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NCLEX > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Aphasia

A

neurological impairment of communication

Impaired speech and writing, impaired comprehension of words, or combination of both

Note: a client with receptive aphasia may speak full sentences, but the words do not make sense. The nurse should speak clearly, ask simple “yes” or “no” questions, and use gestures and pictures to increase understanding.

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2
Q

Apraxia

A

Loss of the ability to perform a learned movement due to neurological impairment.

ex. whistling, clapping, dressing

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3
Q

Dysarthria

A

Weakness of the muscles used for speech.

Pronunciation and articulation are affected.

Comprehension and the meaning of words are intact, but speech is difficult to understand (eg, mumble, lisp).

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4
Q

Dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

Clients with motor deficits after a stroke may have dysphagia, which requires swallowing precautions to prevent aspiration.

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5
Q

Decorticate

A

Flexion

flexion of arms to chest, clenched fists, and extended legs

damage to corticospinal tract = pathway between brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

Decerebrate

A

Extension

rigid extension of arms and legs, downward pointing toes

deterioration of structures of nervous system, upper brain stem

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7
Q

Concussion

A

loss of neurological function with no structural damage

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8
Q

Contusion

A

brain is damaged

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9
Q

Diffuse axonal injury

A

brain damage due to shearing and rotational forces

  • car accident
  • fall
  • sports accident
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10
Q

Otorrhea

A

inflammation and discharge from ears

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11
Q

Rhinorrhea

A

thin watery discharge from nose

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12
Q

Ecchymosis

A

bleeding under skin = bruise

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13
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

bleeding into space between skull and dura

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14
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

bleeding below dura

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15
Q

Cushing’s triad

A

1) Hypertension with widening pulse pressure
2) Bradycardia
3) Irregular breathing

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16
Q

Osmotic diuretics

1) use
2) pharm

A

Neuro

Mannitol

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17
Q

Loop diuretics

1) use
2) pharm

A

FVO

Furosemide

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18
Q

Tonic-clonic seizure

A

severe

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19
Q

Status epilepticus

A

life-threatening condition

series of generalized seizures without full recovery of consciousness between

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20
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

sudden temporary episode of neurological dysfunction

may be warning sign for impending stroke

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21
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

Stroke

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22
Q

Autonomic dysreflexia

A

life-threatening

Sudden, severe, hypertension triggered by noxious stimuli below damage of cord.

May be caused by impaction, bladder distension, pressure points, ulcers, or pain.

Characteristic manifestations include acute onset of throbbing headache, nausea, and blurred vision; hypertension and bradycardia; and diaphoresis and skin flushing above the level of the injury

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23
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disorder

antibodies, produced by thymus gland, damage acetylcholine receptor sites causing impaired transmission at myoneural junction.

Muscle weakness increases with activity, improves with rest

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24
Q

Ptosis

A

drooping of an organ

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25
Q

Dysphonia

A

difficulty speaking

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26
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

autoimmune disease

rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system

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27
Q

Beneficence

A

Ethical principle of doing good

Involves helping to meet the client’s (including the family) emotional needs through understanding. This can involve withholding information at times.

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28
Q

Prioritization strategy

3

A

1) ABCs plus V – airway, breathing, circulation, and vital signs
2) Mental status changes, acute pain, unresolved medical issues, acute elimination problems, abnormal laboratory values, and risk
3) Longer-term issues such as health education, rest, and coping

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29
Q

Intermittent claudication

A

sharp calf pain

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30
Q

6 - Ps of Compartment Syndrome

A

1) Pain
2) Parasthesia
3) Pulses
4) Pallor
5) Paralysis
6) Polar (cold)

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31
Q

Ataxia

A

loss of balance

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32
Q

Stenosis

A

constriction or narrowing

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33
Q

Syncope

A

Partial or complete loss of consciousness

i.e. fainting

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34
Q

Autonomy

A

right to make one’s own decisions

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35
Q

Fidelity

A

obligation to be faithful to agreements and responsibilities, to keep promises

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36
Q

Justice

A

obligation to be fair to all people

37
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

obligation not to harm others

38
Q

Paternalism

A

assuming the right to make decisions for another

39
Q

Veracity

A

obligation to tell the truth

40
Q

Isotonic crystalloid solutions (0.9% NaCl, lactated Ringer)

A

Fluid infused into extracellular vascular compartment

41
Q

Hypotonic crystalloid solutions (2.5% dextrose & water, 0.45% NaCl)

A

Fluid infused into extracellular vascular compartment

Body fluids shift out of intravascular compartments into interstitial tissue and cells

42
Q

Hypertonic solutions

dextrose 5% & 0.9% NaCl, 5% dextrose & lactated Ringer

A

Fluid infused into vascular compartment

Body fluids shift from intracellular compartment into extracellular vascular compartment

43
Q

Asterixis

A

flapping tremors of the hands

44
Q

RN Responsibility

-pain assessment (PQRST)-

A 
P - provocation/palliation
Q - quality
R - region/radiation
S - severity
T - timing
45
Q

