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Experimental PSYCH 305 > Vocabulary A-Z > Flashcards

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1
Q

ABA design

A

a single-case design in which the response to the treatment condition is compared to baseline responses recorded before and after treatment.

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2
Q

ABAB design

A

extensions to ABA to include reintroduction of the treatment condition

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3
Q

Accessible Population

A

the population of research participants that is practically available to the investigator.

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4
Q

Active consent

A

verbally agreeing and signing a form consenting to participate in research

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5
Q

active deception

A

deliberately misleading research participants by giving them false information

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6
Q

Additive and interactive effects

A

differences between groups is produced because of the combined effect of two or more threats to internal validity.

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7
Q

Alpha Level

A

the point at which one would reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis

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8
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

the logical opposite of the null hypothesis

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9
Q

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)

A

a statistical procedure in which group means are compared after adjusting for pretest differences; statistical test used when you have a one quantitative DV and a mixture of categorical and quantitative IV’s (the quantitative IV is called a covariate)

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10
Q

Anchor

A

descriptors placed on points on a rating scale

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11
Q

ANCOVA

A

abbreviation for analysis of covariance.

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12
Q

ANOVA

A

abbreviation for analysis of variance

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13
Q

Animal rights

A

the belief that animals have rights similar to humans and should not be used in research

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14
Q

Animal welfare

A

Improving the labratory conditions in which animals live and reducing the number of animals used in research.

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15
Q

Anonymity

A

keeping th eidentity of the research participant unknown

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16
Q

Archived research data

A

data (usually quantitative) originally used for a different research project.

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17
Q

assent

A

agreement from a minor to participate to research after receiving an age-appropriate explanation of the study

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18
Q

assignment measure

A

measure used to assign participants to experimental and control groups. those with scores below the cutoff score are assigned to one group and those with scores above the cutoff are assigned to the other group.

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19
Q

attrition

A

loss of participants because they don’t show up or they drop out of the research study

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20
Q

authority

A

a basis for acceptance of information because it is acquired from a highly respected source

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21
Q

automation

A

technique of totally automating experimental procedures so that no experimenter-participant interaction is required

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22
Q

axial coding

A

second stage of data analysis in grounded theory: focus is on making concepts more abstract and ordering them into the theory.

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23
Q

Bar graph

A

graph that uses vertical bars to represent the data values of a categorical variable

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24
Q

Baseline

A

the target behavior of the participant in its naturally occurring state or prior to presentation of the treatment condition.

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25
Q

beneficence

A

acting for the benefit of others

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26
Q

between-participants design

A

groups are produced by random assignment and the different groups are exposed to the different levels of the independent variable

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27
Q

between-subjects variable

A

type of independent variable where different participants receive different levels of the independent variable.

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28
Q

biased sample

A

a non-representative sample

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29
Q

binary forced choice approach

A

participant must select from the two response choices provided with an item

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30
Q

blind technique

A

a method whereby knowledge of each research participants treatment condition is kept from the experimenter.

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31
Q

Carryover effect

A

a sequencing effect that occurs when performance in one treatment condition affects performance in another treatment condition

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32
Q

case

A

a bounded system

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33
Q

case study

A

qualitative research method in which the researcher provides a detailed description and account of one or more cases

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34
Q

categorical variable

A

variable that varies by type or kind

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35
Q

causal description

A

description of the consequences of manipulating an independent variable

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36
Q

causal explanation

A

explaining the mechanisms through which a casual relationship operates

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37
Q

causation

A

a term whose meaning is debated by philosophers, but in everyday language implies that manipulation of one event produces another event

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38
Q

Cause

A

the factor that makes something else exist or change

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39
Q

cause-and-effect relationship

A

relationship in which changes in one variable produce change in another variable.

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40
Q

ceiling effect

A

situation in which participants’ pretest scores on the dependent variable are too high to allow for additional increases

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41
Q

cell

A

combination of levels of two or more independent variables

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42
Q

cell mean

A

average score of the participants in a single cell

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43
Q

census

A

collection of data from everyone in the population

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44
Q

changing-criterion design

A

a single case design in which a participant’s behavior is gradually shaped by changing the criterion for success during successive treatment periods

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45
Q

checklist

A

participants asked to check all response categories that apple

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46
Q

chi-square test for contingency tables

A

statistical test used to determine if a relationship observed in a contingency table is statistically significant.

