Vocabulary Flashcards
Unilateral termination of care by the EMT without the patient’s consent and without making provisions for transferring care to another medical professional with skills and training necessary to meet the needs of the patient.
Abandonment
The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis
Abdomen
A rapidly fatal condition in which the walls of the aorta in the abdomen weaken and blood leaks into the layers of the vessel, causing it to bulge
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm also known as (AAA)
Airway, Breathing and Circulation
ABC’s
Four divisions of the abdomen used to pinpoint the location of the pain or injury: RUQ right upper quadrant, LUQ left upper quadrant, RLQ right lower quadrant, LLQ left lower quadrant.
Abdominal quadrants
Spontaneous (miscarriage) or induced termination of pregnancy
Abortion
A loss or damage of the superficial layer of skin as a result of a body part rubbing or scraping across a rough or hard surface; a scratch or scrape
Abrasion
The preferred method to dislodge a severe airway obstruction in adults and children; also called the Heimlich maneuver.
Abdominal-thrust maneuver
Motion of a limb away from the midline.
Abduction
A condition in which the placenta separates from the Uterine wall; a cause of pre-birth bleeding
Abruptio Placentae
The process by which medications or poisons pass through body tissues until they reach the bloodstream.
Absorption
Gaining access to an enclosed area and reaching a patient
Access
The secondary muscles of respiration. This may include the neck muscles, chest muscles and the abdominal muscles.
Accessory Muscles
The pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits to form the hip joint
Acetabulum
A pathologic condition that results from the accumulation of acids in the blood and body tissues
Acidosis
A simple joint where the bony projections of the scapula and the clavicle meet at the top of the shoulder
Acromioclavicular Joint (AC Joint)
The therapeutic effect of a medication on the body
Action
An oral medication that binds and absorbs ingested toxins in the gastrointestinal tract for treatment of some poisonings and medication overdoses
Activated Charcoal
A technique that involves compressing the chest and then actively pulling it back up to its neutral position or beyond (decompression)
CPR- Active compression-decompression
Application of an external heat source to rewarm the body of a hypothermic patient
Active rewarming
A condition of sudden onset of pain within the abdomen, usually indicating peritonitis.
Acute abdomen
A blanket term used to represent any symptoms related to the, lack of Oxygen, (ischemia) in the heart muscle also called cardiac compromise
Acute Coronary syndrome
A heart attack; death of heart muscle following obstruction to it; in this context the attack is new or happening right now
Acute Myocardial infarction
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than women. It is also called the Thyroid cartilage
Adam’s apple
A state of overwhelming obsession or physical need to continue to use a substance.
Addiction
Motion of a limb “toward” the midline
Adduction
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP
Children between the ages of 13 to 18 years
Adolescents
Endocrine glands located at the top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal glands
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline; also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine
Adrenergic
The process of binding or sticking to a surface
Adsorption
Root word for Heart?
CARDI
Root word for Liver?
Hepat
Root word for Kidney?
Nephr
Root word for nerves?
Neur
Root word for Mind?
Psych
Root word for chest?
Thorac
What does the prefix “Hyper” stand for?
Over, excessive, high example- Hyperventilation fast respirations
What does the prefix “Hypo” stand for?
under, below normal example Hypothermia- low temperature
What does the prefix “Tachy” stand for?
rapid, fast example Tachycardia- fast heart rate
What does the prefix “Brady” stand for?
slow example Bradypnea- slow breathing
What does the prefix “PRE” stand for?
before example prenatal before birth
What does the prefix “Post” stand for?
after, behind example postsurgical- after surgery
What is the meaning of the suffix “al”?
pertaining to example- syncopal- pertaining to the loss of conciousness
What is the meaning of the suffix “algia”?
pertaining to pain- example- Myalgia- muscle pain
What is the meaning of the suffix “ectomy”?
surgical removal of- example appendectomy- surgical removal of appendix
What is the meaning of the suffix “ic”?
pertaining to - example- Diaphoretic- pertaining to sweat
What is the meaning of the suffix “itis”
inflammation- example- epiglottitis- inflammation of the epiglottis
What is the meaning of the suffix “logy”?
study of- example- cardiology study of the heart
What is the meaning of the suffix “logist”?
specialist- example pulmonologist, specialist in diseases of the lungs
What is the meaning of the suffix “megally”?
enlargement- example cardiomegaly, enlargement of the heart
What is the meaning of the suffix “Meter”?
measuring instrument- example sphygmomanometer, instrument to measure blood pressure
What is the meaning of the suffix “oma”?
tumor (usually referring to cancer)- example Lymphoma, cancer of the lymphatic system
What is the meaning of the suffix “pathy”?
disease- example- nephropathy, disease of the kidneys
What is the meaning of the prefix “semi”?
Half or partial- example semiconscious, partially concious
What is the meaning of the prefix “Hemi”?
Half, one sided- example- Hemiplegia, paralysis of one side of the body
What is the meaning of the prefix “Ambi”?
Both- example- Ambidextrous, able to use either hand equally well
What is the meaning of the prefix “Pan”?
All, entire- example- Pandemic, an epidemic over a wide area
What does the root word “cyan’ describe?
Blue- example- Cyanosis, blue discoloration of the skin
What does the root word “leuk/o” describe?
White- example- Leukocyte, white blood cells that fight infection
What does the root word “erythr/o describe?
Red- example- erythrocyte, red blood cells that carry hemoglobin to carry oxygen.
What does the root word “cirrh/o describe?
yellow-orange- example- cirrhosis, inflammation of the liver causing yellow orange pigmentation of the skin/eyes
What does the root word “melan/o?
Black- example- Melana, black tarry stool typically caused by upper GI bleeding
What does the root word “alb”?
White- example- Albino, a person lacking skin pigmentation
What is the meaning of the prefix “ab”?
away, from- example abduction, away from the point of reference
What is the meaning of the prefix “ad”?
to, toward- example- adduction, toward the center
What is the meaning of the prefix “de”?
down from, away- example- decay, to waste away
What is the meaning of the prefix “circum”?
around, about- example- circumferential burn, a burn around the entire area (arm, chest, abdomen)
What is the meaning of the prefix “peri”?
around- example- pericardium, the sac around the heart
What is the meaning of the prefix “trans”?
across- example- Transverse colon, the middle part of the large intestine, passing across the abdomen from right to left below the stomach.
What is the meaning of the prefix “EPI”?
Above, upon, on- example- Epigatsric, above or over the stomach
What is the meaning of the prefix “supra”?
above, over- example- supraventricular tachycardia, An abnormally fast heart rhythm arising from improper electrical activity in the upper part of the heart.
What is the meaning of the prefix “retro”?
behind- example- retroperitoneal, the area behind the peritoneum
What is the meaning of the prefix “sub”?
under, beneath- example, subcutaneous, the lowest level of skin
What is the meaning of the prefix “infra”?
below, under- example- infraclavicular, situated or occurring below the clavicle
What is the meaning of the prefix “para”?
near, beside, beyond, apart from- example paraplegia, involving impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower limbs
What is the meaning of the prefix “contra”?
against, opposite- example- contraindicated, something that is not indicated
What is the meaning of the prefix “ecto”?
out, outside- example- ectopic pregnancy, pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus
What is the meaning of the prefix “endo”?
within- example- endoscopy, examining inside someone’s body
What is the meaning of the prefix “extra”?
outside, in addition- example- extraneous, outside the organism and not belonging to it
What is the meaning of the prefix “intra”?
