugae

A

folds in the internal surface of a hollow organ when the organ is relaxed

397
Q

Bradycardia

A

Abnormally slow heart rate

398
Q

Prophase

A

first phase of mitosis

Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness (4 decks)

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