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AEBI 211 - Organism II > Theory > Flashcards

Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What did Earth’s Atmosphere consist of:

A
  • Water Vapor
  • Hydrogen Gas
  • Ammonia
  • C02
  • Methane
  • limited free Oxygen
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2
Q

What was mixed in the Milley-Urey Experiment

A

Water, hydrogen, methane, and ammonia.

Result: 15% of the C mixture was converted into organic compounds such as: amino acids, urea, and fatty acids

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3
Q

Why couldn’t life start on earth again?

A

Because present atmosphere is strongly oxidizing. Molecules necessary for life can’t be synthesized outside of the cell: unstable in the presence of O2.

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4
Q

5 theories of Darwin

A

1) Perpetual Change
2) Common Descent
3) Multiplication of Species
4) Gradualism
5) Natural Selection
* First 3 are widely accepted

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5
Q

Difference between fragmentation and budding

A

Each fragment from fragmentation grows into new independent parts and regenerates unlike budding.

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6
Q

3 types of sexual reproduction

A

1) Bisexual reproduction
2) Hermaphroditism
3) Parthenogenesis

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7
Q

What is the evidence for common descent?

A

Developmental Homologies.

Describes the comparison of pharyngeal arches of four different embryos at the early stages of development.

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8
Q

What is Cleavage?

A

When the embryo divides repeatedly without growth (skips G-phase of mitosis). The zygote subdivides.
Zygote -> Blastula

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9
Q

Which pole of the egg has the most yolk?

A

The vegetal pole

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10
Q

4 types of Yolk Placement:

A

1) Isolecithal: Very little yolk, evenly distributed
2) Mesolecithal: moderate amount of yolk concentrated at vegetal pole.
3) Telolecithal: abundance of yolk deeply concentrated at the vegetal pole.
4) Centrolecithal: Large centrally located mass of yolk.

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11
Q

What developmental pattern is associated with large amount of yolk?

A

Direct development. Goes straight from embryo to mature adult.
EXPECTION IN MAMMALS

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12
Q

What yolk placement patterns are associated with Holoblastic cleavage patterns?

A

Isolecithal and Mesolecithal

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13
Q

What is the name of the process of which the blastula bends inwards?

A

Invagination

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14
Q

Which organisms have only 1 germ layer

A

Sponges

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15
Q

Which organisms have two germ layers (Diploblastic)

A

sea sponges, sea anemones, corals, and comb jellies

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16
Q

What is the first event in organogenesis

A

Formation of the nervous system (formed from the ectoderm)

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17
Q

What is the first functional organ

A

The heart (formed from the mesoderm)

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18
Q

What are the different ways to categorize metazoans?

A

1) Fate of Blastopore
2) Cleavage Patterns
3) Fate of Cells
4) Mesoderm Formation

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19
Q

How is the coelom formed during Schizocoely

A

Mesodermal cell division (mesoderm are formed first)

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20
Q

How does the coelom form during Enterocoely

A

Mesoderm and coelom form at the same time. Archenteron elongates and the sides push out outward and expand into a pouch-like coelomic compartment. Pouch-like compartment pinches off.

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21
Q

What body plan(s) does Enterocoely form

A

Only coelomate

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22
Q

Can cells grow when separated from mosaic development

A

No, they require positional information from neighbouring cells.

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23
Q

Conditional Specification is associated with that type of development

A

Regulative Development

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24
Q

How are species named?

A

Genus (first letter capitalized) + Species (all lower case)

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25
Q

What is the Hierarchy of Taxonomy

A

1) Domain
2) Kingdom
3) Phylum
4) Class
5) Order
6) Family
7) Genus
8) Species

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26
Q

What fall under the domain of Prokaryota

A

Bacteria and Archea (no nuclear membrane)

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27
Q

What are the 6 Kingdoms?

