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Introduction to Linguistics > Vocabulary 1 > Flashcards

Vocabulary 1 Flashcards

1
Q

linguistic competence

A

The unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language.

http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/Linguistic-Competence.htm

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2
Q

linguistic performance

A

The ability to produce and comprehend sentences in language.

http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/Linguistic-Performance.htm

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3
Q

performance error

A

Error in speech form.

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Psycholinguistics/Speech_Errors

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4
Q

speech communication chain

A

Words organized into sentences.

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-541j-speech-communication-spring-2004/syllabus/6541j_overview04.pdf

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5
Q

speech communication chain steps

A 
Linguistic Level
Physiological Level
Acoustic Level
Physiological Level
Linguistic Level

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-541j-speech-communication-spring-2004/syllabus/6541j_overview04.pdf

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6
Q

noise

A

The use of any labeled data in subsequent structure induction; golden standards for tokenization or ontology tagging, subsequently used to construct labeled refinements for use in anaphora resolution or ontology matching.

http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1871841

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7
Q

lexicon

A

The vocabulary of a particular language.

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/lexicon?s=t

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8
Q

mental grammar

A

The generative grammar stored in the brain that allows a speaker to produce language that other speakers can understand.

http://www.slideshare.net/ronaandres39/mental-grammar-15533125

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9
Q

language variation

A

The variation is demonstrated by linguistic differences in terms of sound and structure.

http://www.sil.org/language-assessment/language-variation

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10
Q

descriptive grammar

A

A set of rules about language based on how it is actually used.

https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/descriptive-grammar

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11
Q

evidence that writing and language are not the same

A

Language is primarily spoken and written language is an imperfect reflection of spoken language.

http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Language_(linguistics)

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12
Q

reasons some people believe writing to be superior to speech

A

Speaking is difficult because it is performance.
Performance means there is no revision.
Having good ideas is a small component of being a good speaker.

http://scottberkun.com/2012/on-writing-vs-speaking/

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13
Q

prescriptive grammar

A

A set of rules about language based on how people think language should be used.

https://www.google.com/#q=prescriptive+grammar

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14
Q

prescribe

A

The practice of elevating one variety or manner of language use over another.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription

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15
Q

Charles Hockett’s nine design features

A 
Interchangeabilty
Specialization
Semanticity
Arbitrariness
Discreteness
Displacement
Productivity
Traditional Transmission
Duality of Patterning

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Hockett

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16
Q

mode of communication

A

Natural speech, facial expression and gesture.

http://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/communication-mode/4638

17
Q

semanticity

A

Specific signals that can be matched with a specific meaning.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Hockett

18
Q

pragmatic function

A

A general heading under which terminology relating to the various areas of study of language use and interpretations collected.

http://www-01.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatismeaningandpragmaticfunct.htm

19
Q

interchangeability

A

Anything that a person is able to hear can be reproduced in spoken language.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Hockett

20
Q

cultural transmission

A

The way a group of people or animals within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on information.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_learning

21
Q

arbitrariness

A

There is no limitation to what can be communicated about and no specific or necessary connection between the sounds used and the message being sent.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Hockett

22
Q

linguistic sign

A

Sound images and their signified object or concept.

http://www.decodedscience.org/ferdinand-de-saussure-the-linguistic-unit-sign-signified-and-signifier-explained/20876

23
Q

convention

A

An agreement.

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/convention?s=t

24
Q

non-arbitrariness

A

Predictable from the form dictated by the meaning.

http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~kdk/201/autumn01/slides/arbitrariness-4up.pdf

25
Q

iconic

A

A relationship of resemblance or similarity between the two aspects of a sign.

http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199772810/obo-9780199772810-0182.xml

26
Q

onomatopoeia

A

The formation of a word by the imitation of a sound.

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/onomatopoeia

27
Q

conventionalized

A

To represent in a conventional manner.

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/conventionalized?s=t

28
Q

sound symbolism

A

A non-arbitrary connection between phonetic features of linguistic items and their meanings.

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sound-symbolism?s=t

29
Q

discreteness

A

Phonemes can be placed in distinct categories to differentiate them from one another.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Hockett

30
Q

displacement

A

People can refer to things in space and time and communicate about things that are not present.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Hockett

31
Q

productivity

A

People can create new and unique meanings of utterances from previously existing utterances and sounds.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Hockett

32
Q

modality

A

An attribute or circumstance that denotes a mode or manner.

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/modality?s=t

33
Q

myths about sign language

A

American sign language is universal.
American sign language is shorthand.
All deaf people use American sign language.
American sign language is easy to learn.

https://blog.asldeafined.com/2011/07/myths-about-american-sign-language-asl/

34
Q

differences between codes and languages

A

Code tends to be more schematic.
Code is less prone to have ambiguity than natural languages.
Language can be very free in form.
Coding can be much more strict and and clear.

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-code-and-language

Introduction to Linguistics (5 decks)

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