vocabularies 2022 Flashcards
the situation of two or more people working together to create or achieve the same thing
collaboration
The new airport is a collaboration between two of the best architects in the country
a small herbivorous rodent covered in fur with a long tail. they climb trees and feed on nuts and seeds.
squirrel
/ˈskwɝː.əl/
A group of squirrels is called a “dray” or a “scurry”.
very confident, usually in a way that is slightly annoying
Cocky
When I got my first job I was just a cocky teenager.
of a man’s face or features) strong and sharp, in an attractive way
chiseled
She brought with her a young man with finely chiseled features.
to share the same feelings as someone else, or to behave in the same way as someone else
reciprocate /rɪˈsɪp.rə.keɪt/
We invited them to dinner and a week later they reciprocated./ We gave them information, but they didn’t reciprocate.
(idiomatic) A topic that is not clearly one thing or the other, that is open to interpretation.
grey area
It exists in a grey area between legal and illegal.
Of course there’s a grey area.
(Canadians prefer the spelling grey, although gray is also correct.)
a very tall modern city building
skyscraper
Burj Khalifa is not just one of the most astounding skyscrapers on the planet, it’s also the tallest building in the world at the moment.
sky + scraper آسمان خراش
The term skyscraper originally applied to buildings of 10 to 20 stories, but by the late 20th century the term was used to describe high-rise buildings of unusual height, generally greater than 40 or 50 stories.
a tool used to remove something from a surface by rubbing
scraper
a paint scraper
خراشنده، زداینده
skyscaper آسمان خراش
to stop or take hold of; interrupt the movement or progress of.
intercept
Luckily, they intercepted the package before it was delivered to the wrong people.
to be attacked, injured, or killed by (someone or something)
fall victim to
Many of our ancestor fell victom to ferocious beasts.
Police think she may have fallen victim to a serial killer.
belonging to the period in the Earth’s history that started about two million years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago, when much of the Earth was covered with ice
Pleistocene
often referred to as the Ice Age
mid 19th century: from Greek pleistos ‘most’ + kainos ‘new’.
a large carnivorous North American dinosaur of the Cretaceous period that had small forelimbs and walked on its hind legs;
Tyrannosaurus rex (T_Rex)
Surely one of the most remarkable animals that had ever existed, and certainly one of the most famous is a dinosaur: Tyrannosaurus rex.
Greek tyrannos ( → TYRANT) + sauros “lizard”+Latin: rex“king”
a feeling or quality that causes excitement. /
a very small piece of fire
spark
T. rex: An animal to spark the imagination for all of us.
جرقه، اخگر، بارقه، جرقه زدن
next to, or together with
preposition, adverb
alongside
Bikes shared the road alongside cars and mopeds.
جنب، کنار، به کنار، به موازات
unusually large, or ugly and frightening;
like a monster
monstrous
66 million years ago the skies were filled with flying giants. In the seas,
monstrous reptiles patrol the depths. And on land, dinosaurs of every kind, all facing the struggle to survive.
SYN hideous
a group of young birds all born at the same time, or a person’s children:
brood
Turtles are normally on a Mosasaur’s menu But this T-Rex brood would make a welcome snack.
to undergo decomposition from the action of bacteria or fungi
rot / rotting
The giant Turtle is dead, and the Tyrannosaur has smelled its rotting body.
There, he saw ‘several thousands of rotting fish’.
پوسیده
to try to deal with something or someone
tackle
Hatchling turtles are the perfect size for a hatchling to tackle.
There are many ways of tackling this problem.
I tackled him about his careless work.
(of a person or a person’s behavior) eager to know a lot about people or things:
inquisitive
an inquisitive mind
Our neighbors are too inquisitive.
a large number of fish swimming as a group
shoal
It’s especially rich here in the North Atlantic, where huge shoals of fish
come close to the shore.
