Vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
What are abiotic factors?
A
Physical factors such as light, temperature and water.
2
Q
Define acidification.
A
A process in which the pH drops as the conditions become more acidic.
3
Q
What is an acidophile?
A
An organism that thrives under acidic conditions.
4
Q
What are acoustic deterrent devices used for?
A
They deter mammals by using sound.
5
Q
What is acoustic fatigue?
A
Stress cracking of a material caused by repetitive vibrations induced by sound.
6
Q
What does acoustic monitoring involve?
A
Monitoring environmental sounds to detect the presence of dolphins and whales or bats.
7
Q
What is an activated carbon filter?
A
A filter that reduces emissions of pollutants such as complex organic molecules.
8
Q
What are activation products?
A
Atomic nuclei that become radioactive after absorbing neutrons.
9
Q
What does active traffic management (ATM) aim to achieve?
A
To control road lane usage and speed limits to smooth traffic flow and reduce congestion.
10
Q
Define acute exposure.
A
Exposure to a substance or symptoms that appear rapidly.
11
Q
What is adsorption?
A
The process where a substance fixes onto a surface.
12
Q
What is an aerobic process?
A
A process that takes place in the presence of oxygen.
13
Q
What is the study of aerodynamics?
A
The study of airflow over surfaces to design surfaces that reduce wind resistance.
14
Q
What is afforestation?
A
Planting trees to increase the area of forest.
15
Q
Define albedo.
A
A measure of the reflectivity of a surface.
16
Q
What is an anaerobic process?
A
A process that takes place in the absence of oxygen.
17
Q
What is the Antarctic Treaty (1959)?
A
An international agreement to protect and manage Antarctica.
18
Q
What does anthropogenic describe?
A
Outcomes caused by human activities.
19
Q
What is the aphotic zone?
A
Deeper layers of water that receive no sunlight.
20
Q
Define aquaculture.
A
The artificial production of aquatic organisms.
21
Q
What is an aquifer?
A
A rock which contains water that is abstracted by humans.
22
Q
What are archaea?
A
Microorganisms similar to bacteria, including the first life-forms to develop on Earth.
23
Q
What is artificial insemination?
A
A form of selective breeding where semen is inserted artificially into a female.
24
Q
What does ALARA stand for?
A
As low as reasonably achievable.
25
What is the atmosphere?
The gases surrounding the Earth.
26
What are baffle mounds?
Embankments that absorb and deflect noise.
27
What is a bag filter?
A method reducing atmospheric pollution caused by smoke and particulate matter.
28
What is a barrage?
A dam built across an estuary to generate tidal power.
29
What are barrier crops?
Crops grown around another crop to protect it from pests.
30
What is a beating tray used for?
A method of sampling invertebrates on the branches of bushes.
31
What does Becquerel (Bq) measure?
The unit of activity of a radioactive source.
32
What does BATNEEC stand for?
Best available technology not entailing excessive cost.
33
Define bioaccumulation.
The increase in concentration of a substance in living tissue.
34
What is biocapacity?
A measure of the biological productivity of an area.
35
What does biodegradable mean?
A material that can be broken down by living organisms.
36
Define biodiversity.
A measure of the variety and abundance of wildlife species.
37
What is a biogeochemical cycle?
A series of linked processes which use and re-use elements.
38
What is bioleaching?
A method of using bacteria to dissolve metals from low grade ores.
39
What is biological control?
The control of pests using living organisms.
40
What is a biological corridor?
A habitat that links other habitats for animal movement.
41
Define biomagnification.
The progressive bioaccumulation of a material along a food chain.
42
What is biomass?
The total mass of living, or recently living material in an area.
43
What is a biome?
A large geographical region with particular climatic features.
44
What is biomimetics?
The study of living organisms for technological applications.
45
Define bioremediation.
Cleaning up a contaminated site using living organisms.
46
What is a biotic index?
A measure of pollution based on selected living organisms.
47
What is blue baby syndrome?
A health problem where a baby's blood does not carry enough oxygen.
48
What is a bund wall?
A wall that surrounds a tank to contain its contents if it leaks.
49
Define bycatch.
The non-target organisms caught when fishing.
50
What are captive breeding and release programmes?
A method of boosting wild populations by breeding in captivity.
51
What does carbon capture and storage (CCS) aim to achieve?
To reduce carbon dioxide emissions by storing them underground.
52
Define carbon footprint.
An estimate of total greenhouse gas releases caused by actions.
