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Bio Med > Vocab, Unit 1 > Flashcards

Vocab, Unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy

A

Is the study of the structure of the human body.

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Is the study of the function of the human body. Includes homeostasis (the systems that keep the body in balance)

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3
Q

Explain the relationship between structure and function.

A
  1. Structure defines function and vise versa
  2. Structure designs the specific function
  3. They are complimentary to each other.
  4. Function influences the size, shape and action and reaction of the structure.
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4
Q

Embryology

A

The first 8 weeks of life

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5
Q

Developmental Biology

A

All stages of development

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6
Q

Histology

A

Microscopic structure of tissue

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7
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Surface markings of the body

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8
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Structure of specific systems

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9
Q

Radiographic Anatomy

A

Body Structures visualized with x-ray, CT or MRI

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10
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

Structural changes with disease

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11
Q

Cell Biology

A

Cell Structure and function

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12
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Functional properties of nerve cells

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13
Q

Endocrinology

A

Hormones and how they control body functions

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14
Q

Cardiovascular Physiology

A

Functions of the heart and blood vessels

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15
Q

Immunology

A

how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents

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16
Q

Respiratory Physiology

A

Functions of the air passageways and lungs

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17
Q

Renal Physiology

A

Functions of the kidneys

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18
Q

Exercise Physiology

A

Changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity

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19
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Functional changes associated with disease and ageing

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20
Q

What is the first level of organization?

A

Chemical, both atomic and molecular

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21
Q

List all 6 levels of organization from smallest to largest.

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System
  6. Organism
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22
Q

All cells have what three things in common?

A
  1. They have a plasma membrane made of lipids
  2. They are filled with cytoplasm
  3. They have a nucleus
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23
Q

Examples of Atoms

A

Hydrogen, Sodium, Iron, Calcium, Sulfur ect. ect.

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24
Q

Examples of Molecules

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, Vitamins, neurotransmitters, ect ect.

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25
Q

Examples of Tissues

A

Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscular tissue, Nervous tissue. ect. ect.

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26
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A
  1. Protects
  2. regulates temperature
  3. eliminates some waste
  4. helps in production of vitamin D
  5. Detects sensation of touch
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27
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Supports and protects the body
  2. Provides surface area for muscle attachment
  3. aids body movement
  4. Houses cells that produce blood
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28
Q

Functions of the Muscular System

A
  1. Produces body movements

2. Stabilizes body position

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29
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities
  2. detects changes internally and externally
  3. Interprets and responds to changes
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30
Q

Functions of the Endocrine System

A
  1. Regulates body activities by releasing hormones into the blood (from endocrine gland or tissue)
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31
Q

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

A
  1. Heart pumps blood through the body
  2. Blood Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries away waste (carbon dioxide)
  3. Helps regulate the acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids.
  4. Blood components help defend against disease and help with repair.
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32
Q

Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System

A
  1. Returns proteins and fluid to blood

2. Carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood

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33
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

A
  1. Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
  2. Helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
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34
Q

Functions of the Digestive System

A
  1. Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food
  2. Absorbs nutrients
  3. Eliminates waste
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35
Q

Functions of the Urinary System

A
  1. Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
  2. Eliminates waste and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
  3. Helps maintain the acid base balance of body fluids.
  4. Maintains body’s mineral balance
  5. Helps regulate production of red blood cells
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36
Q

Functions of the Reproductive System

A
  1. Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unit to form a new organism.
  2. Gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
  3. Associated organs transport and store gametes
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37
Q

Components of the Lymphatic System

A

Lymph fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils

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38
Q

Components of the Endocrine System

A

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreases, ovaries, and testes

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39
Q

What system are the special senses part of?

A

The Nervous System

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40
Q

Define anatomical position

A
  1. Subject is standing erect and facing observer
  2. Head is level and feet directed forward
  3. Arms at their side with palms forward
41
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

42
Q

What does CT stand for?

A

Computed Tomography

43
Q

What are the 2 body cavities?

A
  1. Dorsal

2. Ventral

44
Q

What are the 2 sub cavities in the dorsal cavity?

A
  1. Cranial Cavity

2. Vertebral Cavity

45
Q

What are the 2 sub cavities in the ventral cavity?

A
  1. Thoracic

2. Abdominopelvic

46
Q

What are the 3 divisions in the thoracic cavity?

A
  1. Pleural Cavity
  2. Pericardial Cavity
  3. Mediastinum
47
Q

What are the 2 divisions in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A
  1. Abdominal Cavity

2. Pelvic Cavity

48
Q

The vertical lines that create the regions are determined how?

A

They are midclavicular.

49
Q

What are the names of the horizontal lines of the regions?

A
  1. Subcostal line

2. Transtubercular line

50
Q

Name the three regions of the right side, starting with the top most region.

A
  1. Right Hypochondriac Region
  2. Right Lumbar Region
  3. Right Inguinal (iliac) Region
51
Q

Name the three regions of the left side, starting with the top most region.

A
  1. Left Hypochondriac Region
  2. Left Lumbar Region
  3. Left Inguinal (iliac) Region
52
Q

Name the three regions in the center of the body, starting with the top most region.

A
  1. Epigastric Region
  2. Umbilical Region
  3. Hypogastric (pubic) Region
53
Q

In what quadrant would you find the liver?

