Med-Surg Flashcards

Question

Intussusception

Answer 1

intestinal obstruction when a segment of the bowel folds (ie, telescopes) into another segment causing ischemia and leakage of blood and mucus mostly occurs in children assessment could show sausage-shaped abdominal mass

Answer 2

characterized by progressive replacement of muscle tissue with connective tissue. Signs include Gower sign/maneuver (placing hands on the thighs to push up to stand), enlarged calves, walking on tiptoes, and frequent tripping/falling.

Answer 3

Overly thickened pyloric muscle (base of stomach before small intestines). Causes postprandial projectile vomiting secondary to an obstruction at the gastric outlet. S/Sx 1) Olive-shaped mass in epigastric area just to the right of the umbilicus. 2) Nonbilious emesis 3) Progressive dehydration

Answer 4

- Change in bowel or bladder habits - A sore that does not heal - Unusual bleeding or discharge from a body orifice - Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere - Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing that does not go away - Obvious change in a wart or mole - Nagging cough or hoarseness

Answer 5

Lactated Ringers

Answer 6

1) Venous stasis 2) Hypercoagulability of blood 3) Endothelial damage 4) Inactivity/immobility - after C-section

Answer 7

1) Prodromal phase - period with warning signs that precede the seizure 2) Aural phase - period before the seizure when the client may experience visual or other sensory changes. 3) Ictal phase - period of active seizure activity 4) Postictal phase - period of recovery when client may experience confusion, or headache.

Answer 8

1) inflammation of the meninges in the brain and spinal cord caused by specific types of bacteria, including group B streptococcal, meningococcal, or pneumococcal pathogens. 2) S/Sx - Fever or possible hypothermia - Irritability - Frequent seizures - High-pitched cry - Poor feeding and vomiting - Nuchal rigidity - Bulging fontanelles

Answer 9

Neurological motor neuron degeneration that leads to: 1) progressive muscle weakness 2) twitching and muscle spasms 3) difficulty swallowing 4) difficulty speaking 5) respiratory failure There is no cure. Treatment focuses on symptom management.

Answer 10

1) brief loss of consciousness 2) retrograde amnesia 3) headache Clients should be observed closely by family members and not participate in strenuous or athletic activities for 1–2 days.

Answer 11

Often associated with alcohol abuse due to poor absorption, inadequate nutritional intake, and increased losses via the gastrointestinal and renal systems. 1) Ventricular arrhythmias (torsades de pointes): most serious priority 2) Neuromuscular excitability: tremors, hyperactive reflexes, positive Trousseau and Chvostek signs, and seizures.

Answer 12

1) Constipation and polyuria: Calcium has a diuretic effect | 2) positive Trousseau and Chvostek signs

Answer 13

Increased thirst with dry mucous membranes

Answer 14

1) Serious complication is cardiac arrhythmias 2) Muscle weakness/paralysis 3) Soft, flabby muscles 4) Paralytic ileus: abdominal distension, decreased bowel sounds

Answer 15

Contraction of hand and fingers when BP cuff is inflated

Answer 16

Contraction of the muscle near lip when facial nerve, by ear, is tapped

Answer 17

Hemolysis Elevated Liver enzymes Low Platelets

Answer 18

1) Massive proteinuria – caused by increased glomerular permeability 2) Hypoalbuminemia – resulting from excess protein loss in the urine 3) Edema – specifically periorbital and peripheral edema and ascites; caused by low serum protein and albumin as fluid is pulled into interstitial spaces and body cavities 4) Hyperlipidemia – related to increased compensatory protein and lipid production by the liver

Answer 19

1) Self-dramatizing, exaggerated or shallow emotional expression 2) Attention-seeking, needs to be the center of attention 3) Overly friendly and seductive, attempts to keep others engaged 4) Demands immediate gratification and has little tolerance for frustration

Answer 20

1) exhibit social detachment 2) inability to express emotion 3) do not enjoy close relationships and prefer to be aloof and isolated

Answer 21

1) pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others 2) manipulate others for personal gain 3) lack empathy

Answer 22

1) Advanced age 2) Underlying neurodegenerative disease (stroke, dementia) 3) Polypharmacy 4) Coexisting medical conditions (eg, infection) 5) Acid-base/arterial blood gas imbalances (eg, acidosis, hypercarbia, hypoxemia) 6) Metabolic and electrolyte disturbances 7) Impaired mobility - early ambulation prevents delirium 8) Surgery (postoperative setting) 9) Untreated pain and inadequate analgesia

Answer 23

a serious complication usually associated with type 2 diabetes. With this condition, clients are able to produce enough insulin to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis but not enough to prevent extreme hyperglycemia, osmotic diuresis, and extracellular fluid deficit. Some insulin is produced, blood glucose rises slowly and symptoms may not be recognized until hyperglycemia is extreme, often >600 mg/dL (33.3 mmol/L). This eventually causes neurological manifestations such as blurry vision, lethargy, obtundation, and progression to coma. Because some insulin is present, symptoms associated with ketones and acidosis, such as Kussmaul respirations (hyperventilation) and abdominal pain, are typically absent.

Answer 24

deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis but also kidney failure. It is a form of hyperventilation

Answer 25

Respiratory acidosis Respiratory depression, leading to alveolar hypoventilation secondary to carbon dioxide retention, and respiratory acidosis. Therefore, clients should be advised not to take multiple substances that increase the risk of respiratory depression (eg, opioids, benzodiazepines, alcohol, sedating antihistamines).

Answer 26

Metabolic acidosis due to loss of bicarbonate or retention of acids; the lungs would compensate by hyperventilating.

Answer 27

Metabolic alkalosis lungs would compensate by hypoventilating.

Answer 28

Respiratory alkalosis due to alveolar hyperventilation (rapid breathing).

Answer 29

Potentially lethal complication of nutritional replenishment in significantly malnourished clients and can occur with oral, enteral, or parenteral feedings. After a period of starvation, carbohydrate-rich nutrition (glucose) stimulates insulin production along with a shift of electrolytes from the blood into tissue cells for anabolism. The key signs of refeeding syndrome are rapid declines in phosphorous, potassium, and/or magnesium (mnemonic PPM). Other findings may include fluid overload, sodium retention, hyperglycemia, and thiamine deficiency.

Answer 30

Respiratory alkalosis is the body's natural compensation for metabolic acidosis. It is achieved by blowing more CO2 off from the system through rapid breathing.

Answer 31

1) Droplet isolation precautions 2) Seizure precautions 3) Reduced stimulus environment 4) Bed rest with the head of the bed elevated between 10-30 degrees.

Answer 32

harsh systolic murmur is heard Ventricular septal defect is an opening between the ventricles of the heart. Ventricular septal defect is an acyanotic defect.

Answer 33

Diastolic murmur is heard in mitral stenosis and aortic regurgitation

Answer 34

Systolic ejection murmur is heard in pulmonic stenosis. Right ventricular hypertrophy will develop if this defect is not repaired. In adults, systolic ejection murmur is usually due to aortic stenosis.

Answer 35

If the ductus arteriosus remains open, blood will shunt from the aorta to the pulmonary arteries. The child will be acyanotic but will have a machine-like murmur heard on both systole and diastole.

Answer 36

ST elevation

Answer 37

1) Swollen, dry tongue (red/beefy) 2) Nausea, vomiting 3) Increased muscle tone

Answer 38

1) Albuterol 2) Ipratropium 3) Methel-predniso-lone

Answer 39

1) Beta blockers | 2) NSAIDs