Vocab, Unit 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Isomer
A
“When molecules have the same number of atoms of each element, but different arrangements”
Example: Glucose and fructose are both C (sub6) H(sub 12) and O (sub 6), but they have different structures.
2
Q
Organic Molecules
A
Molecules that contain carbon
3
Q
What is special about Carbon?
A
It always makes four bonds because it has four electrons available in its valence shell.
4
Q
Functional Groups
A
Common groupings of organic containing molecules
5
Q
Hydroxl Functional Group
A
Alcohols - have a -OH group, which is polar and hydrophilic due to its electronegative O atom
Molecules with many -OH groups dissolve easily in water
6
Q
Sulfhydryl Functional Group
A
Thiols- have a SH group, which is polar and hydrophilic due to its electronegative S atom.
Certain amino acids contain -SH groups. They help stabilize the shape of proteins.(amino acid cysteine)
7
Q
Carbonyl Functional Group
A
1.Ketones contain a carbonyl group within the carbon skeleton.
The carbonyl group is polar and hydrophilic due to its electronegative O atom.
2. Aldehydes have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon skeleton.
8
Q
What are the four types of organic molecules?
A
- Carbohydrate
- Protein
- Lipid
- nucleic acid
9
Q
Carbohydrate
A
- Means “Watered carbon”
- 5 or 6 carbons (for this course)
- Always 1:2:1 ratio
- Carbon + Water = C(sub x) H(sub 2x) C(sub x)
- Forms ring structure by linking carbons 1 and 5 through an oxygen.
10
Q
Examples of Carbohydrates
A
Monosaccharaides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
11
Q
Examples of Monosaccharide’s
A
Glucose - the main blood sugar Fructose - found in fruits Galactose - in milk sugar Deoxyribose - in DNA Ribose - in RNA
12
Q
Examples of Disaccharides
A
Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose
Lactose (milk sugar) = glucose + Galactose
Maltose = glucose + glucose
13
Q
Examples of Polysaccharides
A
- Glycogen - the stored form of carbohydrates in animals.
- Starch - the stored form of carbohydrates in plants and main carb in food.
- Cellulose - the part of cell walls in plants that cannot be digested by humans, but aids intestinal movement.
- ABO blood group markers
14
Q
Lipid
A
aka - fat
- Generally contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
- Has different proportions than carbohydrates - less oxygen more carbon and hydrogen.
- Tend to repel water (hydrophobic or non polar) because of lack of OH and O groups
- Used to build cell membranes
- They don’t form Ions
15
Q
What is a monomer?
A
A single unit of a group of molecules.
16
Q
What is a polymer?
A
Multiple units of a monomer. (like beads on a string)
17
Q
Monomer of nucleic acid
A
nucleotide
which includes nucleoside (adenine, cytidine, guanine, thymine, uracil, plus a sugar and a phosphate group.
18
Q
What is a dimer?
A
two monomers strung together
19
Q
Polymers of amino acids are ?
A
Polypeptides and proteins, or for nucleotides it would be RNA and DNA
20
Q
Monomer of a carbohydrate?
A
A simple sugar
21
Q
Monomer of a protein?
A
An amino acid
22
Q
Polymer of carbohydrates
A
sugars, starch and glycogen.
23
Q
Sucrose
A
Table sugar that is a dimer (two monomers of the sugar) glucose and fructose.
24
Q
O Blood type marker
A
A polymer made up of four sugar monomers.
25
Dehydration synthesis
When two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule and a water molecule is one of the products formed.
More specifically when a bond between the two hexoses occurs at a place where the OH from one sugar finds the H from another.
26
Hydrolysis
The opposite of dehydration synthesis. It is the breaking down of large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules by the addition of water molecules.
27
Four lines converging on a point represents what?
It is short hand for writing carbon in a carbohydrate or complex organic molecule.
28
A single line ending in nothingness?
It is shorthand for writing a hydrogen in a carbohydrate or complex molecule.
29
How are carbohydrates drawn?
They can be drawn in strings of carbons with oxygen's, hydrogen's, and hydroxyl (OH) groups attached.
Or they can be drawn in rings. For this class pentagons or hexagons.
30
Pentoses
five carbon sugar (which is a carbohydrate) ("pinto" refers to the carbons not necessarily the sides)
31
hexoses
six carbon sugar (which is a carbohydrate)
| Note: not all hexoses form six-sided rings. This is because "hexo" refers to the carbons not the sides.
32
Isomers
Same make up, different structure
Example: glucose, fructose and galactose are all C(sub6) H(sub12) O(sub6) but the atoms are arranged differently in each sugar.
33
Examples of a pentoses sugar?
Deoxyribose and Ribose
34
Examples of hexoses sugar?
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose (all are isomers)
35
Glucose
The main sugar for blood sugar (Monomer)
36
Fructose
found in fruits (Monomer)
37
Galactose
found in milk (Monomer)
38
Deoxyribose
found in DNA (Monomer)
39
Ribose
found in RNA (Monomer)
40
Lactose
= glucose + galactose (Its a Disaccharide and a Polymer)
41
Maltose
= glucose + Glucose (Its a Disaccharide and a polymer)
42
Sucrose
= glucose + fructose (Its a Disaccharide and a polymer)
43
Glycogen
Stored form of carbohydrates in animals. (Its a polysaccharide and polymer)
44
Starch
Stored form of carbohydrates in plants and main carb in food and thus is digestible. (Its a polysaccharide and polymer)
45
Cellulose
Part of cell walls in plants that cannot be digested by humans but aids in movement of food in intestines-fiber thus its non-digestible. (Its a polysaccharide and polymer)
46
What is a monosaccharide?
