Vocabulary and Terminology Flashcards
linguistic competence
is the system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language. It is distinguished from linguistic performance, which is the way a language system is used in communication.
linguistic performance
an individual’s use of a language, i.e., what a speaker actually says, including hesitations, false starts, and errors.
performance error
The speaker has the wrong beliefs about the meaning of a word. Consequently, he produces the intended word, which is semantically inadequate. Therefore, this is a competence error rather than a performance error.
speech communication chain
The speech chain describes the stages in speech communication when a message moves between the mind of the speaker and the mind of the listener. … Audition of sound (hearing) Interpretation of auditory sensations in terms of pronunciation elements (speech perception)
speech communication chain steps
describe the domain of Speech Science as a scientific discipline within Psychology
give an account of the speech chain as a model of linguistic communication
describe the processes and knowledge involved in communicating information through the speech chain
begin to understand concepts and terminology used in the scientific description of speech communication
demonstrate insights into the size and complexity of language and the remarkable nature of speech
identify some technological applications of Speech Science
identify some of the key people in the history of the field
noise
Noise is unwanted sound judged to be unpleasant, loud or disruptive to hearing. From a physics standpoint, noise is indistinguishable from sound, as both are vibrations through a medium, such as air or water. The difference arises when the brain receives and perceives a sound.
lexicon
the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge.
mental grammar
is the generative grammar stored in the brain that allows a speaker to produce language that other speakers can understand. Also known as competence grammar and linguistic competence.
language variation
Variation is a characteristic of language: there is more than one way of saying the same thing.
descriptive grammar
A descriptive grammar is a set of rules about language based on how it is actually used. In a descriptive grammar there is no right or wrong language. It can be compared with a prescriptive grammar, which is a set of rules based on how people think language should be used.
evidence that writing and language are not the same (list 4 reasons)
writing can be represented in many different languages, languages can be spoken, you can write about a language, language has syntax and semantics while writing uses that language
reasons some people believe writing to be superior to speech (list 3 reasons)
when making a point it is much more effective to write it rather than to speak your opinion and try to listen to another, writing is more thought out but speech is spontaneous thoughts, writing can more effectively and professionally portray meaning
prescriptive grammar
is a set of rules about language based on how people think language should be used. In a prescriptive grammar there is right and wrong language. It can be compared with a descriptive grammar, which is a set of rules based on how language is actually used.
prescribe
advise and authorize the use of (a medicine or treatment) for someone, especially in writing.
Charles Hockett’s nine design features (necessary for a communication system to be considered a language) (list)
1-mode of communication 2-semanticity 3-pragmatic function 4-interchangeability 5-cultural transmission 6-arbitrariness 7-discreteness 8-displacement 9-productivity
mode of communication
Consider some projects that are often part of a world language classroom. For example, students often prepare a travel brochure or poster about a city or country where the target language is spoken. Think of the project with the three modes of communication in mind. The brochure or poster is the Presentational mode.
semanticity
the quality that a linguistic system has of being able to convey meanings, in particular by reference to the world of physical reality.
pragmatic function
is a general heading under which terminology relating to the various areas of study of language use and interpretation is collected. These areas are variously categorized as either semantic or pragmatic. Discussion.
interchangeability
Interchangeable parts, the ability to select components for assembly at random and fit them together within proper tolerances.
cultural transmission
Cultural learning, also called cultural transmission, is the way a group of people or animals within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on information. Learning styles are greatly influenced by how a culture socializes with its children and young people.
arbitrariness
the quality of being based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.
linguistic sign
is an abstract structure whose instances participate in a linguistic system, or language.
convention
a way in which something is usually done, especially within a particular area or activity.
nonarbitrariness
subject to individual will or judgment without restriction; contingent solely upon one’s discretion:
iconic
relating to or of the nature of an icon.
onomatopoeia
the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named
conventionalized
conforming or adhering to accepted standards, as of conduct or taste:
sound symbolism
the partial representation of the sense of a word by its sound, as in bang, fizz, and slide.
discreteness
apart or detached from others; separate; distinct:
displacement
the moving of something from its place or position.
productivity
the state or quality of producing something, especially crops.
modality
a particular mode in which something exists or is experienced or expressed.
myths about signed languages (list 4)
that all signed languages are the same, that only deaf people use signed languages, that it uses the same syntax as spoken language, that those who use signed language also have learning disabilities
differences between codes and languages (list 4)
codes can be used to hide the meaning of something, codes do not necessarily involve language, codes are not always as commonly used as languages, codes can use languages as part of its structure