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47
Q

clinical significance

A

a type of practical significance

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48
Q

closed-ended question

A

a question where participants must select their answer from a set of per-determined response categories

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49
Q

cluster

A

a collective type of unit that includes multiple elements

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50
Q

cluster random sampling

A

sampling method where clusters are randomly selected

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51
Q

coefficient alpha

A

the most frequently used index of internal consistency

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52
Q

Cohen’s d

A

the difference between two means in standard deviation units.

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53
Q

cohort-sequential design

A

design that combines crossectional and longitudinal elements by following two or more age groups over time

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54
Q

collective case study

A

study of multiple cases for the purpose of comparison

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55
Q

comparative case study

A

another name for a collective case study

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56
Q

compatibility thesis

A

position that quantitative and qualitative research methods and philosophies can be combined.

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57
Q

Complete counterbalancing

A

enumerating all possible sequences and requiring different groups of participants to take each of the sequences

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58
Q

concurrent probing

A

obtaining a participant’s perceptions of the experiment after completion of each trial.

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59
Q

concurrent validity

A

degree to which test scores obtained at one time correctly relate to the scores on a known criterion obtained at approximately the same time

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60
Q

concurrent verbal report

A

a participant’s oral report of the experiment, which is obtained as the experiment is being performed.

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61
Q

confidence interval

A

interval estimate inferred from sample data that has a certain probability of including the true population parameter.

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62
Q

confidentiality

A

not revealing information obtained from a research participant to anyone outside the research group

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63
Q

confounding

A

occurs when extraneous variables co-occurs with the independent variable and affects the dependent variable.

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64
Q

confounding extraneous variable

A

an extraneous variable that co-occurs with the independent variable and affects the dependent variable

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65
Q

confounding variable

A

an extraneous variable that if not controlled for will eliminate the researcher’s ability to claim that the IV causes changes in the DV

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66
Q

constancy

A

the influence of an extraneous variable is same on all of the independent variable groups

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67
Q

constant

A

something that does not vary.

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68
Q

construct validity

A

the extent to which a construct is adequately represented by the measures used in a research study

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69
Q

content-related evidence or content validity

A

Judgment by experts of the degree to which items, tasks, or questions on a test adequately represent the construct.

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70
Q

contingency question

A

an item directing the participant to different follow-up questions depending on the initial response.

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71
Q

contingency table

A

table used to examine the relationship between categorical variables

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72
Q

control

A

1) a comparison group, 2) elimination of the influence of extraneous variables, or 3) manipulation of antecedent conditions to produce a change in mental processes and behavior.

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73
Q

control group

A

the group of participants that does not receive the active treatment condition and serves as a standard of comparison for determining whether the treatment condition produced any causal effect

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74
Q

convenience sampling

A

use of people who are readily available, volunteer, or are easily recruited for inclusion in a sample.

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75
Q

convergent validity evidence

A

validity evidence based on the degree to which the focal test scores correlate with independent measures of the same construct

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76
Q

correlation coefficient

A

index indicating the strength and direction of linear relationship between two quantitative variables

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77
Q

correlational study

A

non-experimental research study based on describing relationships among variables and making predictions.

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78
Q

counterbalancing

A

a technique used to control sequencing effects

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79
Q

counterfactual

A

what the experimental group participant’s responses would have been if they had not received the treatment.

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80
Q

criterion-related validity

A

degree to which scores predict or relate to a known criterion such as a future performance or an already-established test.

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81
Q

critical region

A

the area on a null hypothesis sampling distribution where the observed value of the statistic, if it fell in this area, would be considered a rare event.

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82
Q

Cronbach’s alpha

A

another name for coefficient alpha

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83
Q

cross-case analysis

A

case study analysis in which cases are compared and contrasted

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84
Q

crossover effect

A

an outcome in which the control group performs better at pretesting but the experimental group performs better at post-testing.

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85
Q

cross-sectional study

A

study conducted at a single time period, and data are collected from multiple groups; data are collected during a single, brief time period.

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86
Q

culture

A

the shared beliefs, values, practices, language norms, rituals, and material things that the members of a group use to interpret and understand their world.

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87
Q

curvilinear regression

A

the type of regression analysis that can accurately model curved relationships

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88
Q

curvilinear relationship

A

a nonlinear (curved) relationship between to quantitative variables.