53
What is carbon sequestration?
Any process which removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
54
What is a carcinogen?
A substance or energy form that can cause cancer.
55
Define carrying capacity.
The greatest population that can be supported sustainably in an area.
56
What is a catalytic converter?
A device that reduces emissions of pollutant gases from engines.
57
What is a catch quota?
A limit on the quantity of fish that can be caught.
58
What is a centre of diversity?
A geographical region with a high plant biodiversity.
59
Define cetaceans.
Marine mammals including whales, dolphins and porpoises.
60
What is a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)?
An early design of low-energy light.
61
Define chronic exposure.
Exposure to a substance or symptoms that appear over long periods.
62
What are cirrus clouds?
Thin, wispy clouds usually found at high altitudes.
63
What is the Clean Air Act (1956)?
UK legislation to control smoke pollution.
64
What is a climax community?
The stable community of species at the end of ecological succession.
65
Define cloning.
An artificial form of asexual reproduction.
66
What are cnidarians?
A taxon of animals that includes corals and jellyfish.
67
What are colonisation media?
Methods to demonstrate the presence of species.
68
What is a combined heat and power station (CHP)?
A power station with high overall energy efficiency.
69
Define community of species.
Made up of the populations of all species in an area.
70
What are companion crops?
Crops grown together to benefit one another.
71
What is concentrating solar power (CSP)?
A method of increasing solar energy intensity using mirrors.
72
What is a constant descent angle?
A method of approaching an airport at a consistent angle.
73
What is contact action in pesticides?
A pesticide that kills pests by contact after spraying.
74
What is contamination?
Pollution caused by pollutants mixing with materials.
75
What is contour ploughing?
A soil erosion control measure by ploughing along contours.
76
What is CITES?
An international agreement controlling trade in endangered species.
77
What are cooling towers used for?
To reduce the temperature of effluent water.
78
What is coppicing?
Cutting down tree branches to promote regrowth.
79
What is cradle to cradle design (C2C)?
Designing items for reuse without toxic waste.
80
What is critical group monitoring?
Monitoring pollutants focusing on the most at-risk groups.
81
What is critical pathway analysis (CPA)?
Predicting routes that effluents take in the environment.
82
What is crop rotation?
Growing different crops in a field on a cycle.
83
What are crop wild relatives (CWRs)?
Wild plant varieties closely related to domesticated crops.
84
What is the cryosphere?
All the frozen water on Earth.
85
What does CSS stand for?
Countryside Stewardship Scheme.
86
Define culling.
Reducing a species population by selective killing.
87
What is cut-off ore grade?
The lowest purity of a mineral that can be economically exploited.
88
What is a cyclone separator?
Equipment used to remove suspended particles from gases.
89
What does DAFOR scale measure?
Judges the abundance of organisms.
90
What is the dB scale?
A logarithmic scale used to measure sound levels.
91
What are debt for nature swaps?
Agreements to pay part of a country's debt for conservation.
92
What are decomposers?
Organisms that break down dead organic matter.
93
Define deflected succession.
Natural succession stopped by human actions.
94
What is deforestation?
The action of removing trees, reducing forest area.
95
What is degradability?
A measure of how easily a material breaks down.
96
What does demersal refer to?
Living on the seabed.
97
What is dendrochronology?
Determining the age of wood using growth rings.
98
What is desulfurisation?
The removal of sulfur or sulfur compounds.
99
What are detritivores?
Heterotrophic animals that ingest dead organic matter.
100
What is directional drilling?
Drilling wells for oil or gas that are not vertical.
101
What are dolphin pingers?
Acoustic deterrent devices used for small cetaceans.
102
What is a drift net?
A net that hangs vertically in the water.
103
What is dry flue-gas desulfurisation?
A method of removing sulfur oxides from gases using lime slurry.
104
Define dynamic equilibrium.
A balance created by active processes whose impacts cancel out.
105
What is an ecological footprint?
Assessing sustainability by estimating needed biologically productive area.
106
What is an ecological niche?
The role of an organism in its habitat.
107
What is ecological succession?
The sequence of changes in community composition over time.
108
Define ecosystem.
The community of organisms and their interactions with the environment.
109
What is eDNA?
DNA detected in environmental samples used to confirm species presence.
110
What does efficiency measure?
The amount of product compared with the inputs.
111
What is El Niño?
Events when wind and ocean currents in the Pacific Ocean slow significantly.