Inside, within- example- intraosseous infusion, injecting directly into the bone marrow
What is the meaning of the prefix “ipsi”?
same- example ipsilateral, on or affecting the same side
The Nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Children between the ages of 12 and 18 years of age
Adolescents
Endocrine glands located at the top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal glands
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline; also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine.
Adrenergic
To bind or stick to a surface
Adsorption Reasoning example: many medications bind with activated charcoal
Written documentation that specifies medical treatment for a competent patient should the patient become unable to make decisions; also called a living will or health care directive
Advance Directive
An individual who has trained in specific aspects of advanced life support, such as IV therapy, and the administration of certain emergency medications
Advanced EMT (AEMT)
Advanced life saving procedures, including cardiac monitoring, administration of IV fluids and medications and the use of advanced airway adjuncts
Advanced Life Support (ALS)
Abnormal breath sounds such as wheezing, stridor, rhonchi, and crackles
Adventitious breath sounds
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic metabolism
The force or resistance against which the heart pumps
Afterload
Occasional, gasping breaths that occur after the heart has stopped; seen in dying patients
Agonal respirations (GASPS)
A medication that causes stimulation of receptors
Agonist
The presence of air bubbles in the veins, which can lead to cardiac arrest if they enter the heart
Air Embolism
The spread of an organism via droplets or dust
Airborne transmission
The buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids
Alkalosis
A type of energy that is emitted from a strong radiological source; it is the least harmful penetrating type of radiation and cannot travel more than a few inches or penetrate most objects
Alpha
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of the blood vessels
Alpha-adrenergic receptors
Any deviation from alert and oriented to person, place, time and event, or any deviation from the patients normal baseline mental status, may signal disease in the central nervous system or elsewhere in the body.
Altered Mental status
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place
Alveoli
The temperature of the surrounding environment
Ambient temperature
The fluid filled baglike membrane in which the fetus develops
Amniotic sac
An injury in which part of the body is completely severed
Amputation
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main product of lactic acid
Anaerobic metabolism
Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction
Anaphylactic shock
An extreme life, threatening system, allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure
Anaphylaxis
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
Anatomic position
Describes a condition in which the patient has too few red blood cells, resulting in a decreased ability to transport oxygen throughout the body via the bloodstream
Anemic
An abnormal enlargement of the wall of a blood vessel that results from the weakening of the vessel wall
Aneurysm
Transient (short lived) chest discomfort caused by partial or temporary blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle
Angina pectoris
Localized areas of swelling beneath the skin, often around the eyes and lips, but can also involve other areas as well
Angioedema
Naturally occurring uneven pupil size
Anisocoria
A medication that binds to a receptor and blocks other medications
Antagonist
The front surface of the body; the side facing you in the standard anatomic position
Anterior
A serum that counteracts the effect of venom from an animal or insect
Antivenin
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart, which receives blood from the left ventricle and delivers it to all the other arteries that carry blood to the tissues of the body
Aorta
A weakness in the wall of the aorta that makes it susceptible to rupture
Aortic aneurysm
The one way valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta and keeps blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after the left ventricle ejects its blood into the aorta; one of four heart valves
Aortic valve
A scoring system for assessing the status of a newborn that assigns a number value to each of 5 areas
Apgar score
the inability to understand or produce speech
Aphasia
Absence of spontaneous breathing- (Respiratory arrest)
Apnea
Inflammation or infection of the appendix
Appendicitis
a small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
Appendix
The manner in which principles of ethics are incorporated into professional conduct
Applied ethics
The smallest branches of the arteries leading to a vast network of capillaries
Arterioles
A disease that causes the arteries to thicken, harden and calcify
Arteriosclerosis
A blood vessel, consisting of 3 layers of tissue and smooth muscle, that carries blood away from the heart
Artery
Fluid in the abdomen
Ascites
A tracing on the ECG that is a result of interference such as patient movement
Artifact
A technique that help ensure pathogens are not introduced anywhere in the procedure, achieved by sterilization of equipment, or use of antiseptics or disinfectants; often used for fast, invasive procedures such as starting an IV line
Aseptic technique
In the context of airway, the introduction of vomitus or other foreign material in the lungs
Aspiration
A medication that is an antipyretic (reduces fever), analgesic (reduces pain), anti-inflammatory ( reduces inflammation), and a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation (clumping)
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA)
Unlawfully placing a patient in fear of bodily harm
Assault
An acute spasm of the smaller air passages, called bronchioles, associated with excessive mucus production and with swelling of the mucus lining of the respiratory passages
Asthma
The complete absence of heart electrical activity
Asystole
Irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern
Ataxic respirations
Collapse of the alveolar air spaces in the lungs
Atelectasis
A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque, eventually leading to a partial or complete blockage of blood flow
Atherosclerosis
One of two (right and left) upper chambers of the heart. The right ___ receives blood from the vena cava and delivers it to the right ventricle. The left ___ receives blood from pulmonary veins and delivers it to the left ventricle
Atrium
A sensation experienced before a seizure; serves as a warning sign that a seizure is about to occur
Aura
To listen to sounds within an organ with a stethoscope
Auscultate
A device that detects life threatening cardiac arrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia) and delivers the appropriate electrical shock to the patient
Automated external defibrillator (AED)
The ability of cardiac muscle cells to contract without stimulation from the nervous system
Automaticity
The part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities of the body, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion of food
Autonomic nervous system
A method of assessing the level of consciousness by determining whether the patient is awake and alert, responsive to verbal stimuli or pain, or unresponsive
AVPU
An injury in which soft tissue is torn completely loose or is hanging as a flap
Avulsion
Injuries in which load is applied along the vertical or longitudinal axis of the spine, which results in load being transmitted along the entire length of the vertebral column; for example, falling from a height and landing on the feet in an upright position
Axial loading injuries
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column and rib cage
Axial skeleton
B-NICE
A memory device to recall the types of weapons of mass destruction: Biological, nuclear, incendiary, chemical and explosive
A device with a one way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag; when attached to a reservoir and connected to oxygen, it delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen
Bag-valve-mask (BVM)
A joint that allows internal and external rotation as well as bending
Ball-and-socket joint
A branch of medicine concerned with the management of obesity and allied diseases
Bariatrics
Injury caused by pressure to enclosed body surfaces, for example. from too much pressure in the lungs
Barotrauma
A protective item, such as a pocket mask with a valve that limits exposure to a patients body fluids
Barrier device
Noninvasive emergency lifesaving care that is used to treat medical conditions; including airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest
Basic Life support (BLS)
usually occur following diffuse impact to the head (such as falls, MVC); generally result from the linear fracture to the base of the skull. a fracture of the base of the skull, typically involving the temporal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and/or ethmoid bone.
Basilar Skull Fracture Signs/Symptoms: Battle’s sign, Raccoon eyes, CSF cerebrospinal fluid from nose and ears
Unlawfully touching a patient or providing emergency care without consent
Battery
Bruising behind an ear over the mastoid process that may indicate a skull fracture
Battle sign
How a person functions or acts in response to his/her environment
Behavior
The point at which a person’s reactions to events interfere with activities of daily living; this becomes a psychiatric emergency when it causes a major life interruption, such as attempted suicide
Behavioral crisis
A painful condition seen in divers who ascend too quickly, in which gas, especially nitrogen, forms bubbles in the blood vessels and other tissues; also called decompression sickness
Bends
A type of energy that is emitted from a strong radiological source; is slightly more penetrating than alpha and requires a layer of clothing to stop it.
