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AEBI 211 - Organism II > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Extant

A

still in existance

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2
Q

Chemical evolution

A

formation of complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic molecules through chemical reactions

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3
Q

Organic evolution

A

the process by which changes in the genetic composition of populations of organisms occur in response to environmental changes

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4
Q

Homology

A

Similarity of parts or organs of different organism caused by evolutionary derivation from the corresponding part or organ in a common ancestor.

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5
Q

Perpetual Change

A

The living world is always changing

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6
Q

Reproductive barriers

A

biological barriers that prevent interbreeding

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7
Q

LUCA

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

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8
Q

Homology

A

Character similarity resulting from common ancestry

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9
Q

Reproductive barriers

A

biological barriers that prevent interbreeding

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10
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

ancestral population geographically divided

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11
Q

Vicariant speciation

A
  • Type of Allopatric speciation

- climate/geology causes populations to fragment

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12
Q

Founder Effect

A

a small number of individuals disperse to a distant place and form new populations

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13
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

diverging lineages co-occupy a geographic area

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14
Q

Gradualism

A

small changes accumulate steadily over time

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15
Q

Punctuated equilibirum

A

long periods of stasis, punctuated by brief events of speciation

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16
Q

Natural selection

A

organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offsprings

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17
Q

Adaptation

A

a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment

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18
Q

Exaptation

A

process by which features acquire functions for which they were not originally adapted or selected

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19
Q

Modern synthesis

A

microevolution + macroevolution

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20
Q

Microevolution

A

evolutionary changes in frequencies of variant forms of genes within populations

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21
Q

Macroevolution:

A

Evolution on a long timescale

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22
Q

Mass extinction

A

extinction occurring simultaneously across many lineages

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23
Q

Interspecific hybrid

A

offspring produced by mating of individuals from two different species

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24
Q

Species

A
  • Individuals descend from a common ancestral population
  • reproductive compatibility
  • genotypic and phenotypic cohesion (similarity)
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25
Q

Phylogeny

A

origin and diversification of any taxon, or the evolutionary history of its origin and diversification

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26
Q

Phylogenic tree

A

branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species

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27
Q

Homoplasy

A

non-homologous similarities that may be found in various organisms –> arose independently of common ancestry

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28
Q

Cladistics

A

approach for classifying organisms based on common evolutionary descent

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29
Q

Cladogram

A

diagram used in cladistics to show evolutionary relationships between organisms

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30
Q

Clade

A

unit of evolutionary common descent that includes ancestral lineage and all descendants

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31
Q

Character

A

organismal feature that varies between species

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32
Q

Ancestral character

A

character state present in the common ancestor

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33
Q

Derived character

A

all other variant forms that arose later within the group

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34
Q

Monophyletic clade

A

includes most recent common ancestor and some but not all descendants of that ancestor

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35
Q

Paraphyletic clade

A

includes most recent common ancestor and some but not all descendants of that ancestor

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36
Q

Polyphyletic clade

A

includes all of the descendants of the most recent common ancestor without including that ancestor

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37
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

fusion of two specialized cells, or gametes

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38
Q

Muller’s Ratchet

A

accumulation of deleterious mutations in asexual reproduction

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39
Q

Binary Fission

A
  • Asexual

Parent divides by mitosis into two parts. each grows into an individual similar to the parent

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40
Q

Multiple Fission

A
  • Asexual

nucleus divides repeatedly. cytoplasmic division then produces many daughter cells simultaneously

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41
Q

Schizogony

A

= multiple fission

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42
Q

Budding

A
  • asexual

unequal division of an organism

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43
Q

Gemmulation

A
  • asexual

formation of a new individual from an aggregation of cells which are surrounded by a gemmule

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44
Q

gemmule

A

resistant capsule

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45
Q

Fragmentation

A
  • asexual
    = binary fission for multicellular organisms
    Breaks into two or more fragments that become a new individual
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46
Q

“twofold” cost of sex

A

males do not directly produce offspring

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47
Q

Bisexual reproduction

A
  • sexual
  • male and female gametes are produced
  • 2 x n –> 2n
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48
Q

Hermaphroditism

A
  • sexual

male and female organs occur in the same individual

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49
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
  • both asexual and sexual reproduction

- embryo develops from an unfertilized egg. sperm activates egg but does not fuse with it.