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89
Q

cyclical variation

A

any type of systematic up and down movement on the dependent variable over time.

90
Q

Data set

A

a set of data

91
Q

data triangulation

A

use of multiple sources of data

92
Q

debriefing

A

a post experimental discussion or interview about the details of the study, including an explanation for the use of any deception.

93
Q

deception

A

giving a participant a bogus rationale for the experiment.

94
Q

deduction

A

a reasoning process that involves going from the general to the specific

95
Q

degrees of freedom

A

the number of values that are “free to vary”; it’s used when computing a statistic to be used in inferential statistics.

96
Q

dehoaxing

A

debriefing the participants about any deception used in the experiment.

97
Q

demand characteristics

A

any of the cues available in an experiment, such as instructions, rumors, or setting characteristics, that influence the responses of the participants.

98
Q

dependent variable

A

variable assumed to be influenced by one or more independent variables.

99
Q

description

A

the portrayal of a situation or phenomenon

100
Q

descriptive research

A

research that attempts to describe some phenomenon, event, or situation.

101
Q

descriptive statistics

A

the type of statistical analysis focused on describing, summarizing, or explaining a set of data.

102
Q

descriptive validity

A

the factual accuracy of the account reported by the researcher.

103
Q

desensitizing

A

eliminating any undesirable influence that the experiment might have had on the participant.

104
Q

design components

A

structures and procedures used in constructing research designs

105
Q

determinism

A

the belief that mental processes and behaviors are fully caused by prior natural factors

106
Q

differential attrition

A

in a multi group design, groups become different on an extraneous variable because of differences in the loss of participants across the groups.

107
Q

differential carryover effect

A

a treatment condition affects participants performance in a later condition in one way and in another way when followed by a different condition

108
Q

differential history

A

the groups in a multi-group design experience different history events that result in differences on the dependent variable.

109
Q

differential influence

A

when the influence of an extraneous variable is different for the various groups.

110
Q

direct effect

A

an effect of one variable directly on another variable: depicted as a single arrow in a path model.

111
Q

directional alternative hypothesis

A

an alternative hypothesis that includes a “less than sign” or a “greater than sign.”

112
Q

discoverability

A

the assumption that it is possible to discover the regularities that exist in nature.

113
Q

discriminant validity evidence

A

validity evidence based on the degree to which the focal test scores do not correlate with measures of different constructs.

114
Q

disproportional stratified sampling

A

stratified sampling where the sample proportions are made to be different from the population proportions on the stratification variable.

115
Q

documents

A

personal and official documents that were left behind.

116
Q

double-barreled question

A

asking about two or more issues in a single question

117
Q

double-blind placebo method

A

neither the experimenter nor the research participant is aware of the treatment condition administered to the participant

118
Q

double negative

A

a sentence construction that contains two negatives

119
Q

Duhem-Quine principle

A

states that a hypothesis cannot be tested in isolation from other assumptions.

120
Q

Ecological validity

A

the degree to which the results of a study can be generalized across settings or environmental conditions.

121
Q

effect size indicator

A

index of magnitude or strength of a relationship or difference between means

122
Q

effect

A

the difference between what would have happened and what did happen when a treatment is administered

123
Q

effect size

A

the magnitude of the relationship between two variables in a population.

124
Q

electronic survey

A

survey conducted over the internet

125
Q

element

A

the basic unit selected

126
Q

e-mail survey

A

electronic survey where participants are contacted directly via e-mail, and the survey instrument is attached to the message

127
Q

Emic perspective

A

insider’s perspective

128
Q

empirical adequacy

A

present when theories and hypotheses closely fit empirical evidence.

129
Q

empiricism

A

the acquisition of knowledge through experience.

130
Q

equal probability of selection method (EPSEM)

A

sampling method in which each individual element has an equal probability of selection into the sample

131
Q

equating the groups

A

using control strategies to make the influence of extraneous variables constant across the independent variable groups sot hat the only systematic difference between the groups is due to the influence of the independent variable.

132
Q

equivalent-forms reliability

A

consistency of a group of individuals’ scores on two versions of the same test

133
Q

essence

A

phenomenological structure of the experience

134
Q

estimation

A

the branch of inferential statistics focused on obtaining estimates of the values of population parameters.