NOTE In biology, any group of fish that stay together for social reasons are shoaling, and if the group is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, they are schooling.
the hard, pointed part of a bird’s mouth
beak
Birds use their beaks to pick up food.
SEE PICTURE ; The dagger beak of Phosphatodraco
(dagger: a short pointed knife used as a weapon)
to (cause someone or something to) move or fall suddenly and often a long way forward, down, or into something
plunge
We ran down to the beach and plunged into the sea.
no one seems quite ready to take the plunge.
شیرجه، غوطه، سقوط
done to avoid something bad happening
evasive
NOTE: : evasive action/ manouver
By the time the pilot realized how close the plane was to the building, it was too late to take evasive action.
Drivers had to make sudden evasive manoeuvres.
: گریزان: طفره
a young cow, or the young of various other large mammals such as elephants and whales
calf
This huge marine whale is accompanied by her calf, about six months old.
NOTE: If a cow is in calf, it is pregnant.
to stop something
cease
“Intellectual growth should commence at birth and cease only at death.” quote by Einestin
(cease is very formal)
cease ≠ commence
the period in which two people have a romantic relationship that often leads to marriage
courtship
They were married in 1923 after a long courtship.
اظهار عشق، معاشقه, دوران نامزدی یا خواستگاری
a small smooth round stone, especially one found on a beach or in a river
pebble
This part of the coast has pebble beaches.
not conscious of or careful about possible risks and dangers
unwary
If you are unwary, he will cheat you.
He sold fake insurance policies to unwary customers.
quick and exact in movement or thought; agile
nimble
A rival. A younger male, challenging for this territory. The old male is heavier, over 15 tons. But his rival is more nimble.
to push roughly or be pushed in a crowd
jostle
The males jostle for a place around the larger females.
We were jostled by the crowd.
taking a lot of time and effort
laboriously
She’s moving laboriously.
This is a highly detailed, laboriously researched study.
the period between around 144 and 65 million years ago, in which plants with flowers first appeared:
the Cretaceous
the Cretaceous period
Fossil remains from the Cretaceous are almost always found in sedimentary deposits. سنگ رسوبی
Origin cretaceous (1600-1700) Latin cretaceus, from creta “chalk
Noticing how words commonly go together
collocations /ˌkɑː.ləˈkeɪ.ʃən/
In the phrase “a hard frost”, “hard” is a collocation of “frost” and “strong” would not sound natural.
همایند,
the state of being extremely tired
exhaustion /ɪɡˈzɑː.tʃən/
She felt ill with/from exhaustion.
ill or very tired from working too hard
burnt out
Many doctors feel so tired and burnt out by the age of 55 or 60 that they retire early.
exhausted = very tired = burnt out
to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someone
deprive sb of sth /dɪˈpraɪv/
He claimed that he had been deprived of his freedom/rights.
You can’t function properly when you’re deprived of sleep.
used to say that it is now your turn or responsibility.
over to you
“it’s over to you, the people of Scotland, to decide who should win”
to risk going somewhere or doing something that might be dangerous or unpleasant
venture
The west of South America and one of the most desolate places on this prehistoric planet. Few animals venture here, yet it is the stage for one of the most extraordinary gatherings on Earth.
An empty and not attractive place, with no people or nothing pleasant in it/
extremely sad and feeling alone
desolate
The west of South America and one of the most desolate places on this prehistoric planet. Few animals venture here, yet it is the stage for one of the most extraordinary gatherings on Earth.
She felt desolate when her best friend moved away.
to examine sb or sth very carefully
scrutinize
Crowds of females scrutinize the newly arriving males, assessing their strength and suitability.
All new products are scrutinized by the laboratory.
showing no interest or energy and unwilling to take action, especially over something important
apathetic /ˌæp.əˈθet̬.ɪk/
Don’t be so apathetic - how are you going to get a job if you don’t even start looking?
Apathetic agnosticism: An apathetic agnostic would say, “I don’t know whether any deity exists or not, and I don’t care if any deity exists or not.”