112
What is an electrostatic precipitator?
Equipment used to remove suspended particles from gases.
113
Define embodied energy.
The energy used to make and install an item.
114
What is embryo transfer?
Transferring fertilised eggs from one female to another.
115
What is encapsulation?
The sealing of waste in a solid material to prevent escape.
116
Define endemic.
Species that are native to a specific geographical area.
117
What is embodied energy?
The amount of energy that was used to make and install an item.
118
Define embryo transfer.
The transfer of fertilised eggs or embryos from one female to another, enabling more young to be produced than through normal breeding.
119
What does encapsulation refer to?
The sealing of waste in a solid material such as glass, cement or plastic to prevent its escape.
120
What is an endemic species?
A species that is indigenous to a particular area and is not naturally found elsewhere.
121
What does energy density measure?
The amount of energy in a particular mass of fuel or that can be harnessed by a particular mass of equipment.
122
Define eradication in ecological terms.
The reduction of the population of a species by removal or culling.
123
What are escape panels in fishing nets?
A spring-loaded part of a fishing net through which large by-catch organisms can escape.
124
What is the European Union Common Fisheries Policy (EU CFP)?
A set of regulations intended to ensure the sustainable management of fish stocks within the EU.
125
Define eutrophication.
The process by which nutrient levels in a water body increase to excessive levels, causing deoxygenation.
126
What are EDGE species?
Species that are threatened with extinction and have few genetically similar relatives.
127
What is an exoskeleton?
A skeleton on the outside of an organism, as found in insects and crustaceans.
128
True or False: Exposure in ionising radiation control means contact with the source.
False.
129
What is ex-situ conservation?
The conservation of a species in an area which is not its natural habitat.
130
Define extensive agriculture/aquaculture.
Agriculture/aquaculture where the yield is achieved with low levels of inputs over a large area.
131
What are feedback mechanisms?
Processes where an action has consequences that affect the original process.
132
What are flagship species?
High-profile species used to raise support for the conservation of their habitat.
133
What is flue gas desulfurisation (FGD)?
Processes that remove oxides of sulphur from gaseous effluents.
134
What are food conversion ratios (FCRs)?
A measure of the efficiency with which an organism converts its food into its own increasing biomass.
135
Define fuel cell.
An electrochemical device that produces electricity from the chemical reaction between two substances and oxygen.
136
What is genetic engineering/genetic modification (GM)?
The method of altering an organism’s genetic makeup by artificially introducing genes from another organism.
137
What is ghost fishing?
The capture and death of organisms caught in lost or discarded fishing gear.
138
What are gibberelins?
A group of plant hormones.
139
What does gonadic refer to?
Relating to ovaries and testes.
140
Define gravimetry.
A geological exploration technique that detects changes in the force of gravity.
141
What are grays?
A unit of energy absorbed from ionising radiation.
142
What is a greenhouse gas (GHG)?
A gas that absorbs infra-red radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface and causes atmospheric heating.
143
What is the Haber Process?
The industrial process that combines nitrogen from air with hydrogen to produce ammonia.
144
Define habitat.
The place where an organism, species or population lives.
145
What is haemoglobin?
The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
146
What is half-life?
The time taken for half of a material to be lost or broken down.
147
Define halophyte.
An organism that thrives in conditions with a high salt concentration.
148
What is hard release?
The release of animals from captivity without post-release support.
149
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a state of equilibrium.
150
What are horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT)?
Wind turbines where the blades rotate around a generator that has a horizontal axis of rotation.
151
What is hydraulic fracturing?
A method using high pressure fluids to open cracks in fine-grained shales for oil and gas extraction.
152
What is hydroelectric power?
A method of generating electricity using the downhill flow of water.
153
Define hydrodynamics.
The study of the flow of water, often in relation to ship design.
154
What is the hydrogen economy?
The proposal that hydrogen produced by electrolysing water could be used as the main fuel.
155
What does hydrology study?
The movement, distribution and properties of water in the environment.
156
Define hydrosphere.
All the water on Earth in solid, liquid or gaseous form.
157
What is hydrothermal deposition?
The deposition of mineral deposits from hot mineral-rich solutions.
158
What is incineration?
The breakdown of waste by burning it.
159
What is in-situ conservation?
The conservation of a species in its natural environment.
160
What does insolation refer to?
Sunlight that reaches a particular location.
161
What are in-stream turbines?
Tidal turbines rotated by marine currents without a barrage.