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50
Q

Dioecious

A

Having male and female gonads in separate individuals

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51
Q

Monoecious

A

having both male and female gonads in the same organism - hermaphroditic

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52
Q

Oviparous

A
  • external or internal fertilization

- eggs are released by the female –> development of offspring occurs outside maternal body

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53
Q

Viviparous

A
  • internal fertilization

- eggs develop within female body –> nutritional aid

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54
Q

Ovoviviparous

A
  • internal fertilization
  • eggs develop within the maternal body without nutritional aid
  • eggs either hatch within the parent of immediately after laying
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55
Q

Ontogeny

A

developmental history of an organism throughout its entire life

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56
Q

Gamete formation

A

sperm and eggs form, mature

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57
Q

fertilization

A

egg and sperm fuse –> zygote

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58
Q

Cleavage

A

embryo divides repeatedly without growth

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59
Q

Blastomeres

A

smaller egg cells that were once a single large egg cell

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60
Q

Blastula

A

The zygote after cleavage

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61
Q

blastocoel

A

fluid-filled cavity where egg cells are formed

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62
Q

Gastrulation

A

converts blastula into germ layers

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63
Q

organogenesis

A

organ development from specific germ layers + formation of the nervous system from the ectoderm

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64
Q

Egg

A

organic vessel where an embryo develops (ovum)

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65
Q

ovum

A

the female reproductive or germ cell

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66
Q

Germ cell

A

a haploid cell whose fertilization by one of the opposite kind produces a diploid zygote

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67
Q

gamete

A

mature haploid sex cell

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68
Q

Animal pole

A

contains most of the cytoplasm and nucleus

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69
Q

Vegetal pole

A

contains most of the yolk

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70
Q

Isolecithal

A

very little yolk, evenly distributed through egg

71
Q

Mesolecithal

A

moderate amount of yolk concentrated at vegetal pole

72
Q

Telolecithal

A

abundance of yolk densely concentrated at vegetal pole

73
Q

centrolecithal

A

large centrally located mass of yolk

74
Q

Direct development

A

embryo –> miniature adult –> full-grown adult

75
Q

Indirect development

A

passes through larval stage –> metamorphosis

76
Q

Holoblastic cleavage

A

complete and approximately equal division of cells

77
Q

Meroblastic cleavage

A

restricted to small area of egg

78
Q

invagination

A

one side of the blastula bends inwards

79
Q

gut cavity

A

internal pouch

80
Q

archenteron

A

= gut cavity = internal pouch

81
Q

gastrocoel

A

= gut cavity = internal pouch

82
Q

blastopore

A

opening of the gut cavity

83
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer of cells lining the blastocoel

84
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer of cells lining gut

85
Q

blind gut

A

when the gut opens only at the blastopore

86
Q

complete gut

A

gut has two opening. second = the anus

87
Q

mesoderm

A

third layer formed from the endoderm

88
Q

coelom

A

cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm

89
Q

diploblastic

A

two germ layers

90
Q

triploblastic

A

three germ layers

91
Q

Schizocoely

A
  • formation of coelom

- band of mesoderm forms around gut first, then coelom is formed

92
Q

Enterocoely

A
  • formation of coelom

- sides of endoderm push outward into coelomic compartment that then pinches off.

93
Q

Acoelomate

A
  • Schizocoely

- no coelom

94
Q

pseudocoelomate

A
  • schizocoely

- fake coelom not surrounded completely by mesoderm

95
Q

eucoelomate

A
  • schizocoely, enterocoely

- true coelom

96
Q

cytoplasmic determinants

A

organelles, mRNAs, enzymes, transcription factors…

97
Q

cytoplasmic specification

A

unequal blastomeres that fate’s is determined by cytoplasmic determinants

98
Q

mosaic development

A

each of the early blastomeres that are dissociated lacks the potential of developing into a complete organism, and removing a blastomere eliminates a future body part.

99
Q

conditional specification

A

cell fate is not fixed until it receives positional information from neighbouring cells

100
Q

induction

A

capacity of some cells to evoke a developmental response from other cells

101
Q

regulative development

A

what a cell becomes depends upon its position in the embryo. if cells are removed from the embryo, the remaining cells can regulate and compensate for the missing part

102
Q

polytomy

A

a node on phylogeny where more than two lineages descend from a single common ancestor`

103
Q

flagella

A

whip-like organelle

104
Q

cilia

A

hair-like organelle

105
Q

pseudopodia

A

temporary cytoplasmic protrusion extended out from an ameboid cell.