135
Q

eta squared

A

the amount of variance in the dependent variable uniquely explained by a single independent variable.

136
Q

ethical dilemma

A

the investigator’s conflict in weighing the potential cost to the participant against the potential gain to be accrued from the research project.

137
Q

ethnocentric

A

judgment of people in other cultures based on the standards of your cuture

138
Q

ethnography

A

qualitative research method that focuses on the discovery and description of the culture of a group of people.

139
Q

etic perceptive

A

the researcher’s external or “objective” perspective

140
Q

event sampling

A

observations are recorded every time a particular event occurs

141
Q

exhaustive categories

A

response categories that cover the full range of possible responses

142
Q

existing or secondary data

A

collection of data that were left behind or originally used for something different than the current research study.

143
Q

experimental criterion

A

in single-case research, repeated demonstration that a behavioral change occurs when the treatment is introduced

144
Q

experimental group

A

the group of participants that receives the treatment condition that is intended to produce an effect.

145
Q

experimental-group-higher-than-control-group-at-pretest-effect

A

an outcome in which the control group performs better than the experimental group at pretesting, but only the experimental group improves from pre to post testing.

146
Q

experimental research

A

the research approach in which one attempts to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating the independent variable

147
Q

experimenter attributes

A

biasing experimenter effects attributable to the physical and psychological characteristics of the researcher.

148
Q

experimenter effects

A

actions and characteristics of researchers that influence the responses of the participants.

149
Q

experimenter expectancies

A

biasing experimenter effects attributable to the researcher’s expectations about the outcome of the experiment.

150
Q

explanation

A

determination of the cause or causes of a given phenomenon.

151
Q

extended fieldwork

A

spending enough time in the field to fully understand what is being studied

152
Q

external validity

A

degree to which the study results can be generalized to and across other people, settings, treatments, outcomes, and times.

153
Q

extraneous variables

A

variable that might compete with the IV in explaining the outcome.

154
Q

face validity

A

prima facie judgment of whether the items appear to represent the construct and whether the test or instrument looks valid.

155
Q

face-to-face interview method

A

survey method where participants are interviewed in a face-to-face setting

156
Q

Factor analysis

A

a statistical analysis procedure used to determine the number of dimensions present in a set of items

157
Q

factorial designs

A

two or more independent variables are studied to determine their separate and joint effects on the dependent variable.

158
Q

Factorial design based on a mixed model

A

a factorial design that uses a combination of within-participants and between-participants independent variables

159
Q

falsificationism

A

a deductive approach to science that focuses on falsifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science

160
Q

field experiment

A

an experimental research study that is conducted in a real-life setting.

161
Q

field notes

A

notes taken by the researcher during (or immediately after) one’s observations in the field.

162
Q

fieldwork

A

a general tern for data collection in ethnographic research

163
Q

floor effect

A

situation where participants pretest scores on the dependent variable are too low to allow for additional increases.

164
Q

focus group

A

collection of data in a group situation where a moderator leads a discussion with a small group of people

165
Q

frequency distribution

A

data arrangement in which the frequencies of each unique data value is shown.

166
Q

Gatekeepers

A

group members who control a researcher’s access to the group.

167
Q

going native

A

overidentification with the group being studied so that one loses any possibility of objectivity.

168
Q

grounded theory

A

methodology for generating and developing a theory that is grounded in the particular data

169
Q

group-administered questionnaire method

A

survey method where participants fill out the questionnaire in a group setting.

170
Q

Histogram

A

graph depicting frequencies and distribution of a quantitative variable.

171
Q

history

A

any event that can produce the outcome, other than the treatment condition, that occurs during the study before posttest measurement.

172
Q

holism

A

Idea that a whole, such as a culture, is more than the sum of its individual parts.

173
Q

homogeneity

A

the degree to which a set of items measures a single construct.

174
Q

hypothesis

A

the best prediction or a tentative solution to a problem.

175
Q

hypothesis testing

A

the process of testing a predicted relationship or hypothesis by making observations and then comparing the observe facts with the hypothesis or predicted relationship, the branch of inferential statistics focused on determining when the null hypothesis can or cannot be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis.

176
Q

idiographic causation

A

a single intentional action for a particular person in a local situation with an observable result.