Beta
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of the contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
Beta-adrenergic receptors
The large muscle that covers the front of the humorous
Bicep
A body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline
Bilateral
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine
Bile ducts
Shipping papers used for transport of chemicals over roads and highways; also referred to as freight bolls
Bills of Lading
The study of ethics related to issues that arise in health care
Bioethics
What do the vagina and cervix form
Birth canal
To turn white
Blanche
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
Blood Pressure
Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, Hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Blood borne pathogens
A small amount of blood in the vagina that appears at the beginning of labor and may include a plug of pink tinged mucus that is discharged when the cervix begins to dilate
Bloody Show
A fracture of the orbit or of the bones that support the floor of the orbit
Blow-out fracture
An impact on the body by objects that cause injury without penetrating soft tissues or internal organs and cavities
Blunt trauma
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm
Brachial Artery
A slow heart rate less than 60 beats/per minute
Bradycardia
Slow respiratory rate; in a child is an ominous sign that indicates impending respiratory arrest
Bradypnea
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life such as respiration
Brain Stem
Disclosure of information without proper authorization
Breach of confidentiality
An indication of air movement in the lungs, usually assessed with a stethoscope
Breath sounds
A delivery in which the buttocks or limb come out first
Breech presentation
Subdivision of the smaller bronchi in the lungs; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli
Bronchioles
Inflammation of the bronchioles that usually occur in children younger than 2 years and is often caused by the respiratory syncytial virus
Bronchiolitis
An acute or chronic inflammation of the lung that may damage lung tissue; usually associated with cough and production of sputum and, depending on its cause, sometimes fever
Bronchitis
Injuries in which soft tissue damage occurs as a result of thermal heat, friction heat, toxic chemicals, electricity, or nuclear radiation.
Burns
The heel bone
Calcaneus
The small blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules; various substances pass through the capillary walls, into and out of interstitial fluid, and then on to the cells
Capillaries
A test that evaluates distal circulatory system function by squeezing (blanching) blood from an area such as a nail bed and watching the speed of its return after releasing the pressure.
Capillary refill
A noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patients ventilatory status, circulation and metabolism; efficiently measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time
Capnography
A waste product exhaled during respiration by the respiratory system
Carbon Dioxide
When the heart fails to generate effective and detectable blood flow; pulses are not palpable
Cardiac arrest
A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute; calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate
Cardiac output
Compression of the heart as the result of buildup of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac, leading to decreased cardiac output
Cardiac Tamponade
A state to which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body, caused by low output of blood from the heart. Sometimes caused by damage to the heart by an acute MI
Cardiogenic shock
Point of which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right mainstem bronchi
Carina
The major vessel in the neck that supplies blood to the head and brain
Carotid Artery
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones
Cartilage
Clouding of the lens of the eye or its surrounding transparent membranes
Cataracts
A phenomenon in which speed causes a bullet to generate pressure waves, which cause damage distant from the bullets path
Cavitation
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
Cecum
Composed of the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
Pulses that are closest to the core part of the body where the vital organs are located; includes the carotid and femoral
Central pulses
One of the three main subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain particularly fine body movements
Cerebellum
Swelling of the brain
Cerebral Edema
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
A interruption of the blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function; also called a stroke
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter, made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions and personality
Cerebrum
The portion of the spinal column containing the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck
Cervical spine
The lower third or neck of the uterus it is the narrowest portion of the uterus and opens into the vagina
Cervix
They monitor the levels of O2, CO2 and the PH of the Cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body’s needs at a given time
Chemoreceptors
The reason a patient called for help, also the patient’s response to the question “What’s wrong?
Chief complaint
Inflammation of the gall bladder
Cholecystitis
A slow process of dilation and disruption of the airways and alveoli caused by chronic bronchial obstruction
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids
Chyme
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body
Circulatory system
Also known as the collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
Clavicle
An injury to the chest in which the skin is not broken, usually caused by blunt trauma
Closed chest injury
Questions that can be answered with yes or no answers
Close-ended questions
The formation of a clot to plug an opening in an injured blood vessel and stop bleeding
Coagulation
The last 3 or 4 vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone
Coccyx
A safe area in a haz-mat incident for the agencies involved in the incident; The incident commander, command post EMS providers and other support functions are located in this zone.
Cold Zone (green zone) (clean zone)
A surgical procedure to create an opening between the colon and the surface of the bod
Colostomy
A blunt chest injury caused by a sudden direct blow to the chest that occurs only during the critical portion of the persons heartbeat
Commotio Cordis
The early stage of shock when the body continues to stabilize during blood loss
Compensated Shock
A temporary loss or alteration of part or all of the brains abilities to function without actual physical damage to the brain
Concussion
A disorder in which the heart loses part of its ability to effectively pump blood, usually as a result of damage to the heart muscle and usually resulting in a backup of fluid into the lungs
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
The delicate membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the exposed surface of the eye
Conjunctiva
In the context of EMS, permission to render care
Consent
An infectious disease that spreads from one human to another; communicable
Contagious
A method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
Conditions that make a particular medication or treatment inappropriate because it would not help, or may actually harm the patient
Contraindication
A bruise from an injury that causes bleeding beneath the skin without breaking the skin
Contusion
The transparent tissue layer in front of the pupil and iris of the eye
Cornea
A brain injury that occurs when force is applied to the head and energy transmission through brain tissue causes injury on the opposite side of the original impact
Coup- contrecoup brain injury Coup injury is on the impact side Contrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of the impact
Rattling breath sounds signaling fluid in the air spaces of the lungs; formerly called rales
Crackles
A grating or grinding sensation caused by fractured bone ends or joints rubbing together; also air bubbles under the skin that produce a crackling sound or crinkly feeling
Crepitus
An inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory system that may cause a partial airway obstruction and is characterized by a barking cough; usually seen in children
Croup
The appearance of the fetus’s head at the vaginal opening during labor
Crowning
When one person imposes his/her beliefs, values, and practices on another
Cultural imposition
A blue-gray skin color that is caused by a reduced level of oxygen in the blood
Cyanosis
The mnemonic for assessment in which each area of the body is evaluated for an injury
DCAP-BTLS Deformities, Contusions, Abrasions, Punctures/penetrations, Burns, Tenderness, Lacerations and Swelling
The late stage of shock when the blood pressure is dropping
Decompensated shock
Sores caused by the pressure of skin against a surface for long periods; can range from a pink discoloration of the skin to a deep wound that may invade into bone or organs
Decubitus Ulcers AKA: Bed Sores
The formation of a blood clot within the larger vessels of an extremity, typically following a period of prolonged immobilization
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
The communication of false information about a person that is damaging to that persons reputation or standing in the community
Defamation
A sudden change in mental status that is generally acute and reversible, characterized by disorientation, inability to focus, inattention, inability to think logically, striking changes in personality and affect, hallucinations or decreased level of consciousness
Delirium
A severe withdrawal syndrome seen in alcoholics who are deprived of ethyl alcohol
Delirium Tremens (DT’s) Characterized by restlessness, fever, sweating, disorientation, agitation and seizures can be fatal if untreated
The slow onset of progressive disorientation, shortened attention span, and loss of cognitive function
Dementia This condition is generally chronic and irreversible
Swelling in the part of the body closest to the ground, caused by collection of fluid in the tissues; a possible sign of congestive heart failure
Dependent edema
Blood settling to the lowest point of the body, causing discoloration of the skin; a definitive sign of death
Dependent Lividity
The inner layer of skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
Dermis
A metabolic disorder in which the ability to metabolize carbohydrates (sugar) is impaired
Diabetes Mellitus
A form of hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes in which certain acids accumulate when insulin is not available
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Characterized by light or profuse sweating
Diaphoretic
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdomen
Diaphragm Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially in the ventricles
Diastole
The pressure that remains in the arteries during the relaxation phase of the hearts cycle
Diastolic pressure This occurs when the ventricles are at rest
A process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
Widening of a tubular or circular structure
Dilation For example the pupil or artery
Disruption of a joint in which ligaments are damaged and the bone ends are no longer in contact
Dislocation
A condition in which the layers of an artery such as the aorta, become separated, allowing blood (at high pressure) to flow between the layers
Dissecting aneurism
Further from the trunk of the body or nearer to the free end of an extremity
Distal
An injury that prevents the patient from noticing other injuries he or she may have, even severe injuries
Distracting injury
Shock in which there is a marked decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and consequent hypotension.