بی تفاوت، بی احساس، بی روح
to make something increase in size by filling it with air, or to increase in size when filled with air ///
to increase in price
inflate /ɪnˈfleɪt/
to inflate balloons/
Food prices are no longer inflating at the same rate as last year.
to prevent or discourage someone from doing something
deter
High prices are deterring many young people from buying houses.
***He weighs nearly 50 tons. And his display has, so far intimidated all challengers. But this new arrival is not deterred.
(of people and animals) nervous or easily frightened
skittish
Squirrels have many natural predators, which makes them skittish.
a particular degree or amount of something
quotient
Emotional intelligence (otherwise known as emotional quotient or EQ) is the ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict.
***Being rich doesn’t actually increase your happiness quotient.
Latin quotiens “how many times”, from quot “how many”
a group of people who spread from one original country to other countries, or the act of spreading in this way
diaspora
We now have a Western diaspora and that diaspora is bringing Iranians and Indians together.
“Iranian diaspora”
the Diaspora : the Jews living in different parts of the world outside Israel
Greek “ from dia “about, across” + speirein “to scatter”
پراکندگی، جماعت یهودیان پراکنده
to become greater, more serious, or more extreme, or to make something do this
intensify
Fighting around the capital has intensified in the last few hours.
not wanting to do something and therefore slow to do it
reluctant
I was reluctant to leave because I was having such a good time.
the scientific study of organisms that lived on earth before there were written records, esp. by examining fossils
paleontology
US spelling of Palaeontology
not completely safe or not completely honest
sketchy
a sketchy guy
They lived in a “sketchy neighborhood.”
protection or a safe place, especially for someone or something being chased or hunted
sanctuary
a wildlife/bird sanctuary
able to move your body quickly and easily
agile
Velociraptor’s body was kept warm by feathers, but they can’t fly. They are however exceptionally agile.
very heavy rain
torrential /tɔːˈren.ʃəl/
torrential rain/downpour/storm
Note: “Torrent: “a strong and fast-moving stream of water or other liquid.”
A …. area has a lot of green, healthy plants, grass, and trees:
lush
A lush forest/valleys
frightening and violent
ferocious /fəˈroʊ.ʃəs/
a ferocious dog/battle/hunter
She’s got a ferocious (= very bad) temper.
NOTE“These words describe people and things that use force to hurt others, or things that show people being hurt by force.” : violent, aggressive, Ferocious, fierce, savage, Brutal, vicious, Bloody, gory”
an animal that eats only plants
herbivore
Despite Triceratops’s fierce appearance, this famous ceratopsian, or horned dinosaur, was an herbivore.
Cows and sheep are herbivores.
“ADJ: herbivorous, OPP: carnivore”
to touch, rub, or press someone gently and affectionately, esp. with the head or nose
nuzzle
My dog came and nuzzled my foot to try and cheer me up.
very eager for something, especially a lot of food
voracious
He has a voracious appetite (= he eats a lot).
He’s a voracious reader of historical novels (= he reads a lot of them eagerly and quickly).
ADV voraciously: the male feeds voraciously
solid waste from animals, especially cattle and horses
dung
Note: “solid excrement from animals, esp. cattle and horses; manure”
force to go away from a particular place
drive off
The older female is driven off but younger female nest is wrecked/
The army was drivn off by the fierce atlacks of the rebels.
We were driven off the island by the new owner.
easily damaged or broken object
fragile
fragile egg/vase/items
NOTE: Synonyms : “breakable, brittle (EASILY DAMAGED)
delicate (EASILY DAMAGED)”
rude but not seriously offensive /
confident or showing confidence
sassy
a sassy young girl/dog/teenager boy
I was a sassy kid who sometimes talked back to my mother.
idiom
If you need to go to the toilet, then this is the idiom to use (polite way to say)
Nature’s Call
OR: Nature’s calling
Why are you late? - I had to answer the call of nature.