177
Q

incomplete counterbalancing

A

enumerating fewer than all possible sequences and requiring different groups of participants to take each of the sequences.

178
Q

increasing control and experimental groups effect

A

an outcome in which the experimental and the control groups differ at pretesting and both increase from pre to posttesting, but the experimental group increases at a faster rate.

179
Q

independent samples t test

A

the significance test of the difference between two means that uses the t probability distribution.

180
Q

independent variable

A

variable that is presumed to cause changes in another variable.

181
Q

indirect effect

A

an effect occurring through a mediating variable

182
Q

individual matching

A

a matching technique in which each participant is matched with another participant on selected variables.

183
Q

induction

A

a reasoning process that involves going from the specific to the general.

184
Q

inferential statistics

A

the type of statistical analysis focused on making inferences about populations based on sample data.

185
Q

informed consent

A

informing the research participant of all aspects of the study that might influence his/her willingness to volunteer to participate.

186
Q

inside-outside validity

A

used in mixed methods research and is present when the researcher provides both the insider and the objective outsider perspectives.

187
Q

instrumental case study

A

case study in which the researcher studies a case in order to understand something more general than the particular case.

188
Q

instrumentation

A

changes from pretest to posttest in the assessment or measurement of the dependent variable.

189
Q

interaction design

A

single-case design used to identify interaction effects

190
Q

interaction effect in single-case research

A

the combined influence of two or more independent variables

191
Q

interaction effect

A

when the effect of two or more IVs on the DV is more complex than indicated by the main effects.

192
Q

interdependence

A

violation of design assumption in which changing one target (participant, outcome, or setting) produces changes in the remaining targets.

193
Q

internal consistency reliability

A

consistency with which items on a test measure a single construct

194
Q

internal validity

A

the correctness of inferences made by researchers about cause and effect

195
Q

internet experiment

A

an experimental study that is conducted over the internet

196
Q

interobserver agreement

A

the percentage of time that different observer’s ratings are in agreement.

197
Q

interpretive validity

A

accurately portraying the participants subjective viewpoints and meanings.

198
Q

interrater reliability

A

the degree of consistency or agreement between two or more scorers, judges, observers, or raters.

199
Q

interrupted time-series design

A

a quasi-experimental design in which a treatment effect is assessed by comparing the pattern of pre and posttest scores for a single group of research participants.

200
Q

interval estimation

A

placement of a range of numbers around a point estimate

201
Q

interval scale

A

a scale of measurement with equal intervals of distance between adjacent numbers

202
Q

interview protocol

A

data collection instrument used by the interviewer.

203
Q

interviews

A

data collection method in which an interviewer asks the interviewee a series of questions, often with prompting for additional information

204
Q

intrasubject counterbalancing

A

administering the treatment conditions to each individual participant in more than one order

205
Q

intrinsic case study

A

case study in which the researcher is only interested in understanding the individual case.

206
Q

intuition

A

an approach of acquiring knowledge that is not based on a known reasoning process.

207
Q

investigator triangulation

A

use of multiple investigators to collect and interpret the data.

208
Q

known groups validity evidence

A

degree to which groups that are known to differ on a construct actually differ according to the test used to measure the construct.

209
Q

laboratory experiment

A

an experimental research study that is conducted in the controlled environment of a laboratory.

210
Q

laboratory observation

A

observation conducted in lab setting set up by the researcher

211
Q

leading question

A

a question that suggests how the participants should answer.

212
Q

level of significance

A

another name for alpha level.

213
Q

life world

A

a person’s subjective inner world of experience

214
Q

Likert scaling

A

a multi-item scale is used to measure a single construct by summing each participant’s responses to the items on the scale.

215
Q

Line graph

A

a graph relying on the drawing of one or more lines

216
Q

loaded term

A

a word that produces an emotionally charged reaction.

217
Q

logic of discovery

A

the inductive or discovery part of the scientific process

218
Q

logic of hypothesis testing

A

the five steps in the process of significance testing

219
Q

logic of justification

A

the deductive or theory-testing part of the scientific process

220
Q

logical positivism

A

a philosophical approach that focused on verifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science

221
Q

longitudinal study

A

a study in which data are collected at two or more points in time

222
Q

low-inference descriptors

A

descriptions that are very close to participants’ words or a re direct verbatim quotes.

Experimental PSYCH 305 (6 decks)

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