CH. 12-13

Question 1

Non-experimental research methods include

Answer 1

Naturalistic observations,
case studies,
correlational research,
survey research

Question 2

Naturalistic observations are…

Answer 2

observations in nature.

1) continuous or discontinuous
2) non-reactive
3) commonly used in ethology.
4) also called unobtrusive measures

Question 3

Strengths/weaknesses of Naturalistic observation…

Answer 3

Strengths:
high external validity, non-reactive behavior, simple design, creates new problems for study, used to follow up on experimental research to test external validity.

Weaknesses:
cannot infer cause/effect relationships
level of measurement is low

Question 4

Case studies are…

Answer 4

intense investigation of single case. Retrospective case studies (clinical) depend on memory of patient.

deviant case analysis studies: identical twins raised separately. Used in nature/nurture studies.

Question 5

Strengths/weaknesses of case studies are….

Answer 5

Strengths:
helps individual, major source of experimental hypotheses.

Weaknesses:
can’t infer cause and effect
dependent upon unbiased memory/recall, which can be faulty.

Question 6

Survey research is…

Answer 6

self-explanatory.
telephone, email, online, etc.
demographic info, subject characteristics, SES, age, etc.
attitudes or behaviors (ex: political attitudes)
find out how demographics are related to behaviors.

Question 7

Strengths and Weaknesses

Answer 7

Strength:
easier to collect data, and collect large amounts
Weakness:
cannot infer cause/effect
highly reactive method (ex: Kinsey 40’s and 50’s.)
easy to fabricate or exaggerate
representative samples are difficult to attain

Question 8

Correlational research is

Answer 8

a technique for assessing a relationship.
Pearson R.
gives you a numerical value of magnitude and direction of relationships between variables.
0-+/-1.

Question 9

Strengths/Weaknesses of Correlational research are….

Answer 9

does not infer causation or rule out causation.
doesn’t matter if it’s as high as 1 or as high as 0. No direct relationship w/causation.
low correlation values can appear as a result of truncated range problem.

Question 10

what is a truncated range problem?

Answer 10

ex: weight gain between 1-20 is much more than weight from 20-40. (We hope.)

This would result in low Pierson r values.

Question 11

non-representative samples can result in a low peirson r value because…

Answer 11

two variables that represent a concept and the variables don’t actually represent what they are supposed to.

Question 12

non-linearity variables can result in low r-values because…

Answer 12

the variable is curvalinear because the formula was not meant to compute the relationship between anything other than linear.

Question 13

avoid non-linearity variables by…

Answer 13

graphing it out.

Question 14

12 Major Char: Design strategies are…

Answer 14

1) naturalistic theory
2) emergent design flexibility
3) purposeful sampling

Question 15

12 Major Char: Data-collection and fieldwork strategies are…

Answer 15

4) qualitative data
5) personal experience and engagement
6) empathic neutrality and mindfulness
7) dynamic systems

Question 16

12 Major Char: Analysis strategies are…

Answer 16

8) unique case orientation
9) inductive analysis and creative synthesis
10) holistic perspective
11) context sensitivity
12) voice, perspective, and reflexivity

Question 17

Two strategies for reducing researcher bias are…

Answer 17

reflexivity (confronting and thinking about bias) and negative-case sampling (looking for case samples that do not fit your expectations).

Question 18

True or False. Multiple investigators help to strengthen descriptive validity.

Answer 18

True.

Question 19

two strategies to increase interpretive validity are…

Answer 19

participant feedback and low-inference descriptors (Phrasing it close to the way your participant does.)

Question 20

Four strategies to increase theoretical validity are…

Answer 20

extended fieldwork, theory triangulation, pattern matching, and peer review.

Question 21

idiographic causation is specific to a situation or small incident. What is it’s opposite, highly used in quantitative research?

Answer 21

nomological causation

Question 22

Grounded theory Data analysis involves these three steps…

Answer 22

1) open coding (read data, record important concepts)
2) axial coding (decide which concepts are important)
3) selective coding (finishing touches on explanation)

Question 23

when does theoretical saturation occur?

Answer 23

when no new information can be determined from data set.

Question 24

What are the four major approaches to qualitative research?

Answer 24

phenomenological, ethology, grounded theory and case study research.

Question 25

Emic perspective= insider perspective. it’s opposite is…

Answer 25

etic perspective= objective outsider’s perspective.

Question 26

gatekeepers are…

Answer 26

individuals that protect the group, formally or informally.

Question 27

compatibility thesis is

Answer 27

the idea that quantitative and qualitative methods are complementary and can be used effectively together for research purposes.

Question 28

What are the five validities to be concerned with when doing mixed research designs?

Answer 28

1) inside-outside validity (researcher understanding native view)
2) weakness minimization validity (combine approaches to not produce weakness)
3) sequential validity (order of collecting data not affecting results)
4) sample integration validity (make appropriate claims based on the combo of your data types)
5) multiple validities (understanding validities and applying both for each type on their own.)

Question 29

Two types of mixed methods designs and their sub types are:

Answer 29

time order: concurrent or sequential

paradigm: equal status or dominant status