I kept waking up to answer nature’s call.
the particular importance or attention that is given to something
emphasis
In Humanism, the emphasis is on the human being. On the other hand, in Feminism, the emphasis is solely on the right of the woman. Humanists approach the human being in a holistic manner, despite their gender difference. Feminists, however, stress the positioning of women specifically.
public support for an idea, plan, or way of doing something
advocacy
Feminism is the advocacy of women’s rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.
something that especially annoys you
pet peeve مایه رنجش
what is your biggest “pet peeve”? - People being late without telling me first.
Weak coffee is one of my pet peeves.
NOTE: “peeve = to annoy someone” :”It peeves me that she didn’t bother to phone.”
Idiom:
annoy or irritate someone intensely.
2-to affect someone positively
get under someone’s skin
I’ve noticed that little things have been getting under my skin lately – things that shouldn’t upset me
Five Things Our Judgments of Others Say About Us. This might explain why certain people get under your skin.
tasting extremely good; delicious
scrumptious
scrumptious cakes
the state of being drunk
inebriation
He was in an advanced state of inebriation.
to put one’s foot in something/
you get a job very easily
step into
“Upon those who step into the same rivers, different and again different waters flow.” Heraclitus
American idiomatic expression
to express one’s opinion
throw (put) one’s two cents in
I just want to throw my two cents in. If you know what that means, it means I want to give my own piece of advice.
You will each have a chance to put in your two cents.
to remember a piece of information when you are making a decision or thinking about a matter
bear/keep sth in mind
Bear in mind that’s not an exact or by any means complete synopsis of how the study of philosophy came into being.
a short description of the contents of something such as a film or book
synopsis
Bear in mind that’s not an exact or by any means complete synopsis of how the study of philosophy came into being.
plural synopses
کوتهواره، چکیده، همبینی، مختصر
a comparison of the features or qualities of two different things to show their similarities
analogy
He was explaining that the mind has no form and is invisible, and that a useful analogy is of the mind being like the sky.
to choose someone officially to do a particular job:
designate
She has been designated to organize the meeting.
(esp. of something bad) very great / extremely large
colossal /kəˈlɑː.səl/
colossal apetite /
a chemical substance for killing insects
insecticide
Smoke is an insecticide.
to guess, based on the appearance of a situation and not on proof
conjecture /kənˈdʒek.tʃɚ/
Thales for instance observed that matter exists as solids, liquids, or gases, and he also observed that wate exists an all three states – which is why he conjectured that everything is made of water.
برداشت سطحی (برمبنای مدارک و اطلاعات ناکافی و حدسیات)
گمان بردن
(of a person or animal) strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail
robust
knowledge about any sunject becomes more robust as we question, challenge, and ultimately improve on it.
involving a lot of sudden changes, arguments, or violence
turbulent
a turbulent marriage
This has been a turbulent week for the administration.
a fixed, especially religious, belief or set of beliefs that people are expected to accept without any doubts
dogma
It is worth observing that religion is the one area of our lives where faith in dogma—that is, belief without sufficient evidence—is considered a virtue. (Sam Harris)
a questioning attitude or doubt toward knowledge claims that are seen as mere belief or dogma.
skepticism (UK usually scepticism)
First, we need to approach every data set with skepticism.
a method or way of doing something
means
Television is an increasingly important means of communication.
