Vocabulary

Question 1

linguistic competence

Answer 1

What we know when we know a language, the unconscious knowledge that a speaker has about his or her native language.

Question 2

linguistic performance

Answer 2

The observable use of language. The actualization of one’s linguistic competence.

Question 3

performance error

Answer 3

Errors in language production or comprehension, including hesitations and
slips of the tongue.

Question 4

speech communication chain

Answer 4

The process through which information is communicated, consisting of an information source, transmitter, signal, receiver, and destination.

Question 5

noise

Answer 5

Interference in the communication chain.

Question 6

lexicon

Answer 6

A mental repository of linguistic information about words and other lexical expressions, including their form, meaning, morphological, and syntactic properties. As a part of a descriptive, not mental, grammar, the lexicon is the representation of the mental lexicon, consisting of lexical entries that capture the relevant properties of lexical expressions(e.g. their form and syntactic category).

Question 7

mental grammar

Answer 7

The mental representation of grammar. The knowledge that a speaker has about the linguistic units and rules of his native language.

Question 8

language variation

Answer 8

The property of language having different ways to express the same meanings in different contexts according to factors such as geography, social class, gender, etc.

Question 9

speech communication chain steps

Answer 9

the numerous steps that must be carried out in order for an idea to be communicated from one person to another.

Question 10

descriptive grammar

Answer 10

A set of rules about language based on how it is actually used. Their is no right or wrong language.

Question 11

evidence that writing and language are not the same (list 4 reasons)

Answer 11

A language consist of a knowledge in speaker’s mind and writing is a representation of language. 4 evidence that they are different. 1- Writing dose not exist everywhere. 2-Writing must be taught. 3-Writing can be edited. 4- Archeological evidence indicates that writing is a later historical development than spoken language.

Question 12

reasons some people believe writing to be superior to speech (list 3 reasons)

Answer 12

1- It is usually more organized, containing fewer errors. 2-It has to be taught, therefore intimately associated with education and educated speech. 3-It is more physically stable than speech.

Question 13

prescriptive grammar

Answer 13

A set of rules designed to give instructions regarding the socially embedded notion of the “correct” or “proper” way to speak or write.

Question 14

prescribe

Answer 14

Something that is advised and authorized the use of. Like a doctor’s prescription of a medicine.

Question 15

Charles Hockett’s nine design features (necessary for a communication system to be considered a language) (list)

Answer 15

A set of nine descriptive characteristics of language, first introduced b the linguist Charles Hockett. Mode of communication, Semanticity, Pragmatic Function, Interchangeability, Cultural Transmission, Arbitrariness, Discreteness, displacement, and Productivity.

Question 16

mode of communication

Answer 16

Through which a message is transmitted for any given communication system.

Question 17

semanticity

Answer 17

Property of having signals that convey a meaning, shared by all communication systems.

Question 18

pragmatic function

Answer 18

Is a general heading under which terminology relating to the various areas of study of language use and interpreted is collected.

Question 19

interchangeability

Answer 19

The property of a communication system by which all individuals have the ability to both transmit and review messages.

Question 20

cultural transmission

Answer 20

property of a communication system referring to the fact that at least some aspects of it are learned through interactions with other users of the systems.

Question 21

arbitrariness

Answer 21

Refers to the fact that a word’s meaning is not predictable from its linguistic form, nor is its form dictated by its meaning.

Question 22

linguistic sign

Answer 22

The combination of a linguistic form and meaning.

Question 23

convention

Answer 23

Something that is established, commonly agreed upon, or operating in a certain way according to common practice.

Question 24

nonarbitrariness

Answer 24

Direct correspondence between the physical properties of a form and the meaning that the form refers to.

Question 25

iconic

Answer 25

Relationship between form and meaning such that the form of a word bears a resemblance to its meaning.

Question 26

onomatopoeia

Answer 26

Iconic use of words that are imitative of sounds occurring in nature or that have meanings that are associated with such sounds.

Question 27

conventionalized

Answer 27

Something that is established, commonly agreed upon, or operating in a certain way according to common practice.

Question 28

sound symbolism

Answer 28

Phenomenon by which certain sounds are evocative of a particular meaning.

Question 29

discreteness

Answer 29

The property of communication systems by which complex messages may be build up out of smaller parts.

Question 30

displacement

Answer 30

The property of some communication systems that allows them to be used to communicate about things, actions and ideas that are not present at the place or time where communication is taking place.

Question 31

productivity

Answer 31

Describes a rule that can be applied in novel situations to produce novel grammatical forms.

Question 32

modality

Answer 32

Mode of communication.

Question 33

myths about signed languages (list 4)

Answer 33

1-That signed languages derive from spoken languages, rather than being languages in their own right. 2-That signed languages are manual codes. 3-That there is only one signed language that is used by deaf speakers all over the world.

Question 34

differences between codes and languages (list 4)

Answer 34

1-A code borrows its structure from the natural language that it represents. 2- Signed language evolve naturally and independently of spoken languages. 3- Codes never have native speakers, because they are artificial systems. 4- Signed languages are learned natively by both hearing and deaf people all over the world.