Vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
Extant
A
still in existance
2
Q
Chemical evolution
A
formation of complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic molecules through chemical reactions
3
Q
Organic evolution
A
the process by which changes in the genetic composition of populations of organisms occur in response to environmental changes
4
Q
Homology
A
Similarity of parts or organs of different organism caused by evolutionary derivation from the corresponding part or organ in a common ancestor.
5
Q
Perpetual Change
A
The living world is always changing
6
Q
Reproductive barriers
A
biological barriers that prevent interbreeding
7
Q
LUCA
A
Last Universal Common Ancestor
8
Q
Homology
A
Character similarity resulting from common ancestry
9
Q
Reproductive barriers
A
biological barriers that prevent interbreeding
10
Q
Allopatric speciation
A
ancestral population geographically divided
11
Q
Vicariant speciation
A
- Type of Allopatric speciation
- climate/geology causes populations to fragment
12
Q
Founder Effect
A
a small number of individuals disperse to a distant place and form new populations
13
Q
Sympatric speciation
A
diverging lineages co-occupy a geographic area
14
Q
Gradualism
A
small changes accumulate steadily over time
15
Q
Punctuated equilibirum
A
long periods of stasis, punctuated by brief events of speciation
16
Q
Natural selection
A
organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offsprings
17
Q
Adaptation
A
a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment
18
Q
Exaptation
A
process by which features acquire functions for which they were not originally adapted or selected
19
Q
Modern synthesis
A
microevolution + macroevolution
20
Q
Microevolution
A
evolutionary changes in frequencies of variant forms of genes within populations
21
Q
Macroevolution:
A
Evolution on a long timescale
22
Q
Mass extinction
A
extinction occurring simultaneously across many lineages
23
Q
Interspecific hybrid
A
offspring produced by mating of individuals from two different species
24
Q
Species
A
- Individuals descend from a common ancestral population
- reproductive compatibility
- genotypic and phenotypic cohesion (similarity)
25
Phylogeny
origin and diversification of any taxon, or the evolutionary history of its origin and diversification
26
Phylogenic tree
branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species
27
Homoplasy
non-homologous similarities that may be found in various organisms --> arose independently of common ancestry
28
Cladistics
approach for classifying organisms based on common evolutionary descent
29
Cladogram
diagram used in cladistics to show evolutionary relationships between organisms
30
Clade
unit of evolutionary common descent that includes ancestral lineage and all descendants
31
Character
organismal feature that varies between species
32
Ancestral character
character state present in the common ancestor
33
Derived character
all other variant forms that arose later within the group
34
Monophyletic clade
includes most recent common ancestor and some but not all descendants of that ancestor
35
Paraphyletic clade
includes most recent common ancestor and some but not all descendants of that ancestor
36
Polyphyletic clade
includes all of the descendants of the most recent common ancestor without including that ancestor
37
Sexual reproduction
fusion of two specialized cells, or gametes
38
Muller's Ratchet
accumulation of deleterious mutations in asexual reproduction
39
Binary Fission
- Asexual
| Parent divides by mitosis into two parts. each grows into an individual similar to the parent
40
Multiple Fission
- Asexual
| nucleus divides repeatedly. cytoplasmic division then produces many daughter cells simultaneously
41
Schizogony
= multiple fission
42
Budding
- asexual
| unequal division of an organism
43
Gemmulation
- asexual
| formation of a new individual from an aggregation of cells which are surrounded by a gemmule
44
gemmule
resistant capsule
45
Fragmentation
- asexual
= binary fission for multicellular organisms
Breaks into two or more fragments that become a new individual
46
"twofold" cost of sex
males do not directly produce offspring
47
Bisexual reproduction
- sexual
- male and female gametes are produced
- 2 x n --> 2n
48
Hermaphroditism
- sexual
| male and female organs occur in the same individual
49
Parthenogenesis
- both asexual and sexual reproduction
| - embryo develops from an unfertilized egg. sperm activates egg but does not fuse with it.
50
Dioecious
Having male and female gonads in separate individuals
51
Monoecious
having both male and female gonads in the same organism - hermaphroditic
52
Oviparous
- external or internal fertilization
| - eggs are released by the female --> development of offspring occurs outside maternal body
53
Viviparous
- internal fertilization
| - eggs develop within female body --> nutritional aid
54
Ovoviviparous
- internal fertilization
- eggs develop within the maternal body without nutritional aid
- eggs either hatch within the parent of immediately after laying
55
Ontogeny
developmental history of an organism throughout its entire life
56
Gamete formation
sperm and eggs form, mature
57
fertilization
egg and sperm fuse --> zygote
58
Cleavage
embryo divides repeatedly without growth
59
Blastomeres
smaller egg cells that were once a single large egg cell
60
Blastula
The zygote after cleavage
61
blastocoel
fluid-filled cavity where egg cells are formed
62
Gastrulation
converts blastula into germ layers
63
organogenesis
organ development from specific germ layers + formation of the nervous system from the ectoderm
64
Egg
organic vessel where an embryo develops (ovum)
65
ovum
the female reproductive or germ cell
66
Germ cell
a haploid cell whose fertilization by one of the opposite kind produces a diploid zygote
67
gamete
mature haploid sex cell
68
Animal pole
contains most of the cytoplasm and nucleus
69
Vegetal pole
contains most of the yolk
70
Isolecithal
very little yolk, evenly distributed through egg
71
Mesolecithal
moderate amount of yolk concentrated at vegetal pole
72
Telolecithal
abundance of yolk densely concentrated at vegetal pole
73
centrolecithal
large centrally located mass of yolk
74
Direct development
embryo --> miniature adult --> full-grown adult
75
Indirect development
passes through larval stage --> metamorphosis
76
Holoblastic cleavage
complete and approximately equal division of cells
77
Meroblastic cleavage
restricted to small area of egg
78
invagination
one side of the blastula bends inwards
79
gut cavity
internal pouch
80
archenteron
= gut cavity = internal pouch
81
gastrocoel
= gut cavity = internal pouch
82
blastopore
opening of the gut cavity
83
ectoderm
outer layer of cells lining the blastocoel
84
endoderm
inner layer of cells lining gut
85
blind gut
when the gut opens only at the blastopore
86
complete gut
gut has two opening. second = the anus
87
mesoderm
third layer formed from the endoderm
88
coelom
cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm
89
diploblastic
two germ layers
90
triploblastic
three germ layers
91
Schizocoely
- formation of coelom
| - band of mesoderm forms around gut first, then coelom is formed
92
Enterocoely
- formation of coelom
| - sides of endoderm push outward into coelomic compartment that then pinches off.