Distributive Shock Examples are septic shock, neurogenic shock, and anaphylactic shock.
The posterior surface of the body including the back of the hand
Dorsal
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
Dorsalis pedis artery
A type of advanced directive executed by a competent adult that appoints another individual to make medical treatment decisions on his/her behalf, in the event that the person making the appointment loses decision making capability
Durable power of attorney healthcare
Slurred speech
Dysarthria
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Dyspnea
An irregular or abnormal heart rhythm
Dysrhythmia
A buildup of blood beneath the skin that produces a characteristic blue or black discoloration as the result of an injury
Ecchymosis Also known as a contusion or bruise
Severe Hypertension in a pregnant woman, resulting in seizures (convulsions)
Eclampsia
A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, typically in the fallopian tube
Ectopic pregnancy
The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluids between cells in body tissues, causing swelling of the affected area
Edema
A person who is under the legal age in a given state but, because of other circumstances, is legally considered an adult
Emancipated minor
A blood clot or other substance in the circulatory system that travels to a blood vessel where it causes a blockage
Embolus
The early stage of development after the fertilization of the egg
Embryo
Vomit
Emesis
A disease of the lungs in which there is extreme dilation and eventual destruction of the pulmonary alveoli with poor exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Emphysema It is one form of COPD
Glands that secrete or release chemicals that are used inside the body
Endocrine glands
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones; also regulates metabolism and maintains homeostasis
Endocrine system
The lining of the inside of the uterus
Endometrium
The amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an exhaled breath
End-tidal CO2
Medications that enter the body through the digestive system
Enteral
The outer layer of the skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a protective watertight covering of the body
Epidermis
An accumulation of blood between the skull and the dura mater
Epidural hematoma
A thin leaf shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering
Epiglottis
A disease of the upper airway which causes airway obstruction. S/S include fever, neck pain, stridor and drooling
Epiglottitis
A disorder in which abnormal electrical discharges occur in the brain, causing seizure and possible loss of consciousness
Epilepsy
a hormone produced by the body that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system It stimulates alpha, beta 1 and beta 2 and used in cardiac arrest
Epinephrine (adrenaline) Alpha- constrict blood vessels Beta 1- increase heart rate Beta 2- Increase the diameter of the bronchioles of the lungs
A nosebleed
Epistaxis
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
The philosophy of right and wrong, of moral duties, and of a professional behavior
Ethics
The displacement of organs outside the body
Evisceration
A type of consent in which the patient gives authorization for provision of care or transport
Expressed Consent
The tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus
fallopian tubes
The confinement of a person without legal authority or the persons consent
False imprisonment
Seizures that result from sudden high fevers
Febrile seizures- Occurs in children aged 6 months to 5 years
The federal agency that has jurisdiction over interstate and international telephone and telegraph and satellite communications
Federal Communication commission (FCC)
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery
Femoral Artery
The longest and strongest bone of the body proximal to the knee
Femur
The smaller bone distal and lateral to the knee
Fibula
A condition in which 3 or more ribs are fractured in two or more places or in association with a fracture of the sternum so that a segment of the chest wall is effectively detached from the rest of the thoracic cage
Flail Chest
The region below the rib cage and above the hip
Flank
A one way valve that allows air to leave the chest cavity but not return; formed by taping three sides of the occlusive dressing to the chest wall leaving the fourth side open as a valve
Flutter valve
Area where the neonate’s or infants skull has not fused together; usually disappear at approximately 18 months of age
Fontanells
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
Foramen magnum
An inclined position in which the head of the bed is raised
Fowler position
A break in the continuity of the bone
Fracture
Burns that affect all skin layers and may affect the subcutaneous layers, muscle, bone, and internal organs, leaving the area dry, leathery, white, dark brown or charred
Full thickness burns (3rd degree)
The dome shaped top of the uterus
Fundus
A sac that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
Gallbladder
A type of energy that is emitted from a strong radiological source. These rays penetrate through the human body and require lead or several inches of concrete to prevent penetration
Gamma (X-Ray)
The overall initial impression that determines the priority for patient care.
General Impression
A seizure that features rhythmic back and forth motion of an extremity and body stiffness, or extreme twitching of all the body muscles formerly known as a grand mal seizure
generalized (tonic-clonic) seizure
The assessment and treatment of disease in someone who is 65 years or older
Geriatrics
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
Germinal layer
Diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who do not have diabetes before pregnancy
Gestational diabetes
An evaluation tool used to determine level of consciousness, which evaluates and assigns point scores for eye opening, verbal response, and motor response, which are then totaled; effective in helping predict patient outcomes
Glasgow Coma scale (GCS)
Another name for the eyeball
Globe
The space between the vocal cords that is the narrowest portion of the adults airway.
Glottis
Statutory provisions enacted by many states to protect citizens from liability for errors and omissions in giving good faith emergency medical care, unless there is wanton, gross or willful negligence
Good Samaritan Laws
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
Greater Trochanter
Conduct that constitutes a willful or reckless disregard for a duty or standard of care
Gross Negligence
An “UH” sound heard during exhalation; reflects the child’s attempt to keep the alveoli open; a sign of increased work of breathing
Grunting
Involuntary muscle contractions (spasm) of the abdominal wall to minimize the pain of movement and protect the inflamed abdomen.
Guarding
A combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin; not used for trauma patients
Head tilt-chin lift maneuver
A written document that specifies medical treatment for a competent patient, should he/she become unable to make decisions.
Health care directive Also known as an advance directive or living will
Federal legislation passed in 1996. Its main effect in EMS is in limiting availability of the patient’s health care information and penalizing violations of patients privacy
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability ACT (HIPAA)
Painful muscle spasms usually associated with vigorous activity in a hot environment
Heat Cramps
A heat emergency in which a significant amount of fluid and electrolyte loss occurs because of heavy sweating
Heat Exhaustion
A life threatening condition of severe hyperthermia caused by exposure to excessive natural or artificial heat; marked by warm, dry skin; severely altered mental status
Heat Stroke
Vomited blood
Hematemesis
A mass of blood that has collected within damaged tissue beneath the skin or in a body cavity
Hematoma
Blood in the urine
Hematuria
Weakness on one side of the body
Hemiparesis
A hereditary condition in which the patient lacks one or more of the blood’s normal clotting factors, which results in uncontrollable bleeding
Hemophilia
The accumulation of blood and air in the pleural space of the chest
Hemopneumothorax
The coughing up of blood
Hemoptysis
Bleeding
Hemorrhage
A type of stroke that occurs as a result of bleeding inside the brain
Hemorrhagic stroke
A collection of blood in the pleural cavity
Hemothorax
inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a viral infection, that causes fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, fatigue, and altered liver function
Hepatitis
The protrusion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal body opening
Hernia
Chemical substances released by the immune system in allergic reactions that are responsible for many of the symptoms of anaphylaxis, such as vasodilation
Histamines
Structures through which materials pass, such as stomach, small intestine, large intestine, ureters, and urinary bladder
Hollow Organs
A balance of all the systems of the body
Homeostasis
A chemical substance produced by a gland that regulates the activity of organs and tissues; regulates many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature
Hormone
The area immediately surrounding a hazardous material spill or incident site that endangers life and health. All responders working in this zone must wear appropriate protective clothing and equipment.