A

Right upper quadrant

54
Q

In what quadrant would you find the cecum?

A

Right lower quadrant

cecum = where the small and large intestine meet

55
Q

In what quadrant would you find the left ovary?

A

Left lower quadrant

56
Q

In what quadrant would you find the right kidney?

A

Left upper quadrant

57
Q

In what quadrant would you find the appendix?

A

Right lower quadrant

58
Q

In what quadrant would you find the spleen?

A

Left upper quadrant

59
Q

In what quadrant would you find the stomach?

A

Left upper quadrant

60
Q

Is the left upper quadrant on your patient on your left or your right?

A

On you right

61
Q

What view point do you take when looking at a cross sectional image?

A

Always imagine you are at the patients feet. Thus their right is your left and vice versa

62
Q

Modality

A

How you are receiving information. In imaging it could be x-ray, CT, or MRI. Senses are also modalities.

63
Q

What is the name of the bone in the lower arm that is superior to the thumb?

A

The radius

64
Q

What are the names of the 2 bones in the lower arm?

A
  1. Radius

2. Ulna

65
Q

What are the names of the 2 bones in the lower leg?

A
  1. Tibia

2. Fibula

66
Q

Of the 2 bones in the lower leg, which is the larger one?

A

Tibia

67
Q

Which of the two bones in the lower leg is medial?

A

Tibia

68
Q

What is the name of the lateral bone of the 2 in the lower leg?

A

Fibula

69
Q

Define Axial

A

Bones of the central axis of the body; skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

70
Q

Define Appendicular Skeleton

A

Bones of the appendages; such as clavicle, scapula, pelvis, and bones creating the arms and legs.

71
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.

72
Q

Which are more common;

negative or positive feed back loops?

A

Negative feed back loops

73
Q

Name some positive feed back loops

A
  1. Child birth
  2. Loss of blood
  3. and other examples I am sure
74
Q

What are the consequences of a positive feed back loop?

A

“A positive feed back system tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions.

75
Q

What are the consequences of a negative feed back loop?

A

“A negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition.”

76
Q

Name some negative feed back loops

A

An example is if your blood pressure raised due to anxiety, a negative feed back loop would bring it back to homeostasis. Negative feed back loops usually return things to a normal range. (blood glucose, heart rate, ect.)

77
Q

How do negative and positive feed back loops stop?

A

Negative: When a set pre-existing point is returned to. (temperature, glucose, ect)
Positive: Only stopped by an outside mechanism. (baby is delivered, elements needed to clot blood are depleted, ect)

78
Q

Define Signs

A

Something that can be observed or measured. Examples are fever, swelling, redness, vomiting ect.

79
Q

Define Symptom

A

“A subjective change in body function not apparent to an observer.” Examples include: nausea, shortness of breath, headache ect.

80
Q

Define Syndrome

A

“is a group of signs and/or symptoms that commonly occur together.”

81
Q

Define Regulatory Processes

A

I am guessing this is completed through negative feed back systems and is a way of returning systems to homeostasis. It is not defined in the book or study guide.

82
Q

Define Disease

A

“Any change from a state of health”, or a disruption from normal physiology.

83
Q

Give a simple explanation of cause of autoimmune diseases.

A

In the first few months of life the body decides what is self and what is non-self. Unknown environmental triggers cause T and B cells to create immune response against self-antigens.
(Text book, pg 867)

84
Q

Define Infectious Disease

A

Diseases caused by an external factor, such as a virus, bacterium, fungus or parasite.

85
Q

List the 3 modes of Disease Trnasmission

A
  1. Contact Transmission
  2. Common Vehicle Transmission
  3. Airborne Transmission
  4. Vector Transmission
86
Q

Define Contact Transmission

A

“By definition, if the person transmitting the disease is within 1 meter of the person receiving the disease, it is contact transmission”

87
Q

Explain Vector Transmission

A

If the disease is transmitted by a third party such as a tick and Lyme disease, mosquito and malaria, ect. A vector can be a human.

88
Q

What is a carrier?

A

“If a vector is a person who does not appear to be ill, they are called a carrier.”

89
Q

What is a common vehicle transmission?

A

“Infection or disease carried through food, water or bodily fluids.”

90
Q

What is air born transmission?

A

“If the infectious agent is carried on droplets that travel more than 1 meter.”

91
Q

Define Sporadic infections

A

“Occur in individuals here and there, with no evidence of widespread incidence in a population.”

92
Q

Define Endemic infections

A

“Are more common in one geographic area than elsewhere, but occur at low to moderate levels in that area”

93
Q

Define Epidemic infections

A

“Occur at higher than normal level in a population”

94
Q

Define Pandemic infections

A

“Occur World Wide”

95
Q

A word to describe a patient with a low ability to fight infection

A

Immunocompromised

96
Q

A hospital acquired infection is called what?

A

Nosocomial infection

97
Q

Define endogenous

A

“coming from organisms that the patient normally has present, but that have not previously caused disease”

98
Q

Define exogenous

A

infections “from the external environment”

99
Q

Explain significant figures

A

“Sig fig’s assure that we don’t create numbers where none existed before. Whichever number in a calculation has the fewest digits is the number of significant figures.”

Bio Med (5 decks)

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