Vocabulary

Question 1

The X-shaped, microscopically visible region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase I between homologous nonsister chromatids.

Answer 1

Chiasmata

Question 2

A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes.

Answer 2

Photosystem

Question 3

A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving interactions of myosin and *, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.

Answer 3

actin filaments,

Question 4

The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles.

Answer 4

endomembrane system

Question 5

The coupling of the “downhill” diffusion of one substance to the “uphill” transport of another against its own concentration gradient.

Answer 5

cotransport

Question 6

Definition: An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The inner membrane houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP (ATP synthase).

Answer 6

Term: crista (plural, cristae)

Question 7

Definition: A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

Answer 7

Term: electron transport chain

Question 8

Definition: The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response.

Answer 8

Term: signal transduction

Question 9

Definition: A netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and

Answer 9

Term: nuclear lamina

Question 10

Definition: An organism that carries out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it.

Answer 10

Term: obligate anaerobe

Question 11

Definition: A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.

Answer 11

Term: G0 phase

Question 12

Definition: All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them.
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Answer 12

Term: ecosystem

Question 13

Definition: Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase-oxygenase, the enzyme that normally catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP). When excess O2 is present or CO2 levels are low, rubisco can bind oxygen, resulting in photorespiration.
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Answer 13

Term: rubisco

Question 14

Definition: A transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse across the membrane down its concentration or electrochemical gradient.
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Answer 14

Term: ion channel

Question 15

Definition: A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions.
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Answer 15

Term: cytoskeleton

Question 16

Definition: A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.
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Answer 16

Term: kinetochore

Question 17

Definition: A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.
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Answer 17

Term: C4 plant

Question 18

Definition: A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis.
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Answer 18

Term: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

Question 19

Definition: A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions. In this process, CO2 entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.
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Answer 19

Term: CAM plant

Question 20

Definition: The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and the ion’s tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force).
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Answer 20

Term: electrochemical gradient

Question 21

Definition: A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell.
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Answer 21

Term: food vacuole

Question 22

Definition: A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems (I and II) and produces ATP, NADPH, and O2. The net electron flow is from H2O to NADP+.
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Answer 22

Term: linear electron flow

Question 23

Definition: An adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. In this process, a plant takes up CO2 and incorporates it into a variety of organic acids at night; during the day, CO2 is released from organic acids for use in the Calvin cycle.
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Answer 23

Term: crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

Question 24

Definition: An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process.
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Answer 24

Term: proton pump

Question 25

Definition: The meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by cells.
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Answer 25

Term: extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 26

Term: bundle-sheath cell
Definition: In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.
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Answer 26

Biology: A Global Approach, Global Edition Vocab Self-Quiz

Question 27

Definition: A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.
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Answer 27

Term: photosystem I (PS I)

Question 28

Definition: A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose (in plants and some protists), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are important structural components of cell walls.
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Answer 28

Term: cell wall

Question 29

Definition: A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.
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Answer 29

Term: ATP synthase

Question 30

Definition: An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present.
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Answer 30

Term: facultative anaerobe

Question 31

Definition: An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.
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Answer 31

Term: mitotic spindle

Question 32

Definition: A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.
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Answer 32

Term: C3 plant

Question 33

Definition: A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output. Photorespiration generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the O2/CO2 ratio in the leaf increases, favoring the binding of O2 rather than CO2 by rubisco.
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Answer 33

Term: photorespiration

Question 34

Definition: A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell.
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Answer 34

Term: motor protein

Question 35

Definition: The difference in electrical charge (voltage) across a cell’s plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances.
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Answer 35

Term: membrane potential

Question 36

Definition: A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem.
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Answer 36

Term: light-harvesting complex

Question 37

Definition: A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.
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Answer 37

Term: collagen

Question 38

Definition: A type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.
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Answer 38

Term: myosin

Question 39

Definition: The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.
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Answer 39

Term: prometaphase

Question 40

Definition: A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
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Answer 40

Term: sodium-potassium pump

Question 41

Definition: A transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane (or lining the channel in the case of a channel protein).
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Answer 41

Term: integral protein