A

1) Animalia
2) Plantae
3) Fungi
4) Protista
5) Bacteria
6) Archea

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28
Q

What are Protozoa

A 
Unicellular eukaryotes (used to be considered a Phylum, but no longer are). 
Paraphyletic group
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29
Q

Which organisms possess a trochophore larvae

A

Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca (Lophotrochozoan Protostomes)

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30
Q

Which organisms shed their cuticle as they grow

A

Nematoda and Arthropoda (Ecdysozoan Protostomes)

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31
Q

Where is the mouth formed in Protostomes

A

Where the blastopore was

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32
Q

What type of cleavage pattern do Deuterostomes exhibit

A

Radial cleavage (in most instances)

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33
Q

What type of development is seen in Lophotrochozoan Protostomes

A

Mosaic Development

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34
Q

How is the coelom formed in Deuterostomes

A

By enterocoely

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35
Q

Disadvantages of being unicellular

A

Limited size, Shorter life span, No division of labour

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36
Q

Modes of locomotion in Uni. Eukaryotes

A

Flagella (whiplike organelle)

Cilia (hair like organelle that moves particles along the cell surface)

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37
Q

What are cilia and flagella collectively referred as

A

Pseudopodia (locomotion and engulfing food)

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38
Q

How do Amoebas travel

A

using pseudopodia

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39
Q

How do Heterotrophs get energy

A

By consuming other life

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40
Q

What do Saprozoic feeders ingest

A

Food in soluble form (not visible)

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41
Q

What is the cell mouth in unicellular eukaryotes called

A

Cytostome

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42
Q

What is the site where indigestible matter is expelled called

A

Cytoproct

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43
Q

How do paramecium reproduce sexually

A

Bu conjugation (the exchange of chromosomal material via cytoplasmic bridges between bacteria).

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44
Q

How do micronuclei divide

A

Mitotically

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45
Q

What is amitotic cell division

A

When the nucleus and cytoplasm divide without forming a spindle or condensation of chromosomes

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46
Q

What does not occur inside an Intermediate host

A

Maturation and sexual reproduction

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47
Q

What is the difference between sporogony and schizogony

A

Schizogony (multiple fission): sporozoite (n) -> many merozoites (n)
Sporogony (special case of schizogony): Zygote (2n) -> Many sporozoites (n)

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48
Q

What makes up the cell wall in fungi

A

Chitin

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49
Q

What are some examples of Photoheterotrophs

A

purple and green non-sulfur bacteria

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50
Q

What type of digestion do fungi use

A

Extrecellular digestion

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51
Q

What type of symmetry do Porifera exhibit

A

Radial or no symmetry

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52
Q

What are ostia

A

Pores which allow the flow of water in Porifera

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53
Q

What are oscula

A

Water outlets

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54
Q

What are the three forms of porifera

A

Asconoid (flagellated spongocoel)
Syconoid (flagellated canals)
Leuconoid (flagellated chambers)

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55
Q

Where does the water flow to before reaching the radial canals in Porifera

A

Prosopyles

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56
Q

Where does the water flow to before reaching the spongocoel in Porifera

A

Apopyles

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57
Q

What are spongocoel

A

The large central cavity of sponges where water enters

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58
Q

What are Pinacocyte

A

Epithelial type cell (thin tissue forming the outer layer).

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59
Q

What are Choanocyte

A

Flagellated collar cells. Move water, collect food particles and consume via phagocytosis.

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60
Q

What are Archeocyte

A

Ameboid cells. Transport food and oxygen to other cells

61
Q

What is the major structural protein for metazoans

A

Collagen

62
Q

What is a form of collagen secreted by Class Demospongiae

A

Spongin

63
Q

What is used to classify sponges (based on shape)

A

Spicules

64
Q

What are the types of asexual reproduction in sponges

A

Fragmentation
Budding
Gemmulation

65
Q

What do sperm and oocytes develop from

A

Choanocytes (sometimes archeocytes)

66
Q

How do sponges carry the sperm from the choanocyte to the oocytes

A

Via the mesohyl

67
Q

What does spherical symmetry aid in

A

floating and rolling

68
Q

What exhibits radial symmetry

A

Sponges, jellyishes, and sea urchins

69
Q

What exhibits biradial symmetry

A

com jellies (Ctenophora)

70
Q

What does the posterior end display

A

The back side (tail end)

71
Q

What does distal direction mean

A

parts further from the middle of the body

72
Q

What is the habitat of cnidaria

A

mostly marine, some freshwater, no terrestial

73
Q

What are the classes of Phylum Cnidaria

A

1) Hydrozoa (hydroids, fire corals)
2) Scyphozoa (true jellyfish)
3) Cubozoa (Box jellyfish)
4) Anthozoa (sea anemones and corals)