162
Define intensive agriculture/aquaculture.
Agriculture/aquaculture where the yield is achieved with high levels of inputs.
163
What is the International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO)?
An intergovernmental organisation promoting the conservation and sustainable management of tropical forest resources.
164
What is the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)?
An organisation providing information on the status of the natural world and measures needed to safeguard it.
165
What does the International Whaling Commission (IWC) aim to do?
Ensure the sustainable exploitation of whales.
166
Define keystone species.
A species with much more important ecological functions than its abundance suggests.
167
What is kick sampling?
A method of sampling aquatic invertebrates by disturbing the substrate.
168
What is a kinetic energy recovery system (KERS)?
A method of slowing a vehicle by using its kinetic energy to charge batteries.
169
Define K-selected species.
Species with a relatively low breeding capacity, maturing at a later age.
170
What is La Niña?
Events when the wind and ocean currents in the equatorial Pacific Ocean increase in strength.
171
What is laser fusion?
A developmental nuclear fusion technique using a laser beam to cause fusion in frozen hydrogen.
172
What is Lasky’s principle?
A model stating that as the purity of mineral deposits declines, there is a logarithmic increase in material present.
173
What is leachate?
Drainage water that carries other substances in solution or as suspended solids.
174
What does LED stand for?
Light emitting diode.
175
Define legumes.
Plants with symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules.
176
What are light traps used for?
Sampling populations of night-flying organisms attracted to lights.
177
What is limecrete?
An alternative to concrete with lower embodied energy, using calcium hydroxide.
178
What is the Lincoln index?
A method of estimating animal populations using catch, mark, release, recapture.
179
Define liposolubility.
A measure of how easily a substance dissolves in fats and oils.
180
What is the lithosphere?
The relatively hard outer layer of the Earth comprising the crust and upper mantle.
181
What is a local nature reserve (LNR)?
Designated areas for local importance for wildlife or public enjoyment.
182
What is long lining?
A fishing method with many hooks attached to a main fishing line.
183
What is magnetometry?
A method of detecting mineral deposits based on their magnetism.
184
Define magnetosphere.
The magnetic field around Earth that deflects charged particles from the Sun.
185
What is a marine conservation zone (MCZ)?
Areas designated under UK law to protect important marine wildlife and habitats.
186
What is a marine nature reserve (MNR)?
Areas designated to protect marine wildlife under UK law.
187
What is a marine protected area (MPA)?
Marine areas that are legally protected for their wildlife and cultural features.
188
What is maximum sustainable yield (MSY)?
The greatest amount that can be harvested sustainably.
189
What are metamorphic processes?
Processes that change the form of a rock with heat and/or pressure.
190
Define methane hydrate.
A solid compound of methane trapped in ice crystals, often found in marine sediments.
191
What is monoculture?
The growth of a single type of crop over a large area.
192
What is the Montreal Protocol?
An international agreement controlling the use of ozone-depleting substances.
193
What is mulch used for?
Material placed on soil surface to reduce evaporation losses and weed growth.
194
Define multicropping.
A form of polyculture where two or more different crops are grown simultaneously.
195
What is a mutagen?
A material that can cause changes in DNA structure.
196
What is a national nature reserve (NNR)?
Designated areas in the UK with important habitats and complete communities of species.
197
What is Natura 2000?
A network of protected sites in the EU combining SPAs and SACs.
198
What are neonicotinoids?
A widely used group of insecticides linked with bee deaths.
199
Define neurotoxin.
A poison that affects the nervous system.
200
What is a no take zone?
An area in which harvesting or fishing is prohibited.
201
What is nuclear fission?
Nuclear power involving the splitting of large atom nuclei.
202
What is nuclear fusion?
Nuclear power involving the joining of small atom nuclei.
203
What does ODS stand for?
Ozone depleting substance.
204
What are oil shales?
Fine sedimentary rock containing kerogen, a solid form of crude oil.
205
Define organochlorines.
Hydrocarbon-based compounds that include chlorine, often used as pesticides.
206
What is an organophosphate pesticide?
A group of insecticides with high mammalian toxicity but are not persistent.
207
What is overburden?
Soil and rock above a mineral deposit that must be removed for access.
208
What is overfishing?
Fishing above the Maximum Sustainable Yield of a population.
209
What is peak shaving?
The process of storing surplus energy to satisfy later peaks in demand.
210
What is a peat bog?
