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Mcat Biology > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Hemolyzed

A

To undergo the rupturing of blood cells

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2
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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3
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

neurotransmitter used throughtout the parasympathetic nervous system as well as the neuromuscular junction

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4
Q

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A

enzyme that breaks down ACh in the synaptic cleft

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5
Q

adipocyte

A

fat cells

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6
Q

adrenergic tone

A

nervous input to the arteries that keeps them somewhat constricted to maintin a basal level of blood pressure

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7
Q

afferent arteriole

A

small artery that carries blood toward te capillaries of the glomerulus

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8
Q

albumin

A

a blood protein produced by the liver. Albumin helps to maintain blood osmotic pressure

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9
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

blood osmotic pressure

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10
Q

alimentary canal

A

“tube” that includes esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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11
Q

androgens

A

male sex hormones (testosterone is the primary one)

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12
Q

angiotensiogen

A

normal blood protein produced by the liver, angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I by renin (secreted by the kidney when blood pressure falls)
Angiotensin I is further converted to Angiotensin II by ACE. Angiotensin II is a powerful systemic vasoconstrictor and stimulator of aldosterone release….which both increase bp.

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13
Q

avascular

A

lacking blood supply (ie. cartilage)

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14
Q

basilar membrane

A

flexible membrane in the cochlea that supports the organ of Corti
the fibers of the basilar membrane are short and stiff near the oval window and long and flexible near the apex of the cochlea…allowing the basilar membrane to help tranduce pitch.

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15
Q

Organ of Corti

A

structure that contains the hearing receptors

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16
Q

Bohr effect

A

tendency of certain factors to stablilize hemoglobin in the tense conformation reducing its affinity for oxygen and enhansing the relase of oxygen to the tissure.

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17
Q

Bone marrow

A

Red bone marrow is found in the spongy bone and is the site of RBC production
Yellow bone marrow is found in the diaphysis of the long bone and is mostly fat and inactive

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18
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

region of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus. capsule colelcts the plasma that is filtered from the capillaries in the glomerulus

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19
Q

brush border enzymes

A

enzymes secreted by the mucosal cells lining the intestine. the brush border enzymes are disaccharidases and dipeptidases that digest the smallest carbohydrates and peptides into their respective monomers

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20
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

secrete alkaline mucus on sexual arousal that lubricates the uretra and helps to neutralize any traces of acidic utrin in the urethra that might be harmful to sperm

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21
Q

calcitriol

A

hormone produced from vitamin D that acts to increase seum calcium levels

22
Q

calmodulin

A

cytoplasmic Ca2+ binding protein important to smooth muscle cells where the binding of Ca2+ allows calmodulin to activate myosin light chain kinases which is the first step in the smooth muscle contraction

23
Q

canliculus

A

very small tube or channel such as is found between lacunae in compact bone

24
Q

capacitation

A

increase in the fragility of the membranes of sperm cells when exposed to the female reproductive tract…..this process is required so that the acrosomal enzymes can be released to facilitate fertilization

25
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

enzyme present in erythrocytes that catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H2O to carbonic acid

26
Q

Cardiac Output

A

volume of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 min.
Stroke Volume x Heart Rate…
CO is directly proportional to blood pressure

27
Q

cecum

A

first part of the large intestine

28
Q

central canal

A

hollow center of the osteon (aka Haversian canal). contains the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

29
Q

Lamellae

A

bone laid down around the central canal in concenric rings

30
Q

cerebellum

A

region of the brain that coordinates and smoothes skeletal muscle activity

31
Q

chief cells

A

pepsinogen-secreting cells found at the bottom of the gastric glands of the stomach

32
Q

chondrocyte

A

mature cartilage cell

33
Q

choroid

A

darkly pigmented middle layer of the eyeball found between the sclera and the retina

34
Q

codominance

A

heterozygote displays the pheonotype associated with each of hte alleles (ie. Human blood type AB)

35
Q

corona radiata

A

layer of granulosa cells that surround an oocyte after it has been ovulated

36
Q

corpus luteum

A

remnants of an ovarian follicle after ovulation has occured. the cells enlarge and begin secreting progesterone, the dominant female hormone during the second half of the menstrual cycle. some estrogen is secreted

37
Q

dense connective tissue

A

connective tissure with alrge amounts of either collagen fivers or elastic fivers, or both. (ie. bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments…)

38
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

group of sensory neuron cell bodies found just posterior to the spinal cord on either side. a pair of root ganglia exists for each spinal nerve that extends from the spinal cord. part of the PNS

39
Q

endotoxin

A

normal component of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria. produce extreme immune reactions (septic shock) particularly when many of them enter the circulation at once

40
Q

enteric nervous system

A

nervous system of hte gastriointestinal tract. controls secreation and motility within the GI tract, and is linked to the CNS

41
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cell

42
Q

faculative anaerobe

A

will use oxygen if present but if it isn’t present could be a normal anaerobe

43
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of skeletal muscle cells…groups of fasicles form a muscle cell

44
Q

Frank Starling mechanism

A

mechanism by which stroke volume of the heart is increased by increasing the venous return to the heart

45
Q

functional syncytium

A

syncytium is like a skeletal muscle all connected together with multipule nucli
a functional syncytium is connected by gap junctions allowing the cells to function as a unit but still different cells.

46
Q

ganglion

A

clump of grey matter found in PNS

47
Q

Graafian follicle

A

large mature ovarian follicle with a well developed antrum and a secondary oocyte. ovulation of the oocyte occurs from this type of follicle.

48
Q

gustatory receptors

A

chemoreceptors on the tongue that respond to chemicals in food

49
Q

gyrase

A

prokaryotic enzyme used to twist the single circular cromosome upon itself to form supercoils.

50
Q

hematopoiesis

A

synthesis of blood cells

51
Q

hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding; blood clotting

Mcat Biology (3 decks)

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