Vocabulary and Terminology Flashcards
LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE
Unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language.
LINGUISTIC PERFORMANCE
The ability to produce and comprehend sentences in a language.
PERFORMANCE ERROR
Errors made by learners when they are tired or rushed.
SPEECH COMMUNICATION CHAIN
Process of transmission of information from a speaker to listener.
SPEECH COMMUNICATION CHAIN STEPS
speakers brain>motor neurons> sound generation> listeners ear> listeners brain
NOISE
Linguistic noise is the variation among users of language. This can take place through shifts in spelling, grammar, or other aspects of language.
Ex:
people in one area may have a different way of saying a phrase that has the same sense as a phrase that people in another area use
LEXICON
Book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language and their definitions
MENTAL GRAMMAR
Generative grammar stored in the brain that allows a speaker to produce language that other speakers can understand.
LANGUAGE VARIATION
Regional, social, or contextual differences in the ways that a particular language used.
DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR
Objective, non-judgmental description of the grammatical constructions in a language.
EVIDENCE THAT WRITING AND LANGUAGE ARE NOT THE SAME (LIST 4 REASONS)
-Written language is more complex and formal than the spoken language
-Spoken language is more impromptu. Because of that, it often includes repetitions, interruptions, and incomplete sentences. Writing is more polished.
-Writing communicates across time and space for as long as the medium exists and that particular language is understood. Speech is more immediate.
-Spoken language uses tone and pitch to improve understanding; written language can only use layout and punctuation.
reasons some people believe writing to be superior to speech (list 3 reasons)
-Written Language preserves language and reaches more people at a time and over a period of time.
-Can display linguistical changes throughout time.
-Metaphorical Language (better for visualization)
PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR
set of norms or rules governing how a language should or should not be used rather than describing the ways in which a language is actually used.
PRESCRIBE
to be grammatically correct when choosing what forms or English words and phases to utilize.
Charles Hockett’s nine design features (necessary for a communication system to be considered a language) (list)
duality, productivity, arbitrariness, interchangeability, specialization, displacement, cultural transmission, semantic. and discreteness
MODE OF COMMUNICATION
interpersonal communication involving conversational speaking and listening or signed exchanges
SEMANTICITY
the property of language that allows it to represent events, ideas, actions, and objects symbolically, thereby endowing it with the capacity to communicate meaning
PRAGMATIC FUNCTION
meaning a speaker wishes to convey to the person they are speaking to
INTERCHANGEABILITY
the idea that humans can give and receive identical linguistic signals
CULTURAL TRANSMISSION
process whereby a language is passed on from one generation to the next in a community
ARBITRARINESS
The relationship between speech sounds and meaning
If you do not know a language, the sounds spoken to you will be incomprehensible.
LINGUISTIC SIGN
holistic combination of two structural elements: a form that signifies (signifier) and a concept to which the form refers (signified)
CONVENTION
principle or norm that has been adopted by a person or linguistic community about how to use, and therefore what the meaning is of, a specific term.
NON-ARBITRARINESS
relation between form and meaning such that aspects of a word’s meaning or grammatical function can be predicted from aspects of its form.
