Vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
Matter
A
Has form or shape and occupies space
2
Q
Mass
A
Amount of matter in an object; generally considered the same as weight
3
Q
Energy
A
Ability to do work
4
Q
Potential energy
A
Energy of position
5
Q
Kinetic energy
A
Energy of motion
6
Q
Chemical energy
A
energy resulting from a chemcial reaction
7
Q
Thermal energy
A
Heat energy resulting from movement of atoms or molecules
8
Q
Nuclear energy
A
Energy resulting from the nucleus of an atom
9
Q
Electromagnetic energy
A
Energy that is emitted and transferred through matter
10
Q
Ionizing radiation
A
Electromagnetic radiataion that is able to remove an electron from an atom
11
Q
Ionization
A
Removal of an electron from an atom
12
Q
Measurement Standards
Length
A
Meter
13
Q
Measurement Standards
Mass
A
Kilogram
14
Q
Measurement Standards
Time
A
Second
15
Q
Measurement Standards
MKS System
A
Meters, Kilogram, second
16
Q
Measurement Standards
SI System
A
Meter, Kilogram, and Second
17
Q
Measurement Standards
CGS System
A
Centimeter, gram, second
18
Q
Measurement Standards
British system
A
Foot, pound, second
19
Q
Measurement Standards
Velocity (speed)
A
How fast an object is moving
20
Q
Measurement Standards
Acceleration
A
Rate of change of speed per unit of time
21
Q
Measurement Standards
Work
A
Force applied on an object over a distance
22
Q
Measurement Standards
Power
A
Rate of doing work (measured in watts)
23
Q
Atomic Structure
Atomic Nucleus
A
Contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge); contains most of the mass of an atom
24
Q
Atomic Structure
Atomic mass
A
Number of protons plus number of neutrons; represented by the letter A
25
# Atomic Structure
Electron Shells
Contain orbital electrons (- charges); represented by the letters K,L,M,N,O,P, and Q; in a stable atom, the number of electrons and protons is equal
26
# Atomic Structure
Atomic number of an atom
Equals the number of protons in the nucleus; represented by the letter Z; the atomic number determines the chemcial element; all elements are represented in the period table of elements
27
# Atomic Structure
Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but with a different number of neutrons
28
# Atomic Structure
Electron-binding energy
Force that holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus
29
# Atomic Structure
Octet rule
Outer shell of an atom may not contain more than 8 electrons
30
# Atomic Structure
Particulate radiation
Alpha particles(helium nucleus - two protons and two neutrons); Beta particles (electronlike particles emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom)
31
# Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation
Photon
Smallest amount of any type of electromagnetic radiation; also considered a bundle of energy called a quantum; travels at the speed of light; travels in waves in a straight path
32
# Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation
Sine Waves
waves of electromagentic radiation; wave height is called amplitude; distance between peaks of waves is called wavelength; as a photon wavelength decreases, photon energy increases
33
# Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation
Frequency
Number of wavelengths passing a given point per unit time; meassured in hertz (Hz)
34
# Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation
Speed of Travel
Electromagenetic radiation travels at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second); travels at the speed of light is constant regardless of wavelength or frequency; wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic radiation are inversely proportional
35
# Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation
Gamma Rays
Electromagnetic rays produced in the nucleus of radioactive atoms; x-ray and gamma rays differ only in their origins
36
# Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation
Wave-particle duality
Concept that although x-ray photons exist as waves, they exhibit properties of particles
37
# Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation
Attenuation
Particel absorption of the energy of an x-ray beam as it tranverses an object
38
# Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation
Inverse Square Law
Law that governs the intensity of x-radiation; states that the intensity of the x-ray beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source of the x-rays and the object
39
# Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation
Law of conservation of matter
Matter cannot be created or destroyed; only changed in form
40
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Electrostatics
Stationary electrical charges (static electricity)
41
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Electrification
Movement of elctrons between objects
42
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Law of electrostatics
Unlike charges attract, and like charges repel; electrostatic charges reside on the outer surface of a conductor and are concentrtated at the area of greatest curvature; only negative charges move
43
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Methods of electrification
Friction, contact, and induction
44
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Conductor
Material that allows the free flow of electrons
45
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Insulator
Object that prohibits the flow of electrons
46
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Electrical current
Movement of electrons along a conductor or pathway (electrical circuit); measured in amperes
47
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Electromotive force (EMF)
Measured in volts; the force with which electrons move in an electrical circuit
48
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Electrodynamics