106
Q

Undulipodia

A

cilia + flagella

107
Q

ectoplasm

A

semi-solid outer layer of cytoplasm

108
Q

endoplasm

A

inner fluid of cytoplasm

109
Q

test

A

shell outside amoebas

110
Q

holozoic feeders

A

ingest visible particles of food

111
Q

saprozoic feeders

A

ingest food in a soluble form

112
Q

cytostome

A

cell mouth in unicellular eukaryotes

113
Q

cytoproct

A

anus of unicellular eukaryotes

114
Q

conjugation

A
  • sexual reproduction

- temporary union of two individuals to exchange chromosomal material

115
Q

apicomplexa

A

phylum of parasitic protists

116
Q

endoparasites

A

live within another organisms

117
Q

ectoparasite

A

live outside of host

118
Q

Plasmodium

A

protozoan that causes malaria

119
Q

definite host

A

the host where symbiont matures and reproduces

120
Q

intermediate host

A

host where development of a symbiont may occur.

121
Q

sporogony

A

special case of schizogony

122
Q

protoplasmic

A

unicellular organism organismal complexity

123
Q

cellular complexity

A

can be colonial or multicellular

124
Q

chitin

A
  • nitrogenous polysaccharide
  • fungi cell wall
  • exoskeleton of arthropods
125
Q

extracellular digestion

A

release digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb nutrient through their cell walls

126
Q

asconoid

A

flagellated spongocoel

127
Q

syconoid

A

flagellated canals

128
Q

leuconoid

A

flagellated chambers

129
Q

ostia

A

spores for incoming water

130
Q

oscula

A

spore for water outlet

131
Q

pinanocytes

A

epithelial cell. protective and contractile

132
Q

porocytes

A

pore cells found only in asconoid sponges

133
Q

choanocytes

A

flagellated collar cells

134
Q

mesohyl

A

ECM in sponges

135
Q

microvilli

A

absorption of food on choanocytes

136
Q

archeocytes

A

amoeboid cells

137
Q

collencytes

A

secrete collagen

138
Q

spongin

A

a form of collagen. forms the skeletal network of some sponges

139
Q

spicules

A

many different shape - skeleton of sponges

140
Q

cephalization

A

the differentiation of a head region and the concentration of nervous tissues and sense organs in the front area

141
Q

frontal plane

A

divides body into dorsal and ventral halves

142
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides body to right and left

143
Q

transverse plane

A

divides body into anterior and posterior halves

144
Q

eumetazoa

A

multicellular animal with distinct germ layers

145
Q

substratum

A

solid surface

146
Q

mesoglea

A

jellylike layer between tissues of polyp and medusa that gives the form its buoyancy

147
Q

intracellular digestion

A

phagocytosis of food particles

148
Q

head-foot

A

well-developed head with mouth and sensory organs

149
Q

radula

A

rasping tonguelike organ found in most molluscs

150
Q

mantle

A

sheath of skin, extending the visceral mass

- protects and secretes the shell

151
Q

mantle cavity

A

houses respiratory organs

participates in gas exchange

152
Q

trochophore larvae

A

free-swimming ciliated marine larvae

153
Q

veliger larva

A

free-swimming larva of most marine snails and bivalves

154
Q

closed circulatory system

A

blood is contained within vessels

155
Q

open circulatory system

A

blood is confined to vessels in only a portion of circuit through body.

156
Q

hemolymph

A

blood mixed with fluid in the hemocoel

157
Q

ocelli

A

simple eye

158
Q

pen

A

internal shell in cephalopods

159
Q

cuticle

A

external skeleton in arthropods and nematodes

160
Q

ecdysis

A

shedding of outer cuticle

161
Q

metamerism

A

segmentation

162
Q

tagmata

A

compound body section of an arthropod resulting from embryonic fusion of two or more segments

163
Q

appendage

A

external attachment

164
Q

tracheae

A

system of air tubes for gas exchange

165
Q

insight learning

A

when faced with a new problem, can organize memories to construct a new response

166
Q

metamorphosis

A

sharp change in form during post-embryonic development

167
Q

ametabolous

A

direct development - no metamorphosis

- egg, juvenile, adult

168
Q

hemimetabolous

A

incomplete metamorphosis

- egg, nymph, adult

169
Q

holometabolous

A

complete metamorphosis

- egg, larva, pupa, adult

170
Q

cnidocytes

A

stinging cells

171
Q

cnida

A

stinging organelle

172
Q

nematocyst

A

most common type of cnida

173
Q

cnidocil

A

modified cilium that triggers the nematocyst to fire

AEBI 211 - Organism II (2 decks)

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