Hot Zone
The supporting bone of the upper arm
Humerous
A family of insects that include bees, ants, and yellow jackets.
Hymenoptera
Increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream
Hypercarbia
An abnormally high blood glucose
Hyperglycemia
A life threatening condition resulting from high blood glucose that typically occurs in older adults, and which causes altered mental status, dehydration, and organ damage
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)
Blood pressure that is higher than the normal range
Hypertension
A condition in which the body core temperature rises to 101 degrees Fahrenheit or more
Hyperthermia
Rapid or deep breathing that lowers the carbon dioxide level below normal; may lead to increased intrathoracic pressure, decreased venous return.
Hyperventilation
An abnormally low blood glucose level
Hypoglycemia
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called shock
Hypoperfusion
Blood pressure that is lower than the normal range
Hypotension
A condition in which the internal or core temperature falls below 95 degrees Fahrenheit
Hypothermia
A condition in which low blood volume, due to massive internal or external bleeding or extensive loss of body water, results in inadequate perfusion
Hypovolemic shock
A dangerous condition in which the body’s tissues and cells do not have enough oxygen
Hypoxia
Type of consent in which a patient who is unable to give consent is given treatment under the legal assumption that he/she would want treatment
Implied Consent
Refers to the legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some of the functions and responsibilities of a parent
In loco parentis
Loss of bowel and/or bladder control; may be a result of a generalized seizure
Incontinence
Awareness that unseen life-threatening injuries may exist when determining the mechanism of injury
Index of suspicion
The therapeutic uses for a specific medication
Indications
Exposure or transmission of disease from one person to another by contact with a contaminated object
Indirect contact
A young child age 1 month to 1 year
Infant
Death of a body tissue, usually caused by the interruption of its blood supply
Infarction
Below a body part or nearer to the feet
Inferior
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart
Inferior vena cava
Permission for treatment given by a competent patient after the potential risks, benefits, and alternatives to treatment have been explained
Informed consent
A hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans that enables glucose in the blood to enter cells
Insulin
The space in between the cells
Interstitial space
The pressure within the cranial vault
Intracranial pressure
An injection into a muscle; a medication delivery route
Intramuscular (IM) injection
A delivery route in which a medication is pushed through a specialized atomizer device called a mucosal atomizer device (MAD) into the naris
Intranasal (IN)
An injection into the bone; a medication delivery route
Intraosseous (IO) injection
An injection directly into a vein; a medication delivery route
Intravenous (IV) injection
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic systems of the body
Involuntary muscle
The muscle and surrounding tissue behind the cornea that dilate and constrict the pupil, regulating the amount of light that enters the eye; pigment in this tissue gives the eye its color
Iris
A lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients, resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow; potentially reversible because permanent injury has not occurred
Ischemia
Yellow skin or sclera that is caused by liver disease or dysfunction
Jaundice
Technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringing the jaw forward
Jaw-thrust maneuver Used for patients who may have a cervical spine injury
A visual bulging of the jugular veins in the neck caused by fluid overload, pressure in the chest, cardiac tamponade, or tension pneumothorax
Jugular vein distention
A sorting system for pediatric patients younger than 8 years or weighing less than 100 pounds
Jumpstart triage There is a minor adaptation for infants because they cannot ambulate on their own
To walk or move about freely
Ambulate
Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content
Kidneys
The energy of a moving object
kinetic energy
Deep rapid breathing; usually the result of an accumulation of certain acids when insulin is not available in the body
Kussmaul respirations
A forward curling of the back caused by an abnormal increase in the curvature of the spine
Kyphosis
Breathing that requires greater than normal effort; may be slower or faster than normal and characterized by grunting, stridor, and the use of accessory muscles
Labored breathing
A deep jagged cut in the skin
Laceration
The glands that produce fluids to keep the eye moist; also called tear glands
Lacrimal glands
A metabolic byproduct of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)
Lactic acid
The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum.
Large intestine It also regulates water balance and eliminates solid waste
A complex structure where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins; also called the voice box
Larynx
Parts of the body that lie farther from the midline
Lateral
The standard measure of the dose amount of an agent or substance that will kill 50% of the population who are exposed to this level
LD50
A length based tape to estimate an infant or child’s weight on the basis of length; appropriate drug doses and equipment sizes are listed on the tape
Length based resuscitation tape Also called Broslow tape
The transparent part of the eye through which images are focused on the retina
Lens
In the incident command, the person who relays information, concerns, and requests among responding agencies
Liaison officer
False or damaging information about a person that is communicated in writing
Libel
A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint
Ligament
A delivery in which the presenting part is a single arm or leg
Limb presentation
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body
Liver
In incident command, the position that helps procure and stockpile equipment and supplies during the incident
Logistics
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae
Lumbar spine
A thin, straw colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted
Lymph
A passive circulatory system in the body that transports a plasma like liquid called lymph
Lymphatic system
The bone of the lower jaw
Mandible
The upper quarter of the sternum
Manubrium
An emergency situation involving three or more patients or that can place great demand on the equipment or personnel of the EMS system or has the potential to produce multiple casualties
Mass casualty incident
The prominent bony mass at the base of the skull about 1 inch posterior to the external opening of the ear
Mastoid process
The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth
Maxillae
The forces, or energy transmission, applied to the body that cause injury
Mechanism of injury (MOI)
Fetal stool. When appearing as a dark green material in the amniotic fluid, it can indicate distress or disease in the newborn
Meconium
Parts of the body closer to the midline
Medial
Space within the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi, and esophagus; located between the two lungs
Mediastinum
the most caudal subdivision of the brainstem, immediately continuous with the spinal cord,
Medulla Oblongata Coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
Black, foul smelling, tarry stool containing digested blood
Melena
Three distinctive layers of tissue that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord within the skull and spinal canal
Meninges
An inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord; it is usually cause by a virus or bacterium
Meningitis
The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells
Metabolism
Excessively constricted pupil; often bilateral
Miosis
The spontaneous passage of the fetus and placenta before 20 weeks; also called spontaneous abortion