74
Q

What are the 2 forms of Cnidaria

A

polyp (asexual or sexual, sessile or sedentary)

medusa (sexual, free moving)

75
Q

What type of gut do Cnidarians have

A

“Blind gut” only one opening

76
Q

What is a Cnida

A

Stinging organelle

77
Q

What is the most common type of Cnida

A

Nematocyst

78
Q

What is a Cnidocil

A

Triggers the nematocyst to fire

79
Q

What classes exhibit both medusa and polyp stages

A

Hydrozoa

Scyphozoa

80
Q

What class only exhibits a medusa stage

A

Cubozoa

81
Q

What type of symmetry do Ctenophores exhibit

A

Biradial symmetry

82
Q

What organism do Ctenophores form symbiotic relationship with

A

Anemones (protect anemone from getting eaten while anemonefish provide nitrogen to their hosts)

83
Q

What is the outcome when zooxanthellae die

A

Coral begins to bleach (lose pigmentation and become brittle)

84
Q

What are the 3 body plans seen in worms

A

Coelomate (body cavity develops entirely from the mesoderm)
Pseudocoelomate (internal body cavity surrounding the gut but not completely lined with the mesoderm)
Acoelomate (no coelom but digestive cavity still exists)

85
Q

What type of body plan and cell organization do Platyhelminthes (flatworms) exhibit

A

Acoelomate and Tissue-Organ

86
Q

Class Turbellaria: Monoecious or Diocieous

A

Mostly monoecious

87
Q

What are the main body parts of Class Cestoda

A

Scolex (attachment to the host)

Strobila (the main body composed of a chain of proglottids)

88
Q

What is the reproductive unit of Cestoda

A

Proglottids (monoecious)

89
Q

What organism undergoes Transverse fission

A

Planaria and Paramecium

90
Q

What type of body plan and cell organization do Nematoda (Roundworms) exhibit

A

Pseudocoelomate and Organ-system

91
Q

Are Annelida Lophotrochozoans or Ecydozoans

A

Lophotrochozoans

92
Q

What are the 3 sub-groups of Annelida

A

Polycheata (marine worms)
Oligochaeta (freshwater worms, earthworms)
Hirudinida (Leeches)

93
Q

What is the group called when combining Hirudinida + Oligochaeta

A

Clitellat

94
Q

What is seta

A

Needlelike chitinous structures of the integument of annelids, arthropods, and others

95
Q

What organisms exhibit metamerism

A

All members of annelids, arthropods and chordata

96
Q

What class exhibits psuedometamerism

A

Class Cestoda

97
Q

What holds the ventral surfaces together during mating of Earthworms

A

Mucus

98
Q

Where does the worm secrete around

A

Clitellum

99
Q

What are mixed inside the cocoon

A

Eggs from oviducts (from genital pore)

Albumin (from skin glands)

100
Q

Where does fertilization of eggs and embryonic development occur in

A

In the cocoon

101
Q

How do polychaeta differ from other annelids

A 
Well differentiated heads
Specialized sense organs
Paired paddlelike appendages (parapodia
Many chatea on each parapodium
No clitellum
102
Q

What are found in the parapodia of polychaete

A

Chaetae

103
Q

What do Hirudinida lack

A

No parapodia or setae

104
Q

What type of circulatory system is seen in Mollusca

A

Mostly open-circulatory system. Closed in cephalopods

105
Q

What are the classes of Mollusca

A

Gastropoda (Snails, slugs, sea slugs, sea butterflies, limpets, whelks)
Bivalvia (Mussels, clams, scallops, oysters, and shipworms)
Cephalopoda (squids, octupuses, nautiluses, cuttlefish)

106
Q

What are the habitats of Cephalopods

A

they are exclusively marine (squids cannot live on land)

107
Q

What are the body parts in Mollusc

A 
Head-foot. EXCEPTION IN BIVALVES (feeding, cephalic, sensory, locomotor organs)
Visceral Mass (Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and reproductive organs)
108
Q

What is the mantle

A

A sheath of skin extending dorsally from the visceral mass that wraps around each side of the body. Secretes a protective sheet in molluscs which protects soft parts.