electrical charges in motion
49
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Semiconductor
material that may act as an insulator or conductor under different conditions
50
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Electrical resistance
Measured in ohms
51
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Ohm's Law
Voltage in the circuit is equal to the current x resistance
52
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Electrical circuits
Path along which electrons flow; may be wired as series circuits or parallel circuits
53
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Alternating current (AC)
Electrical circuit in which the current of electrons oscillates back and forth
54
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Direct current (DC)
Unidirectional flow of electrons in an electrical conductor
55
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Sine Wave
Representation of electron flow as alternating current
56
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Magnetic field
Energy field surrounding an electrical charge in motion; can magnetize a ferromagnetic material, such as iron, if the material is placed in the magnetic field
57
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Magnetic Poles
every magnet has a north pole and a south pole
58
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Law of magnetics
Like poles repel, and unlike poles attract; the force of attraction between poles is goverened by the inverse square law
59
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Electromagnetism
Movement of electrons in a conductor produces a magnetic field around the conductor; a coiled conductor (i.e., a wire), through which an electrical current is flowing, as overlapping magnetic fields
60
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Solenoid
Stacks of wired coil through which electrical current flows, creating overlapping force field lines; a magnetic field is concentrated through the center of the coil
61
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Electromagnet
Solenoid with an iron core that concentrates the magnetic field
62
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Electromagnetic induction
process of causing an electrical current to flow in a conductor when it is placed within the magnetic field of anther conductor; two types of electromagnetic induction are self-induction and mutual induction
63
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Self-induction
Opposing voltage created in a conductor by passing alternating current through it
64
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Mutual induction
inducing current flow in a secondary coil by varying the current flow through a primary coil
65
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Electrical generator
Device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy; usual output of an electical generator is alternating current
66
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Single-phase, two-pulse alternating current
simplest type of current; voltage (and accompaning current) flows as a sine wave; voltage begins at zero, peaks at full value at the crest of the wave, returns to zero, reverses, and again peaks on the inverse portion of the cycle at the trough
67
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Three-phase alternating current
Special wiring patterns ("wye," "star," "delta") used to create voltage waveforms that are placed 120 degrees out of phase with one another; these voltage waveforms are called three-phase; three-phase waveforms may have 6 pulses per cycle or 12 pulses per cycle; three-phase, 6-pulse waveforms contain 360 pulses per second; three-phase 12 pulse waveforms contain 720 pulses per second; high-frequency generators produce high-frequency electricity
68
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Electrical motor
Device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy
69
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Transformer
Changes electrical vltage and current into higher or lower values; the transformer operates on the principle of mutual induction, so it requires alternating current
70
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Step-up transformer
Transfomer that increases voltage from the primary to the secondary coil and decreases current in the same proportion; a step-up tranformer has more turns in the secondary than in the primary coil; a step-up tranformer is used in the x-ray circuit to increase voltage to the kilovoltage level for x-ray production
71
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Step-down transformer
Transformer that decreases voltage from the primary to the secondary coil and increases current in the same proportion; a step-down transformer has more turns in the primary than in the secondary coil; a step-down transformer is used in the filament portion of the x-ray circuit to increase current flow to the cathode
72
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Autotransformer
Transformer that contains an iron core and a single winding of wire; an autotransformer is used in the x-ray circuit to provide a small increase in voltage before the step-up transformer; the kVp settings are made at the autotransformer
73
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Rectification
Process of changing alternating current to direct current
74
# Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
Line voltage compensation
x-ray circuit depends on a constant source of power; power coming into the radiology department may vary; line voltage compensator keeps incoming voltage adjusted to proper value; usually operates automatically but may be manually adjusted on older equiptment