Miscarriage
An infant reflex in which, when an infant is caught off guard, the infant opens his or her arms wide, spread the fingers, and seems to grab at things
Moro reflex
A device that is used to change a liquid into a spray and push it into a nostril
Mucosal atomizer device (MAD)
The linings of body cavities and passages that are in direct or indirect contact with the outside environment
Mucous Membranes
A woman who has had previous pregnancies
Multigravida
A substance that mutates, damages, and changes the structures of the DNA in the body’s cells
Mutagen
Bruising of the heart muscle
Myocardial contusion
The heart muscle
Myocardium
A drug that produces sleep or altered level of consciousness
Narcotic
The external openings of the nostrils
Nares A single nostril opening is called a naris
An oxygen delivery device in which oxygen flows through two small tube-like prongs that fit into a patients nostrils
Nasal Cannula Delivers 24% to 44% supplemental oxygen
Widening of the nostrils, indicating that there is an airway obstruction
Nasal Flaring
An airway adjunct inserted into the nostril of an unresponsive patient or a patient with an altered level of consciousness who is unable to maintain airway patency independently
Nasopharyngeal (nasal) airway
The nasal cavity, or part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth
Nasopharynx
Refusal or failure on the part of the parent or caregiver to provide life necessities
Neglect
Failure to provide the same care that a person with similar training would provide
Negligence
A newborn age birth to 1 month
Neonate
The basic filtering units in the kidneys
Nephrons
Circulatory failure caused by paralysis of the nerves that control the size of the blood vessels, leading to widespread dilation
Neurogenic shock
A group of conditions in which the nerves leaving the spinal cord are damaged, resulting in distortion of signal to or from the brain
Neuropathy
A medication that increases cardiac perfusion by causing blood vessels to dilate
Nitroglycerin
A combination mask and reservoir bag system that is the preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting
Nonrebreathing mask Delivers up to 90% inspired oxygen and prevents inhaling the exhaled gases
A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock
Norepinephrine Produces vasoconstriction through its alpha simulator properties
An umbilical cord that is wrapped around a fetus’s neck
Nuchal cord
A complex condition in which a person has an excessive amount of body fat
Obesity
The most posterior portion of the cranium
Occiput
A blockage, usually of a tubular structure such as a blood vessel
Occlusion
An airtight dressing that protects a wound from air and bacteria; a commercial vented version allows air to escape from the chest, while an unvented dressing made of petroleum dressing gauze, aluminum foil or plastic
Occlusive dressing
The federal regulatory compliance agency that develops, publishes, and enforces guidelines concerning safety in the workplace
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
Oncotic pressure
Any break in the bone in which the underlying skin has been broken
Open Fracture
A mnemonic used in evaluating a patient’s pain: Onset, Provocation, Quality, Region/radiation, Severity and Timing
OPQRST
The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
Orbit
Airway adjunct inserted into the mouth of an unresponsive patient to keep the tongue from blocking the upper airway and to facilitate suctioning the airway, if necessary
Oropharygeal Airway (OPA) also known as an oral airway
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
Oropharynx
Severe dyspnea experienced by lying down and relieved by sitting up
Orthopnea
A generalized bone disease, commonly associated with post menopausal women, in which there is a reduction in the amount of bone mass leading to fractures after minimal trauma in either sex
Osteoporosis
The primary female productive organs that produce sex hormones and an ovum, or egg, that if fertilized, will develop into a fetus
Ovaries
A gas that all cells need for metabolism; the heart and brain especially, cannot function without it
Oxygen
The forward facing part of the hand in the anatomic position
Palmar
To examine or touch
Palpate
A flat solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; its a major source of the digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
Pancreas
An outbreak that occurs on a global scale
Outbreak
The motion of the portion of the chest wall that is detached in a flail chest; the motion-in during inhalation, out during exhalation- is exactly opposite of normal chest wall motion during breathing
Paradoxical motion
An individual who has extensive training in advanced life support, including endotracheal intubation, emergency pharmacology, cardiac monitoring, and other advanced assessment and treatment skills
Paramedic
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions such as digestion of food and relaxation, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine
Parasympathetic nervous system
Severe shortness of breath, especially at night after several hours of reclining; the person is forced to sit up to breath
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
A seizure affecting a limited portion of the brain
Partial (focal) seizure
Burns that affect the epidermis and some portion of the dermis but not the subcutaneous tissue, characterized by blisters and skin that is white to red, moist and mottled
Partial-thickness (second degree) burns
The knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
Patella
Open, and clear of obstruction
Patent
A microorganism that is capable of causing disease in a susceptible host
Pathogen
When an EMT assists the patient with the administration of his or her medications
Patient-assisted medication
A structured assessment tool used to form a general impression of the infant or child without touching him or her; consists of assessing appearance, work of breathing, and circulation to the skin
Pediatric assessment triangle (PAT)
A device to splint the bony pelvis to reduce hemorrhage from bone ends, venous disruption, and pain
Pelvic binder
An infection of the fallopian tubes and the surrounding tissues of the pelvis
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Through the mouth; a medication delivery route; same as oral
Per os (PO)
Through the rectum; a medication delivery route
Per rectum (PR)
The circulation of oxygenated blood through body tissues and vessels; the circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet current needs of the cells
Perfusion
The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart
Pericardium
In a female the area between the vagina and the anus
Perineum
The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
Peristalsis
The abdominal cavity
Peritoneal cavity
The membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the abdominal; organs
Peritoneum
Negative findings that warrant no care or intervention
Pertinent negatives
An airborne bacterial infection that affects mostly children younger that 6 years, in which the patient is feverish and exhibits a “whoop” sound on inspiration after a coughing attack; highly contagious through droplet infection
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Nerve that innervates the diaphragm; necessary for adequate breathing to occur
Phrenic nerve
The tissue attached to the uterine wall that nourishes the fetus through the umbilical cord.
Placenta
A condition in which the placenta develops over and covers the cervix
Placenta Previa
The bottom surface of the foot
Plantar
A sticky yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
Plasma
Tiny disc shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
Platelets
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax
Pleura
A collection of fluid between the lung and chest wall that may compress the lung
Pleural effusion
An infectious disease of the lung that damages lung tissue; its cause can be viral, bacterial, or fungal
Pneumonia
A partial or complete accumulation of gas or air in the pleural space.