93
Acoelomate
- Schizocoely
| - no coelom
94
pseudocoelomate
- schizocoely
| - fake coelom not surrounded completely by mesoderm
95
eucoelomate
- schizocoely, enterocoely
| - true coelom
96
cytoplasmic determinants
organelles, mRNAs, enzymes, transcription factors...
97
cytoplasmic specification
unequal blastomeres that fate's is determined by cytoplasmic determinants
98
mosaic development
each of the early blastomeres that are dissociated lacks the potential of developing into a complete organism, and removing a blastomere eliminates a future body part.
99
conditional specification
cell fate is not fixed until it receives positional information from neighbouring cells
100
induction
capacity of some cells to evoke a developmental response from other cells
101
regulative development
what a cell becomes depends upon its position in the embryo. if cells are removed from the embryo, the remaining cells can regulate and compensate for the missing part
102
polytomy
a node on phylogeny where more than two lineages descend from a single common ancestor`
103
flagella
whip-like organelle
104
cilia
hair-like organelle
105
pseudopodia
temporary cytoplasmic protrusion extended out from an ameboid cell.
106
Undulipodia
cilia + flagella
107
ectoplasm
semi-solid outer layer of cytoplasm
108
endoplasm
inner fluid of cytoplasm
109
test
shell outside amoebas
110
holozoic feeders
ingest visible particles of food
111
saprozoic feeders
ingest food in a soluble form
112
cytostome
cell mouth in unicellular eukaryotes
113
cytoproct
anus of unicellular eukaryotes
114
conjugation
- sexual reproduction
| - temporary union of two individuals to exchange chromosomal material
115
apicomplexa
phylum of parasitic protists
116
endoparasites
live within another organisms
117
ectoparasite
live outside of host
118
Plasmodium
protozoan that causes malaria
119
definite host
the host where symbiont matures and reproduces
120
intermediate host
host where development of a symbiont may occur.
121
sporogony
special case of schizogony
122
protoplasmic
unicellular organism organismal complexity
123
cellular complexity
can be colonial or multicellular
124
chitin
- nitrogenous polysaccharide
- fungi cell wall
- exoskeleton of arthropods
125
extracellular digestion
release digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb nutrient through their cell walls
126
asconoid
flagellated spongocoel
127
syconoid
flagellated canals
128
leuconoid
flagellated chambers
129
ostia
spores for incoming water
130
oscula
spore for water outlet
131
pinanocytes
epithelial cell. protective and contractile
132
porocytes
pore cells found only in asconoid sponges
133
choanocytes
flagellated collar cells
134
mesohyl
ECM in sponges
135
microvilli
absorption of food on choanocytes
136
archeocytes
amoeboid cells
137
collencytes
secrete collagen
138
spongin
a form of collagen. forms the skeletal network of some sponges
139
spicules
many different shape - skeleton of sponges
140
cephalization
the differentiation of a head region and the concentration of nervous tissues and sense organs in the front area
141
frontal plane
divides body into dorsal and ventral halves
142
sagittal plane
divides body to right and left
143
transverse plane
divides body into anterior and posterior halves
144
eumetazoa
multicellular animal with distinct germ layers
145
substratum
solid surface
146
mesoglea
jellylike layer between tissues of polyp and medusa that gives the form its buoyancy
147
intracellular digestion
phagocytosis of food particles
148
head-foot
well-developed head with mouth and sensory organs
149
radula
rasping tonguelike organ found in most molluscs
150
mantle
sheath of skin, extending the visceral mass
| - protects and secretes the shell
151
mantle cavity
houses respiratory organs
| participates in gas exchange
152
trochophore larvae
free-swimming ciliated marine larvae
153
veliger larva
free-swimming larva of most marine snails and bivalves
154
closed circulatory system
blood is contained within vessels
155
open circulatory system
blood is confined to vessels in only a portion of circuit through body.
156
hemolymph
blood mixed with fluid in the hemocoel
157
ocelli
simple eye
158
pen
internal shell in cephalopods
159
cuticle
external skeleton in arthropods and nematodes
160
ecdysis
shedding of outer cuticle
161
metamerism
segmentation
162
tagmata
compound body section of an arthropod resulting from embryonic fusion of two or more segments
163
appendage
external attachment
164
tracheae
system of air tubes for gas exchange
165
insight learning
when faced with a new problem, can organize memories to construct a new response
166
metamorphosis
sharp change in form during post-embryonic development
167
ametabolous
direct development - no metamorphosis
| - egg, juvenile, adult
168
hemimetabolous
incomplete metamorphosis
| - egg, nymph, adult
169
holometabolous
complete metamorphosis
| - egg, larva, pupa, adult
170
cnidocytes
stinging cells
171
cnida
stinging organelle
172
nematocyst
most common type of cnida
173
cnidocil
modified cilium that triggers the nematocyst to fire