A wetland area with an accumulation of dead plant material.
211
Define pelagic.
Living near the water surface.
212
What is permaculture?
An agricultural system incorporating principles of natural ecosystems.
213
What is permafrost?
A layer of soil in which the water is permanently frozen.
214
What does persistence measure?
The rate at which a material breaks down and the length of time it remains.
215
What is a pheromone trap?
A trap that attracts organisms using the scent of pheromones.
216
Define pheromone.
A chemical released by an organism that changes the behavior of others of the same species.
217
What is the photic layer?
The water layer into which light can penetrate.
218
What is a photoautotroph?
An organism that produces food substances using sunlight in photosynthesis.
219
What are photochemical smogs?
Atmospheric pollution events where pollutants interact to produce toxic substances.
220
What is photothermal?
A system that converts light into heat.
221
Define photovoltaic (PV).
A system that converts light into electricity.
222
What is phytomining?
A method to extract metals concentrated by plants.
223
What is phytoremediation?
A method of decontaminating a polluted site using plants.
224
What are pioneer species?
Species that colonize an area at the start of ecological succession.
225
What is a pitfall trap?
A method of sampling populations of mobile animals that live on the soil surface.
226
Define plagioclimax.
A community of species maintained by external influences preventing natural development.
227
What is ploughing?
The cultivation of the soil by turning over the surface layer.
228
What are plutonium reactors?
Nuclear fission reactors using plutonium as the fissile fuel.
229
What are polar vortex winds?
Winds that blow around the poles in a circular manner, reducing mixing of air masses.
230
What is pollarding?
The process of regularly cutting down tree branches above ground level.
231
What is pollen analysis?
The use of pollen in environmental samples to deduce past climates.
232
Define polyculture.
An agriculture/aquaculture system involving the growth of more than one species.
233
What is a population in ecological terms?
All the individuals of a species living in a particular area.
234
What are power to gas systems (P2G)?
Methods of producing methane gas from surplus electricity.
235
What is primary oil recovery?
The extraction of crude oil using natural pressure.
236
What is productivity?
A measure of the yield of a system, often expressed per unit area or input.
237
What are Proterozoic marine sediments?
Iron oxide deposits produced by dissolved iron reacting with oxygen from photosynthesis.
238
What is proxy data?
Data that can be collected to predict related factors that cannot be measured.
239
What is productivity?
A measure of the yield of a system, often expressed as the yield per unit area, time or input.
240
What are Proterozoic marine sediments?
Iron oxide deposits produced by the reaction of dissolved iron minerals with oxygen from photosynthesis in the early Proterozoic era.
241
What is proxy data?
Data that can be collected to predict values of a related factor that cannot be measured.
242
What is pumped storage HEP?
An energy storage system where surplus electricity pumps water from a lower reservoir to a higher one.
243
Define purse seining.
A fishing method where a net is used to encircle a shoal of pelagic fish.
244
What are pyrethroids?
Synthetic insecticide pesticides based on natural chemicals extracted from chrysanthemum flowers.
245
What is a quadrat?
An area, usually square or circular, in which samples are taken.
246
What is rammed earth?
A wall construction method where materials like clay, soil, straw, and sand are compacted.
247
What is a Ramsar site?
A wetland site designated to protect its biodiversity under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
248
What is the range of tolerance?
The range of conditions within which a species can survive.
249
Define relative biological effectiveness (RBE).
A measure based on the energy absorbed from ionizing radiation, accounting for the damaging effects of the radiation type.
250
What is remote sensing?
Any method of monitoring features of a location from another location, usually via satellites or aircraft.
251
What is resistivity?
A method of predicting the mineral composition of deposits underground based on their conductivity.
252
What are reverse thrusters?
A method used on aircraft to slow down after landing.
253
Define re-wilding.
The process of creating habitats similar to conditions before human alteration.
254
What is risk:benefit analysis?
A method to inform decision making by comparing risks and benefits of an activity.
255
What are r-selected species?
Species with a high breeding capacity, maturing at a young age and producing many offspring.
256
What does salinity measure?
The salt concentration of a solution.
257
What is satellite imagery?
The collection of images using satellites across various wavelengths.
258
Define secondary fuel.
An energy source produced by the conversion of a primary fuel.
259
What is secondary oil recovery?
Extraction of crude oil where pressure is maintained by pumping water or gas into the reservoir.
260
What is secondary succession?
Ecological succession occurring in an area where the climax community has been disturbed.