Pneumothorax
Tenderness that is sharply localized at the site of the injury, found by gently palpating along the bone with the tip of one finger
Point tenderness
Excessive thirst that persists for long periods, despite reasonable fluid intake; often a result of excessive urination
Polydipsia
Excessive eating; in diabetes, the inability to use glucose properly can cause a sense of hunger
Polyphagia
The passage of an unusually large volume of urine in a given period
Polyuria
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers
Pons
Restriction of chest wall movements and/or airway obstruction; can rapidly lead to sudden death
Positional asphyxia
The back surface of the body; the side away from you in the standard anatomic position
Posterior
The artery just behind the medial malleolus
Posterior tibial artery
The period following a seizure that lasts 5 to 30 minutes; characterized by labored respirations and some degree of altered mental status
Postictal state
A pregnancy complication that is characterized by high blood pressure, headache, visual changes, and swelling of the hands and feet
Preeclampsia
The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole
Preload
Children between the age 3 and 6 years
Preschool-age
The position in which an infant is born; defined by the part of the body that appears first
Presentation
A painful, tender, persistent erection of the penis; can result from spinal cord injury, erectile dysfunction drugs or sickle cell disease
Priapism
A step within the patient assessment process that identifies and initiates treatment of immediate and potential life threats
Primary Assessment
A woman who is experiencing her first pregnancy
Primigravida
A situation in which the umbilical cord comes out of the vagina before the fetus
Prolapsed cord
Lying face down
Prone
Closer to the trunk
Proximal
When a person who has a duty abuses it, and causes harm to another individual, the EMT, the agency and/or the medical director may be sued for negligence
Proximate causation
Shock caused by the sudden, temporary reduction in blood supply to the brain that causes fainting (syncope)
Psychogenic Shock
A mental disorder characterized by the loss of contact with reality
Psychosis
A hard bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion
Pubic symphysis
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary Artery Carries deoxygenated blood
Injury or bruising of lung tissue that results in hemorrhage
Pulmonary contusion
A buildup of fluid in the lungs, usually as a result of congestive heart failure
Pulmonary Edema
A blood clot that breaks off from a large vein and travels to the blood vessels of the lung causing sudden blockage of the pulmonary artery and an obstruction of blood flow
Pulmonary embolism
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary Veins
The pressure wave created as the heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle into the major arteries
Pulse
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures
Pulse pressure
The circular opening in the middle of the iris that admits light to the back of the eye
Pupil
Decomposition of body tissues; a definitive sign of death
Putrefaction
Bruising under the eyes that may indicate a skull fracture
Raccoon eyes
The major artery of the forearm
Radial artery it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side
The transfer of heat to colder objects in the environment
Radiation
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm
Radius
A side lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients who are breathing adequately and do not have suspected injuries to the spine, hips or pelvis
Recovery position
The lowermost end of the colon
Rectum
Cells that carry oxygen to the body tissues
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
To return a dislocated joint of fractures bone to its normal position
Reduce
pain felt in an area of the body other than the area where the cause of pain is located
Referred Pain
The area that provides protection and treatment to firefighters and other responders working at an emergency. Here, workers are medically monitored and receive any needed care as they enter ad leave the scene
Rehabilitation area
When the EMT or an EMS system is held liable even when the plaintiff is unable to clearly demonstrate how the injury occurred
Res ipsa loquitur dropping a cot and causing injury
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
Residual volume
The way in which a patient responds to external stimuli, including verbal stimuli, tactile stimuli, and painful stimuli
Responsiveness
The light sensitive area of the eye where images are projected; a layer of cells at the back of the eye that changes the light image into electrical impulses which are carried by the optic nerve to the brain
Retina
Movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during inspiration
Retractions
Behind the abdominal cavity
Retroperitoneal
The space between the abdominal cavity and the posterior abdominal wall, containing the kidneys, certain large vessels, and parts of the gastrointestinal tract
Retroperitoneal space
The return of a pulse and effective blood flow to the body in a patient who previously was in cardiac arrest
Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC)
A triage process in treating multiple victims of a lightning strike, in which efforts are focused on those who are in respiratory and cardiac arrest
Reverse triage Differs from conventional triage where such patients would be considered deceased
Course low pitched breath sounds heard in patients with chronic mucus in upper airways
Rhonchi
Stiffening of the body muscles; a definitive sign of death
Rigor Mortis Starting between 2 to 6 hours following death rigor mortis begins with the eyelids, neck, and jaw
A system that assigns percentages to sections of the body, allowing calculation of the amount of skin surface involved in the burn area
Rule of Nines
Five vertebrae fused together inferior to the lumbar
Sacrum
An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
Sagittal (lateral) plane
Special types of intravenous devices filled with a small amount of normal saline to keep blood from clotting at the end of the catheter, allowing an iv site to be maintained without running fluids through the vein
Saline Locks (buff caps) Also called heparin locks
A brief history of a patient’s condition to determine signs and symptoms, allergies, medications, pertinent past history, last oral intake, and events leading to the injury or illness
SAMPLE History
The shoulder blade located on the posterior body that is connected to the humerous with the clavicle
Scapula
Children between the ages of 6 to 12 years
School age
The major nerve of the lower extremities; controls much of muscle function in the leg and sensation in most of leg and foot
Sciatic Nerve
The tough fibrous, white portion of the eye that protects the more delicate inner structures
Sclera
Describes the procedures, actions, and processes that a healthcare practitioner is permitted to undertake in keeping with the terms of their professional license.
Scope of Practice
A step in the patient assessment process in which a systematic physical examination of the patient is performed
Secondary assessment This is a detailed exam after the primary assessment to locate additional injuries that may be disguised by pain from main injury
A substance that decreases activity and excitement
Sedative
A neurological episode caused by a surge of electrical activity in the brain
Seizure Can be convulsive characterized by generalized, uncoordinated muscular activity, and can be associated with loss of consciousness
The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, smell, taste, heat, cold and pain from the body to the central nervous system
Sensory Nerves
shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection
Septic Shock
A syndrome seen in abused infants and children; subject to violent whiplash-type injuries inflicted by the abusing individual that may cause coma, seizures
Shaken-baby syndrome increased intracranial pressure due to tearing the cerebral veins with consequent bleeding into the brain
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation, and therefore inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery, to maintain normal cellular functions
Shock also called hypoperfusion
A hereditary disease that caused normal, round red blood cells to become oblong, or sickle shaped
Sickle cell disease
Any effects of a medication other than the desired ones
Side Effects
Objective findings that can be seen, heard, felt, smelled, or, measured
Sign
knowledge and understanding of one’s surroundings and the ability to recognize potential risks to the safety of the patient or EMS team
Situational awareness
False or damaging information about a person that is communicated by the spoken word
Slander
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity
Smooth muscle
An upright position in which the patient’s head and chin are thrust slightly forward to keep the airway open
Sniffing position The optimum position for the uninjured child who requires airway management
Solid masses of tissue where much of the chemical work of the body takes place (e.g., the liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
Solid organs
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
Somatic nervous system
A device used to measure blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer
A developmental defect in which a portion of the spinal cord or meninges may protrude outside the vertebrae and possibly outside of the body, usually at the lower third of the spine in the lumbar area
Spina Bifida
A pneumothorax that occurs when a weak area on the lung ruptures in the absence of major injury, allowing air to leak into the pleural space
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
A joint injury involving damage to supporting ligaments, and sometimes partial or temporary dislocation of bone ends
Sprain
the watchfulness, attention, caution and prudence that a reasonable person in the circumstances would exercise. If a person’s actions do not meet this standard of care, then his/her acts fail to meet the duty of care which all people (supposedly) have toward others.