A simple sugar that contains from 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
47
Disaccharide
A simple sugar formed from the combination of two monosaccharaides by dehydration synthesis - of course with the formation of a water molecule. This is created from a single dehydration synthesis reaction.
48
Polysaccharide
Formed from 10's to 100's of monosaccharaides joined by dehydration synthesis - of course with the formation of a water molecule.
49
What is the sugar component of RNA?
Ribose (Has a hydroxyl group, OH)
50
What is the sugar component of DNA?
Deoxyribose (Has a H instead of hydroxyl group)
De-oxyribose - because of the lack of oxygen
51
What is high-fructose sugar?
It is a synthetic sweetener made from corn and used in many foods. It is found in soda where it is composed of 55% fructose, 45% glucose.
52
In the human body what is the most important polysaccharide?
Glycogen.
53
What is the most important polysaccharide in plants?
Starch and cellulose
54
Glycogen
It is a polysaccharide. It is a storage from of glucose. Glucose is converted to glycogen by the liver and is stored in the liver and muscles. It is broken down by hydrolysis back to glucose when fuel is needed.
55
Glycolipid
They are used as cell markers. An example is ABO blood types. For blood types its a polysaccharide attached to a lipid molecule. One of the monosaccharaides involved is galactose.
56
Sweeteners
Mono- and disaccharides
57
List the four fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, and K
58
Lipoproteins
Is a lipid that transports lipids in the blood, carry triglycerides, and cholesterol to tissues, and remove excess cholesterol from the blood.
59
Give examples of Lipids
Fatty acids, triglycerides(fats and oils), phospholipids, steroids(cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, adrenocortical hormones, sex hormones), eicosaniods (prostaglandins and leukotrienes), carotens, vitamins, lipoproteins.
60
Peptide bond
In proteins, the bond that holds amino acid monomers together using dehydration synthesis.
It occurs between amino and carboxyl groups and forms polymers.
61
Vitamin A
Important to vision. Synthesized from carotenes. Foods such as carrots, and those yellow and orange in color such as squash and tomatoes are high in vitamin A.
62
Vitamin D
Important to bone formation and is based on cholesterol
63
Vitamin E
Promotes wound healing, prevents tissue scarring, contributes to the normal structure and function of the nervous system and functions as an antioxidant. Its a protective molecule and thought to protect cells from free radicals.
64
Vitamin K
Required for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins.
65
Phospholipids
Major lipid component of cell membranes. Lipid combined with phosphorus. It is a compound lipid.
66
Compound lipids
Phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids.
67
Examples of steroids
```
Cholesterol
Bile Salts
Vitamin D
Adrenocortical hormones
Sex hormones
```
68
Fatty Acids
* A carbon back bone with 4 to 20 carbons strung end to end.
* Hydrogen atoms fill in the unused bonds on each of the carbon atoms.
* Each chain ends in a carboxyl group.
69
Saturated fatty acids
Fatty acids where all the carbons are filled with hydrogen atoms. They pack tightly they are solid at room temperature, like butter.
70
Unsaturated fatty acids
This is where double bonds form between carbon atoms, and thus there are fewer places or none at all for hydrogen atoms. This double bond puts a kink in the acid so it can not pack as tightly. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have multiple kinks and are thus liquid at room temperature (example olive oil).
71
Triglycerides
A molecule of glycerol with three fatty acid chains. This is done through dehydration synthesis.
The chains do not need to be of the same size or saturation. Any combination works.
72
How is a phospholipid formed?
Two fatty acid tails (carbon and hydrogen only) are joined with glycerol molecule to a phosphate containing head group.
73
Head group in phospholipids
They are rich in polar atoms, so they are hydrophilic. A common element in a head group is choline.
Hydrophilic heads associate with water.
74
Tail of phospholipids
They are made up of carbon and hydrogen and are hydrophobic.
Hydrophobic tails associate with each other.
75
Amphipathic
Water loving on one side, water phobic on the other. Such as phospholipids and soap molecules
76
Another word for hydrophilic?
Polar
77
another word for hydrophobic?
Non-polar
78
Cell membranes are made up of what?
Lipid bilayers, or I think you could say phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing out, and hydrophobic tails sandwiched in the middle.
79
What does your body release in times of stress?
Adrenocorical. It is released from the adrenal glands(superior to the kidneys).
80
Steroid hormones are based on what?
On the cholesterol molecule.
81
Cholesterol
* Its in the blood and must be carried into cells by a protein or lipid complex.
* It is essential to the cell membrane.
* It has a role in the fluidity of cell membranes
* Used in the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts.
82
Eicosanoids
Lipids derived from arachidonic acid and are key to chemicals in immune defense and inflammation.
Examples are prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Leukotrienes are a factor in asthma, thus a medications to block them help asthma. Prostaglandin Esub2 is blocked by Aspirin to reduce pain and inflammation.
83
What response do Eicosanoids produce?
Inflammatory responses