261
What are seismic surveys?
Surveys using sound waves to determine the depth and shape of underground rock structures.
262
Define sere.
A stage in ecological succession leading to the climax community.
263
What are shellfish?
Aquatic animals with shells or exoskeletons, such as crustaceans and molluscs.
264
What is a sievert?
A unit of ionizing radiation absorption accounting for energy absorbed and RBE.
265
What is Simpson’s index of biodiversity?
A quantitative measure of species number and abundance in an area.
266
What are Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)?
Areas designated under UK law for their importance for biodiversity and geological features.
267
What are smart motorways?
Roadways that relieve traffic congestion by allowing driving on the hard shoulder.
268
Define smog.
Atmospheric pollution involving smoke and fog.
269
What is soft release?
The release of animals from captivity with post-release support.
270
What does somatic refer to?
Issues related to general body cells, excluding gonads.
271
What are sonograms?
Graphs showing volumes of sounds at different frequencies.
272
What is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC)?
Areas designated to protect internationally important habitats for rare species.
273
What is a Special Protection Area (SPA)?
Areas designated to protect habitats for rare and vulnerable bird species.
274
Define species.
A group of organisms that resemble each other and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
275
What are sterile male techniques?
Insect pest control using sterilized males to prevent offspring.
276
What is strip cropping?
Growing multiple crops in alternating narrow strips to reduce soil erosion.
277
What is a Surber sampler?
A method of sampling aquatic invertebrates by disturbing the substrate.
278
What are sweep nets?
A method for sampling populations of flying insects among vegetation.
279
Define synergism.
The presence of two materials producing a greater effect than the sum of their individual effects.
280
What does systemic mean?
A substance absorbed and transported throughout an organism.
281
What are tar sands?
Very viscous crude oil found in sand.
282
What is a taxon?
A group of organisms based on biological similarities.
283
What is temperature inversion?
A situation where warm air lies above cold air in the troposphere.
284
What is a teratogen?
A substance that interferes with gene function in a growing embryo.
285
What is terracing?
Creating horizontal stepped strips on a slope to reduce soil erosion.
286
What is tertiary oil recovery?
Extraction of crude oil using methods to reduce its viscosity.
287
What is thermal mass?
The ability of a material to absorb and store heat.
288
What is thermal stratification?
Changing temperatures in different layers of the atmosphere.
289
What is thermohaline circulation?
Movement of ocean currents caused by changes in temperature, salinity, and density.
290
What is a thorium reactor?
A reactor that uses thorium 232 as a fertile fuel for energy release.
291
What is a tidal barrage?
A tidal power scheme with a dam-like structure across a bay or estuary.
292
What is a tidal lagoon?
A tidal power scheme impounding a section of a bay or estuary with lower environmental impacts.
293
What is tidal power?
Generating electricity using tidal water flow caused by gravitational forces.
294
What is tied ridging?
Creating a grid of raised ridges to reduce soil erosion.
295
What is tillage?
The cultivation by turning the soil.
296
What is a tipping point?
When changes from human activities trigger further changes, making the activities unnecessary.
297
What is topography?
The 3D shape of the land surface.
298
What is a toroidal reactor?
A nuclear fusion reactor with hydrogen plasma held in a torus.
299
What is toxicity?
A measure of how poisonous a substance is.
300
What is a transect?
A line or belt of sampling sites across an area.
301
What are transgenics?
The process of transferring genetic material between species.
302
What is a Tüllgren funnel?
Equipment used to extract invertebrates from soil or leaf litter.
303
What is turbidity?
A measure of suspended solids in water affecting light penetration.
304
What is the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)?
A formula used to calculate rates of soil erosion.
305
What is urea spray?
A method for reducing NOx emissions from coal-fired power stations.
306
What is a Vavilov centre?
An area where crop plants were first domesticated and wild varieties are found.
307
What is vegetative propagation?
Asexual reproduction.
308
What are vehicle to grid systems (V2G)?
Energy storage method connecting vehicle batteries to the local electricity grid.
309
What are vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT)?
Wind turbines with blades rotating around a vertical axis.
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What is wave power?
Generating electricity using water movement caused by wind.
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What is wet FGD?
A method for removing sulfur oxides from gases using a sodium sulfite solution.
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What is the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981)?
A UK law providing protection for wildlife species and designated protected areas.
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What are windbreaks?
Hedgerows and rows of trees that reduce wind velocity to minimize soil erosion.