Standard of care
Protective measures that have traditionally been developed by the CDC for prevention for use in dealing with objects, blood, body fluids, and other potential exposure risks of communicable disease
Standard precaution
Written documents, signed by the EMS system’s medical director that outline specific directions, permissions, and sometimes prohibitions regarding patient care
Standing Orders Also called protocols
A patient sorting process that stands for Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment and uses limited assessment of the patient’s ability to walk, respiratory status, hemodynamic status, and neurological status
START triage
A condition in which seizures recur every few minutes or last longer than 30 minutes
Status epilepticus
The breast bone
Sternum
An agent that produces an excited state
Stimulant
An opening through the skin and into an organ or other structure
Stoma for example, in the neck, it connects the trachea directly to the skin
Stretching or tearing of a muscle; also called a muscle pull
Strain
A harsh high pitched respiratory sound, generally heard during inspiration, that is caused by partial blockage or narrowing of the upper airway
Stridor
An interruption of the blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function
Stroke Also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
The volume of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction
Stroke volume
A blood vessel just outside the brain ruptures. The area of the skull surrounding the brain rapidly fills with blood.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
injection into the fatty tissue between the skin and muscle; a medication delivery route
Subcutaneous injection
A characteristic crackling sensation felt on palpation of the skin, caused by the presence of air in the soft tissues
Subcutaneous emphysema
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
Subcutaneous tissue
An accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater but outside the brain
Subdural hematoma
under the tongue; a medication delivery route
Sublingual
An open or penetrating chest wall wound through which air passes during inspiration and expiration, creating a sucking sound
Sucking chest wound
Death of an infant or young child that remains unexplained after a complete autopsy
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Burns that only affect the epidermis, characterized by skin that is red but not blistered or actually burnt through
Superficial (First degree) burn
Above a body part or nearer the head
Superior
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart
Superior vena cava
Lying face up
Supine
Low blood pressure resulting from the compression of the inferior vena cava by the weight of the pregnant uterus when the woman is supine
Supine hypotensive syndrome
A liquid protein substance that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases alveolar surface tension, and keeps the alveoli expanded
Surfactant A low level in a premature infant contributes to respiratory distress syndrome
a Bandage that passes around the chest to secure an injured arm to the chest
Swathe
Glands located in the dermal layer of skin that secrete sweat
Sweat glands
The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls active functions such as responding to fear
Sympathetic nervous system Also known as the fight or flight syndrome
Subjective findings that the patient feels but that can be identified only by the patient
Symptom
Characteristic or indicative of a disease
Symptomatic
Neither causing or exhibiting symptoms of a disease
Asymptomatic
A fainting spell or transient loss of consciousness, often caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain
Syncope
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
Synovial fluid
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
Systole
A rapid heart rate, more than 100 beats per minute
Tachycardia
Rapid breathing
Tachypnea
A process in which electrical signals are converted into coded, audible signals
Telemetry
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium
Temporal bones
The joint formed where the mandible and cranium meet; just in front of the ear
Temporomandibular joint
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Tendon
An accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space that progressively increases pressure in the chest that interferes with cardiac function with potential fatal results
Tension pneumothorax
A pregnancy that has reached full term, between 39 weeks and 40 weeks
Term gestation
A male gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
Testicle
The desired or intended effect of a medication is expected to have on the body
Therapeutic effect
The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebra and the lumbar vertebrae
Thoracic spine
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
Thorax
A blood clot that was formed in a blood vessel and is floating within the blood stream
Thromboembolism
A blood clot, either in the arterial or venous system
Thrombosis
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s apple
Thyroid cartilage
The larger of the two bones of the lower leg
Tibia
The amount of air that is moved in/out of the lungs during one relaxed breath
Tidal volume
A child age 1 to 3 years
Toddler
The need for increasing amounts of drug to obtain the same effect
Tolerance
Large semi rigid suction tips recommended for suctioning the pharynx
Tonsil Tip Also know as Yankauer tips
A wrongful act that gives rise to a civil lawsuit
Tort
The bleeding control method used when a wound continues to bleed despite the use of direct pressure and elevation
Tourniquet
The windpipe, the main opening for air passing to and from the lungs
Trachea
A surgical procedure to create an opening (stoma) into the trachea
Tracheostomy
Longitudinal force applied to a structure
Traction
Through the skin; a medication route
Transcutaneous (transdermal)
A disorder in the brain in which brain cells temporarily stop functioning because of insufficient oxygen, causing stroke like symptoms that resolve completely within 24 hours
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
Transverse (axial) plane
A pattern of injuries seen after a severe force is applied to the chest, forcing blood from the great vessels into the head and neck
Traumatic asphyxia
A traumatic insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
The process of sorting patients based on the severity of injury and medical need to establish treatment and transportation priorities
Triage
The muscle in the back of the upper arm
Triceps
An upright position in which the patient leans forward onto outstretched arms with the head and chin thrust slightly forward
Tripod position
A chronic bacterial disease, that usually affects the lungs but can also affect other organs such as the brain and kidneys
Tuberculosis (TB) It is spread by cough and can lie dormant in a persons lungs for decades then reactivate
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of the blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
Tunica Media
Layers of bone within the nasal cavity
Turbinates
The ability of the skin to resist deformation; tested by gently pinching skin on the forehead or back of the hand
Turgor
The eardrum, a thin semitransparent membrane of the middle ear that transmits sound vibrations to the internal ear by means of auditory ossicles
Tympanic membrane
The Medial bone of the forearm in the anatomic position
Ulna
The structure that connects the pregnant woman to the fetus via the placenta; contains 2 arteries and 1 vein
Umbilical cord
Severe kidney failure resulting in the buildup of waste products within the blood
Uremia
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Ureter
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
Urethra
A sac behind the pubis symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
Urinary bladder
A bacterial infection, usually of the lower urinary tract (urethra and bladder) that occurs when normal flora bacteria enter the urethra and grow
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Small areas of generalized itching/ and or burning that appear as multiple raised areas on the skin; hives
Urticaria
The muscular organ where the fetus grows, also called the womb; responsible for contractions during labor
Uterus
The narrowing of a blood vessel, such as with hypoperfusion and cold extremities
Vasoconstriction
The blood vessels that carry blood from the tissues to the heart
Veins
The anterior surface of the body
Ventral
One of two (right and left) lower chambers of the heart. The left chamber receives blood from the left atrium and delivers blood to the aorta. The right chamber receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the pulmonary artery
Ventricle
Disorganized, ineffective quivering of the ventricles, resulting in no blood flow and a state of cardiac arrest
Ventricular fibrillation
A rapid heart rhythm in which the electrical impulse begins in the ventricle (instead of the atrium) which may result in inadequate blood flow and eventually deteriorate into cardiac arrest
Ventricular Tachycardia
Very small, thin walled blood vessels carrying non oxygenated blood
Venules
The 33 bones that make up the spinal column
Vertebrae
Blister agents; the primary route of this agent is through the skin
Vesicants
The strength or ability of a pathogen to produce disease
Virulence
The membrane that covers the lung
Visceral pleura
The amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible
Vital capacity
The key signs that are used to evaluate the patient’s overall condition, including respiration, pulse, blood pressure, level of consciousness, and skin characteristics
Vital Signs
The white bands of tough muscular tissue that are the lateral borders of the glottis and serve as the primary center for speech production
Vocal cords
How long a chemical agent will stay on the surface before it evaporates
Volatility
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will
Voluntary muscle
The decontamination corridor is located in this zone at a hazardous material incident
Warm zone
A raised, swollen, well defined area on the skin resulting from an insect bite or allergic reaction
Wheal
A high pitched, whistling breath sound that is most prominent on expiration, and which suggests an obstruction or narrowing of the lower airways
Wheezing Occurs in asthma, bronchiolitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection
White blood cells Also known as leukocytes
An indicator of oxygen and ventilation; reflects the patient’s attempt to compensate for hypoxia
Work of breathing
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
Xiphoid process
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae
Zygomas
Having diminished arousal and awareness, often as the result of intoxication, metabolic illness, infection, or neurological catastrophe.
Obtunded
difficulty in swallowing;
Dysphagia
above the sternum retractions
Suprasternal retractions
a noninvasive method of indicating the arterial oxygen saturation of functional hemoglobin
pulse oximetry
process of using non rebreather mask (NRM) with oxygen next to child’s mouth when they cannot tolerate NRM attached to face
Blow By Oxygen
A device used to measure sugar levels in blood.
Glucometer
a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy.
Lethargy
self-originated; occurring without known cause.
Idiopathic
pertaining to neurology or to the nervous system.
Neurologic
Having to do with inflammation, the body’s response to either invading foreign substances (such as viruses or bacteria) or to direct injury of body tissue.
Inflammatory
pertaining to the whole body rather than to a localized area or regional part of the body.
Systemic
usually begins with bilateral jerks of the extremities or focal seizure activity. There is loss of consciousness and both tonic and clonic type convulsions. The patient may be incontinent during the attack and there is danger of tongue biting. In the postictal phase the patient is confused and drowsy.
Grand Mal Seizure
There typically is a twitching about the eyes or mouth, the patient remains sitting or standing, and appears to have had no more than a lapse of attention or a moment of absent-mindedness.
Petit mal Seizure
Minute hemorrhagic spots, of pinpoint to pinhead size, in the skin, which are not blanched by pressure -a rash
Petechiae
An agent that reduces fever (for example, acetaminophen, aspirin).
Antipyretic
Dilation of a blood vessel, as by the action of a nerve or drug.
Vasodilation
