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IND 1100 History of Architecture and Design > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Spanning Space

A

The use of a roof or filling empty space

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2
Q

Post and Lintel

A

Two or more vertical supports bridged by horizontal lintels

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3
Q

Arch

A

Horizontal projection that extends beyond the support beneath it

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4
Q

Truss

A

Triangular form relies on geometric principle

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5
Q

Columns

A

Decorative post: base, shaft and capital

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6
Q

Keystone

A

The center voussoir at the top of the arch

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7
Q

Intrados

A

The soffit, or interior curve beneath an arch

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8
Q

Extrados

A

The exterior curve of an arch

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9
Q

Springpoint

A

The point at which the curve of the arch begins

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10
Q

Springline

A

An imaginary line drawn between 2 springpoints

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11
Q

Architecture

A

Defines boundaries- not necessarily walls- that separate arranged spaces from natural surroundings

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12
Q

Durability

A

Implies strength and safety

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13
Q

Function

A

Time and culture affects the size and shape of required spaces

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14
Q

Aesthetics

A

What is pleasing to the eye depending on culture, historic period and individual taste

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15
Q

Ornamentation

A

Decorative treatment that creates contrast to the surface itself

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16
Q

Whitewashing

A

Use of a lime-based coloring medium

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17
Q

Stain

A

A medium that changes the color of wood and, depending on opacity, allows the grain to show to varying degrees

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18
Q

Lacquering

A

A technique well developed by the Chinese, made from the sap of a tree indigenous to China

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19
Q

Japanning

A

An imitation of the lacquering technique, employs an alcohol-based shellac usually with black or red coloring in it

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20
Q

Veneering

A

A finishing technique that employs thin sheets of rare or expensive materials laminated to a less expensive material

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21
Q

Gliding

A

The application of this sheets of gold to a surface

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22
Q

Applique

A

Ornamentation technique that may refer to a material of a different color or texture applied to a second product and may result in a three-dimensional effect

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23
Q

Incised Carving

A

Ornamentation technique which yields a pattern cut below the surface and includes scratch, chip and gouge carving.

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24
Q

Scratch Carving

A

Ornamentation technique that consists of lines on the surface that form an outline

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25
Q

Low-relief or bas-relief

A

Ornamentation that changes surface depth, A carving technique that is cut from the top only

26
Q

High-relief or alto-relief

A

Ornamentation that changes surface depth, A carving design that is undercut, forming a three-dimensional effect on the underside as well as the top of the design

27
Q

Molding

A

Ornamentation that changes surface depth, technique that is unrelated to carving

28
Q

Piercing

A

Ornamentation that changes surface depth, usually done in a pattern rather than randomly

29
Q

Turning

A

Ornamentation that changes surface depth. Subtracts material from surface

30
Q

Motifs

A

A decorative design, usually based on geometric forms, free-form curves, natural objects, or misc. forms. Motifs may be formed into a pattern

31
Q

Pattern

A

An orderly arrangement

32
Q

Geometric Forms

A

Designs that employ lines, angles and curves

33
Q

Chevron

A

A line motif that uses a single V-shape or a series of them and has often been used to signify water or lighting

34
Q

Dentil

A

A small square block used in series

35
Q

Mechanical curves

A

Ornamental motif based on a circle, include any portions of circles, and are drawn with a compass

36
Q

Semicircular arches

A

Ornamental motif that for half a circle

37
Q

Spirals

A

Ornamental motif that begins with a rather sharp curve and lessens as it progresses

38
Q

Cross Forms

A

One of the most ancient symbolical ornamental devices found in many cultures from pre-historic times, is used in both building footprints and as decorative motifs

39
Q

Latin Cross

A

Has four arms, 3 of which are equal in length and the fourth which is extended. Was used for floor plans especially in medieval

40
Q

Greek Cross

A

Consists of four arms of equal length, a foot ptint that adapts well to the to the form of worship in Greek Orthodox churches

41
Q

Maltese Cross

A

Has four arms radiating around a center point

42
Q

Swastika

A

Has four equal arms that interact as right angles in the center. Each arm has an additional 90-degree angle halfway along its length.

43
Q

Lozenge

A

A diamond shaped pattern that is used in vaulting, heraldry and strapwork

44
Q

Star

A

A geometric motif that has a number of points

45
Q

Lunette

A

Half moon shaped architectural space, which is formed when a horizontal cornice transects a round-headed arch at the level of the imposts, where the arch springs

46
Q

Band Pattern

A

A type of pattern that are linear, may go in any direction and are limited in length although their width is static

47
Q

Diaper Pattern

A

A type of pattern that employ motifs repeated in any direction to cover all or part of a surface

48
Q

Panel Pattern

A

A type of pattern that is non-repeating discontinuous the cover a fixed are and therefore are difficult to extend in in either direction

49
Q

Lintel

A

A horizontal support of timber, stone, concrete or steel across the top of a door or window

50
Q

ziggurats

A

Developed by Mesopotamians, it was a rectangular stepped tower sometimes surrounded by a temple. This was a precursor of church steeples and towers beginning in the Middle Ages.

51
Q

Stele (or Stela)

A

A stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected in the ancient world as a monuments.

52
Q

Vault

A

An arched ceiling of stone, brick or concrete sometimes imitated in wood or plaster

53
Q

Mesopotamia

A

4500-539 BCE, one of the earliest civilizations that developed. Situated at the head of the Persian Gulf.

54
Q

Relief Sculpture

A

Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, meaning to raise.

55
Q

Arcade

A

as succession of continuous arches, with each arch supported by a colonnade of columns or piers.

56
Q

Aqueducts

A

artificial channel for conveying water, typically in the form of a bridge across a valley or other gap

57
Q

load-bearing Construction

A

Thick, heavy masonry walls of brick or stone that support the entire structure, including the horizontal floor slabs

58
Q

dromos

A

A walkway to a building, especially a cerimonial walkway to a temple or tomb

59
Q

anthropomorphic

A

The attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities

60
Q

lapis lazuli

A

a blue gemstone widely used in Mesopotamia

IND 1100 History of Architecture and Design (3 decks)

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