We need to find some other means of transportation.
expressing or able to express things easily and clearly
articulate /ɑrˈtɪk·jə·lət/
There is no simple definition of the concept of religion that fully articulates all its dimensions.
seeming to be everywhere
ubiquitous /juːˈbɪk.wə.t̬əs/
Encompassing spiritual, personal, and social elements, religion is ubiquitous, appearing in every culture from prehistory to the modern day.
someone or something that represents a quality or an idea exactly
embodiment /ɪmˈbɑː.di.mənt/
the embodiment of something:
Many religions recognized the particular significance of one or more individuals as founders of the faith: they may have been embodiments of god, such as Jesus or Krishna, or recipients of special divine revelation, such as Moses and Muhammad
the act of obeying a law or following a religious custom
observance /əbˈzɝː.vəns/
Perhaps the most obvious elements we can use to identify and compare religions are the observances of a faith. These includes such activities as prayer, pilgrimage, meditation, feasting and fasting, dress, and of course ceremonies and rituals.
refers to the seven dimensions of religion framework developed by Ninian Smart for exploring and understanding religion.
“dimensions of religion”
The seven dimensions of religion are 1)practical and ritual, 2)emotional and experiential, 3)narrative and mythical, 4)ethical and legal, 5)doctrinal and philosophical, 6)social and institutional, and 7)material .
to say that something is certainly true
assert
Philosophy isn’t just about asserting beliefs, It’s about defending them./
He asserts that she stole money from him.
to remove all signs of something; destroy:
obliterate
“after supernova, Any life that might have existed in the star’s own planetary system would have been obliterated. ”
an extremely destructive event or violent change
cataclysm /ˈkæt̬.ə.klɪ.zəm/
environmental/natural cataclysms
Ancient Greek κατακλυσμός (kataklusmós, “deluge, flood”
environmental/natural cataclysms
not possible to change; impossible to return to a previous condition
adj
irreversible
/ˌɪr.əˈvɝː.sə.bəl/
North Korea declares itself a nuclear weapons state. North Korea’s leader Kim Jong-un called the move “irreversible”
intending to persuade other people to oppose their government
Adj
seditious
A Hong Kong judge has found five speech therapists guilty of publishing seditious children’s books. (News link)
فتنه جو، فتنه انگیز، آشوبانگیز
Noun : sedition
book title
a book written by Yuval Noah Harari, which explores the future of humanity and the potential paths that our species may take.
2015, 448 pages, Futures studies, Social philosophy
Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow
انسان خداگونه: تاریخ مختصر آینده. فرهنگ نشر نو
The book deals more with the abilities acquired by humans (Homo sapiens) throughout their existence, and their evolution as the dominant species in the world. The book describes mankind’s current abilities and achievements and attempts to paint an image of the future. (link)
by a very large amount
Adverb
astronomically
/ˌæs.trəˈnɑː.mɪ.kəl.i/
cost of living is rising astronomically.
to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad
eradicate /ɪˈræd.ɪ.keɪt/
The disease that once claimed millions of lives has now been eradicated.
از بین بردن، ریشه کن کردن
If you describe someone’s feelings or characteristics as ………, you are emphasizing that they are very strong and not mixed with any other feeling or quality.
adjective
undiluted /ˌʌn.daɪˈluː.t̬ɪd/
1992 is not a year on which I shall look back with undiluted pleasure.
(Her Majesty The Queen Elizabeth II)
I will look back at this one with undiluted pleasure.
an advantage that only one person or group of people has, usually because of their position or because they are rich
privilege
Life is the greatest show on Earth, and we humans have the extraordinary privilege of having brains large enough to begin to understand it.
having or expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally
ambiguous
His reply to my question was somewhat ambiguous.
= am’bivalent = e’quivocal
/æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/
book title
a book by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. It explores various strategies and techniques to effectively argue and win debates, regardless of the truth or validity of one’s arguments.
German: Eristische Dialektik: Die Kunst, Recht zu behalten; 1831
subject: Philosophy, Critical Thinking, Logics
The Art of Always Being Right: The 38 Ways to Win an Argument
هنر همیشه بر حق بودن. ققنوس. مترجم عرفان ثابتی
to get control of something
or
(to do something instead of someone else)
phrasal verb
take over (something)
/teɪk/
“Unstoppable Us, Volume 1: How Humans** Took Over** the World” is a book by Yuval Noah Harari and Ricard Zaplana Ruiz
