Vocabulary and Terminology Chapter 3: Phonology

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

The study of how sounds are organized within a language and how they interact with each other.

Question 2

Phonetic Constraints

Answer 2

Restrictions on possible combinations of sounds in a language.

Question 3

Phonetic Constraints in Signed Languages

Answer 3

Constraints that are based on what syllable structure, handshakes and movements can appear next to each other.

Question 4

Sound substitution

Answer 4

Using sounds from a native language to replace non-native sounds when pronouncing the words of a foreign language.

Question 5

Phoneme

Answer 5

A set of speech sounds that are perceived to be variants of the same sound

Question 6

Allophone

Answer 6

A individual member of a particular phoneme that corresponds to an actual phonetic segment produced by a speaker.

Question 7

Phonetic Enviroments

Answer 7

The sounds that come before and after a particular sound in a word.

Question 8

Contrastative Distribution

Answer 8

Two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment, and using one rather than the other changes the meaning of the word

Question 9

Complementary Distribution

Answer 9

Sounds that do not occur in the same phonetic environments.

Question 10

Free Variation

Answer 10

Sounds that are interchangeable in word-final position.

Question 11

Overlapping distribution

Answer 11

Sounds that can occur in the same enviroment

Question 12

Obstruents

Answer 12

a segement that is produced with the obstruction of the airflow

Question 13

Sonorants

Answer 13

a segment produced with a relatively open airflow.

Question 14

Assimilation

Answer 14

Phonological rule that causes a sound (or gesture) to become more like a neighboring sound (or gesture) with respect to some phonetic property.

Question 15

Maximally distinct consonants and vowels

Answer 15

Consonants that have very few qualities in common with the vowels, and the vowels are different from the consonants.

Question 16

Conditioning Enviroment

Answer 16

Neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change

Question 17

Underlying Form

Answer 17

The phonemic form of a word or morpheme before phonological rules are applied

Question 18

Natural Class

Answer 18

Group of sounds in a language that satisfy a given description to the exclusion of other sounds in that language

Question 19

Labial

Answer 19

A member of a natural class of sounds produced with the lips

Question 20

Vowel Harmony

Answer 20

Long-distance assimilation between vowels.

Question 21

Deletion

Answer 21

A process by which a sound present in the phonemic form is removed from the phonetic form in certain environments.

Question 22

Metathesis

Answer 22

Switching of the order of two sounds, each taking the place of the other.

Question 23

Strengthening

Answer 23

A process which sounds are made “stronger” according to some criterion.

Question 24

Aspiration

Answer 24

A puff of air that follows the release of a consonant when there is a delay in the onset of voicing

Question 25

Flap

Answer 25

A sound produced by bringing to articulators together very quickly.