Science Flashcards
Over the next 3,000 million years, life remained relatively simple, progressing from microscopic to visible forms—this whole time is termed by geologists the … .
Precambrian
The Precambrian is the earliest part of Earth’s history
Occurred: 4,600 million years ago - 541 (+/- 1) million years ago
(The Precambrian is so named because it preceded the Cambrian, the first period of the Phanerozoic Eon, which is named after Cambria, the Latinised name for Wales, where rocks from this age were first studied. The Precambrian accounts for 88% of the Earth’s geologic time.)
the scientist who study of weather conditions
Meteorologist
The idea of continental drift was proposed by the German meteorologist Alfred Wegener (1880–1930) in 1912, based on two lines of evidence.
The idea of continental drift was proposed by the German meteorologist Alfred Wegener (1880–1930) in 1912, based on two lines of evidence. First, he noted the close match of the coastlines on the Atlantic Ocean, and how, for example, the east coast of South America “fitted” the west coast of Africa. His suggestion that the Atlantic had once not existed, and that all continents had been joined as one great supercontinent, termed ………….
Pangea
(Ancient Greek for “all world”), was confirmed by his observation of shared rocks and fossils across southern lands dating to the Permian and Triassic, some 250 million years ago.
6.5 MYA First possible hominin ancestor
sahelanthropus
Most of our understanding of the ape-like human relatives , Sahelanthropus tchadensis, who lived between 6 and 7 million years ago,comes from this virtually complete fossil skull, found in the desert sands of Chad in the southern Sahara. The skull combines primitive ape-like features with some more advanced, human-like ones.
Helght: 1m (3ft 3in)
body weight: not known
brain volume: 360-370ml
the remains of once-living organisms, plants, animals, or microbes.
Fossil
Fossils are the key to dating rocks, but more importantly they reveal the history of life. Human fossils can show us astonishing detail of ancient anatomy, diet, locomotion, and behavior.
(Latin fossilis ‘dug up’, from fodere ‘dig’)
this scientist proposed the theory of continental drift – the idea that Earth’s continents move.(published in 1915)
Alfred Wegener (1880-1930)
In 1915 Alfred Wegener’s seminal work describing the continental drift was first published in German. Wegener explained various phenomena of historical geology, geomorphy, paleontology, paleoclimatology, and similar areas in terms of continental drift.
thanks to evolution, we retain so much in common with our nearest relatives, the chimps - a remarkable ……. per cent of our gnome.
98.8
an animal with two legs, such as a human
biped
Latin bipes, from bi- + pes “foot”
in a biological sense is simply change through time.
Evolution
And very importantly, that is change through time over generations. So for example, the human species, hundreds or thousands of years ago was much shorter than it is today. Over the course of those generations, the human species has grown taller. That change is an evolutionary change. In contrast, I used to be a baby. Now I’m an adult. That change is not an evolutionary change because it happened within an individual. That change is development instead.
(Coursera: Introduction to Genetics and Evolution)
the way in which members of a family are descended from other members
lineage
evolution has two fundamental processes. So you can have change within a lineage. The other fundamental process within evolution is the formation of new lineages, or this idea of common ancestry of species.
Much of Evolutionary change was caused by ….. …., which produces the appearance of design.
natural selection
All spieces share …. …., resualt of spliting lineages from one ancestral life form.
common ancestry
J.B.S.Haldane once said:
“I will give up my belief in evolution if someone finds a … … in the Precambrian.”
fossil rabbit
organs which don’t have a function in present-day species
vestigial organ
Latin vestigium, meaning “footprint, trace.”
(chiefly of animals) living in trees
arboreal
Was it climate change that propelled our supposed arboreal ancestors from the forests onto the ground in the savannas, setting in motion a series of complex anatomical changes?
Latin arboreus, from arbor ‘tree’
Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who is most famous for creating a system of naming plants and animals
Carl Linnaeus
in 1748, humans officially became animals for the first time.In his book Systema Naturae** (The System of Nature), the botanist and zoologist **Carl Linnaeus (1707-78) placed us in a group of related animal species –a genus–that he called Homo, and classified us as sapiens, meaning “wise.” Today, Homo sapiens is the only exisiting human form.
has been considered a plausible ancestor for primates since it was discovered
Purgatorius
Where did primates come from? We don’t know, but 70 million years ago, when dinosaurs dominated Earth, there also existed a proto-primate called Purgatorius, a small animal the size of a mouse. So once the dinosaurs disappeared, modern mammals, including primates, were able to multiply their numbers.
member of the group of animals from which human beings have developed
hominid
we can define the hominid family as all of the great apes that have a humanlike form and the same ability to walk on two legs.
the smallest unit of life
cell
cells are the smallest things that show all the six characteristics that scientists say define life.
Latin cella ‘storeroom or chamber’.
The six Characteristics of Living Things
- They require energy.
- They reproduce.
- They display heredity.
- They respond to stimuli.
- They evolve and adapt.
- They maintain homeostasis.
source: © 2022 Cengage Learning, Intoduction to Biology
an animal’s baby or babies
SYN young
offspring
The living things reproduce. Living things make offspring. Sometimes they make eggs and sperm to allow for sexual reproduction, or sometimes they make exact copies of themselves to spread asexually.
the process by which mental and physical qualities are passed from a parent to a child before the child is born
heredity
The living things display heredity. Offspring inherit their characteristics from their parents.
from Latin hereditas ‘heirship’, from heres, hered- ‘heir’.
وراثت، انتقال موروثی،برماند، مانداک، توارک
are made of groups of tissues.
Organ
Each organ does a specific task or group of tasks for the body. For example, cardiac muscle tissue combines with other tissues to form the organ we know as the heart.
from Greek organon ‘tool, instrument, sense organ’,