Distributive shock

1) definition
2) types (3)

A

1) shock caused by poor distribution of the blood flow

2) Septic, Anaphylactic, Hypovolemic

46
Q

Excoriation

A

broken skin

47
Q

Cardiac tamponade (3)

A

1) Narrowed pulse pressure
2) Jugular venous distension
3) Muffled heart tones

48
Q

Atony

A

lack of normal muscle tone

49
Q

Pruritus

A

itching

50
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

Vascular dilation and blood pooling due to spinal cord injury

S/Sx
hypotension
bradycardia
warm, dry extremities w/cold core

51
Q

Trismus

A

inability to open the mouth due to a tonic contraction of the muscles used for chewing

52
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

gallbladder removal

53
Q

Steatorrhea

A

presence of excess fat in feces

54
Q

Septic shock

A

fatal condition when infection leads to WBC response in the vascular system creating dangerously low blood pressure

S/Sx
warm skin eventually turning to cold skin
fever
LOC change
low RR
55
Q

Refeeding syndrome

A

potentially fatal complication of nutritional rehabilitation in chronically malnourished clients leading to phosphorous, potassium, and magnesium shifting intracellularly

56
Q

What does coffee ground emesis indicate?

A

hemorrhage

57
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

fetus spinal cord exposed and poking out of back

58
Q

Epistaxis

A

nose bleed

59
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

5

A

1) Education about the client’s specific disorder
2) Self-observation and monitoring - the client learns how to monitor anxiety, identify triggers, and assess the severity
3) Physical control strategies – deep breathing and muscle relaxation exercises
4) Cognitive restructuring – learning new ways to reframe thinking patterns, challenging negative thoughts
5) Behavioral strategies – focusing on situations that cause anxiety and practicing new coping behaviors, desensitization to anxiety-provoking situations or events

60
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

Condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly.

Can be harmful to the kidneys.

61
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Kidney infection and inflammation

Watch for Urosepsis

62
Q

6 QSEN nursing competencies

A

1) Patient-centered care
2) Teamwork and collaboration
3) EBP
4) Quality Improvement
5) Safety
6) Informatics

63
Q

Diffuse axonal injury

A

TBI in the cerebral hemispheres - forces disrupt the structure of neurons and nearby blood vessels

Typically results from high-speed acceleration, deceleration, or a rotational injury from a motor vehicle crash.

64
Q

Witness informed consent

-purpose (2)-

A

1) Verify signature is that of client

2) Confirm client is mentally competent

65
Q

Urticaria

A

hives

66
Q

Fetal macrosomia

A

large fetus

67
Q

Complications of O2 therapy in preterm newborns

A

Visual impairment or blindness

due to injury of developing retinal blood vessels

68
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis trigger

A

Infection

69
Q

Thyrotoxicosis (Thyroid storm)

-Definition and S/Sx (3)-

A

life-threatening condition characterized by an increase in thyroid hormone levels that results in a hypermetabolic state

1) fever (including small rises in body temperature)
2) chills
3) tachycardia

70
Q

Polycythemia

A

abnormally large number of red blood cells in the circulatory system (hemoglobin >22)

71
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

deficiency or absence of an enzyme required to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid found in protein foods

High levels of phenylalanine can cause intellectual disability by interfering with brain growth and development, particularly concerning for developing fetus and infant

72
Q

Teratogenic effects (3)

A

1) microcephaly
2) mental disability
3) heart defects

73
Q

Foods high in Phenylalanine

A

high-protein foods

meat, dairy, dry beans, nuts, eggs

74
Q

Macrosomia

A

high birth weight

75
Q

Atopic dermatitis

A

Eczema

76
Q

Lacrimation

A

secretion of tears

77
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Amnesia regarding the event of injury (concussion)

78
Q

Pleural effusion

A

excess collection of fluid in the pleural space that prevents the lung from expanding fully, resulting in decreased lung volume, atelectasis, and ineffective gas exchange

79
Q

Atelectasis

A

complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung.

It occurs when alveoli become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.

80
Q

Pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung that occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall

81
Q

Myopia

A

nearsightedness

82
Q

Indirect Coombs test

A

Rh sensitivity test for pregnant people

83
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

low amniotic fluid

84
Q

Hypospadias

A

Condition where urethral opening is on the underside of the penis

85
Q

Priapism

A

penis remains erect for hours in the absence of stimulation

86
Q

Cystoscope

A

scope inserted through the urethra to directly visualize the bladder wall and urethra - burning during urination after procedure is common

87
Q

Renal arteriogram

A

Radiologic test performed to visualize renal blood vessels to detect abnormalities. A contrast medium is injected into the femoral artery.

88
Q

paradoxical chest movement

A

flail chest

Flail chest is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when a segment of the rib cage breaks due to trauma and becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall.

89
Q

Hirsutism

A

hairy suit

NCLEX (6 decks)

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