109
Q

Radula

A

Rasping, protrusible, tonguelike organ found in most molluscs

110
Q

What is the modification seen in Bivalves

A

Laterally compressed foot

111
Q

What is the funnel

A

For jet propulsion in cephalopods

112
Q

What is the mantle cavity

A

Houses the respiratory organs (gills or a lung)

113
Q

What type of reproduction is seen in Molluscs

A

Sexual reproduction only (mostly dioecious)

Some gastropods are monoecious

114
Q

What organisms have a Trocophore Larvae

A

Molluscs and annelids

115
Q

What are veliger larvae

A

Free swimming larva of most marine snails and bivalves. Develops from a trocophore.

116
Q

What does the circulatory system of molluscs transport

A

Gases
Nutrients
Waste
Hormones

117
Q

What organisms undergo diffusion

A

Protozoans, porifera, Platyhelminthes, Cnidaria, Nematoda

118
Q

Which organisms have a closed circulatory system

A

Annelids, cephalopods

119
Q

What is the fluid found in open circulatory systems

A

Hemolymph (flows through vessels in some parts of the body into open sinuses of others

120
Q

Why are some Gastropoda considered asymmetrical

A

Because of torsion in the visceral mass is asymmetrical

121
Q

What reduces the effects of fouling in gastropods

A

The loss of the right gill. Water flows one-way in the left side, over the gill and the right side, clearing waste from the rectum.

122
Q

What is the only mollusc to exploit terrestrial environments

A

Molluscs

123
Q

What do Bivalves lack

A

No head and no radula. Very little cephalization.

124
Q

What is ovelli

A

A simple eye or eyespot in many types of invertebrates

125
Q

How do octupuses and cuttlefishes capture there pray

A

Use salivary glands that secrete a venom for immobilizing prey

126
Q

What is the internal shell of cuttlefish and squid

A

Pen

127
Q

What are chromatophores

A

Special pigment cells used as camouflage. Associated with alarm or courtship

128
Q

What are the subphylums in Arthropoda

A

Chelicerata
Myriapoda
Crustacea
Hexapoda

129
Q

What are characteristics found in all Arthropoda

A 
Triploblastic 
Hard exoskeleton 
Coelomate 
Ecdysozoan Protostomes 
Complete Gut 
Mostly sexual reproduction
Bilateral body symmetry
130
Q

Why are arthropods so diverse and abundant

A 
Versatile Exoskeleton
Segmentation and specialized appendages
Air piped directly into cell
Highly developed sensory organs 
Complex behaviour pattern 
Trophic breadth through metamorphosis
131
Q

Why do arthropods molt

A

To increase body size

132
Q

What is Ecdysis

A

shedding of outer cuticle as in insects or crustaceans

133
Q

What is a Tagmata

A

compound body section of an arthropod resulting from embryonic fusion of two or more segments. Appendages are also differentiated

134
Q

What is insight learning

A

Adapting and learning from situations via memorization in order to construct a new response.

135
Q

How many tagmata do Hexapoda have

A

Head + thorax + abdomen

136
Q

What are the classes of Hexapoda

A

Entognatha

Insecta

137
Q

How many tagmata do Chelicerata have

A

Cephalothorax + abdomen

138
Q

What are the appendages of Chelicerata

A

1 pair of chelicerae
1 pair of pedipalps
4 pair of walking legs

139
Q

What are some examples of Chelicerata

A

horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, scorpions, and mites

140
Q

What are the tagmata in Crustacea

A

Cephalothorax + abdomen

141
Q

How many antennae do crustacea have

A

2

142
Q

What arthropod subphylum is only aquatic

A

Crustacea

143
Q

How many tagmata do Myriapoda

A

Head + trunk

144
Q

What do arthropods use for gas exchange

A

Tracheae (No Hemolymph in vertebrates)

145
Q

What type of development does not include a larval stage

A

Ametabolous. Young and juveniles are similar to adults except in size and maturity.

146
Q

What is an indirect form of development

A

Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous. Passes through the larval stage.

147
Q

What is the difference between Hemimetabolous and Holometabolous metamorphosis

A

Hemimetabolous includes the nymph stage, Holometabolous include a larval stage.

148
Q

What is a nymph

A

Resembles the adult in form and eating habits. In between egg and adult in terms of development.

AEBI 211 - Organism II (2 decks)

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