vocab unit 2

Question 1

Active Transport

Answer 1

moves molecules from lower to higher concentration with the use of energy.

Question 2

Passive Transport

Answer 2

moves molecules from higher to lower concentration, no energy is required.

Question 3

flagellum

Answer 3

found on some bacteria and allows them to swim

Question 4

cilium

Answer 4

found on some epithelial cells (lungs). They wave rhythmically to move dirt and mucus out.

Question 5

microvilli

Answer 5

found in the small intestine, to increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

Question 6

Microtubules

Answer 6

in the interior of the cell and maintain cell shape by resisting compression.

Question 7

microfilaments

Answer 7

thicken the inner edge of a cell to resist tension (stretching).

Question 8

Chromosomes

Answer 8

part of the nucleus. occur in pairs. each gene on the chromosome has two alleles (such as T and t on a punnett square), one on each chromosome of the pair.

Question 9

Integral Proteins

Answer 9

inserted into the lipid bilayer

Question 10

Interphase

Answer 10

the long life stage of the cell when it is not dividing (mitosis).

Question 10

peripheral proteins

Answer 10

bound to the outside of the membrane indirectly by protein-protein interactions.

Question 10

telophase

Answer 10

the last step of mitosis, when the chromosomes reach the poles. Telophase is followed by cytokinesis, or the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.

Question 10

anaphase

Answer 10

the sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Question 11

metaphase

Answer 11

the microtubules of the spindle have attached and the chromosomes have lined up.

Question 11

Helicase

Answer 11

enzymes that unwind DNA whenever a single-stranded DNA is required (DNA replication, DNA repair/recombination, and transcription of RNA)

Question 11

DNA

Answer 11

make up genes

Question 11

mitochondria

Answer 11

the organelles responsible for energy conversion and ATP production in eukaryotic cells.

Question 11

ribosomes

Answer 11

small organelles and are the site of protein synthesis.

Question 11

Autosomes

Answer 11

any chromosomes not considered a sex chromosome.

Question 12

somatic cells

Answer 12

(non sex cells) and singly in sex cells (gametes).

Question 13

genotype

Answer 13

their unique sequence of DNA (the two alleles a person has inherited for a particular gene).

Question 14

phenotype

Answer 14

the detectable expression of this genotype – a patient’s clinical presentation.

Question 15

mitotic spindle

Answer 15

a structure composed of microtubules.

Question 16

microtubules

Answer 16

a rope-like component of the cytoskeleton occurring during mitosis.

Question 17

germ cell

Answer 17

refers the the sex cells (eggs and sperm). They contain 23 individual chromosomes.

Question 18

stem cells

Answer 18

cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body through mitosis and contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 19

cell cycle

Answer 19

refers to the entire life cycle of a cell.

Question 20

mitosis

Answer 20

refers to the part of a cell's life where cell division occurs.

Question 21

Golgi apparatus

Answer 21

a factory in which proteins received from the ER are processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion.

Question 22

Haploid Cells

Answer 22

those that have only a single set of chromosomes

Question 23

Diploid Cells

Answer 23

have two sets of chromosomes

Question 24

mRNA

Answer 24

makes a template (instructions) of the code for the protein from DNA.

Question 25

tRNA

Answer 25

is a carrier molecule that transfers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Question 26

Nucleus

Answer 26

an organelle in the cell, bound by a nuclear envelope

Question 27

nucleolus

Answer 27

a sub-organelle present inside the nucleus that contains RNA and is not bounded by a membrane.

Question 28

cytoplasm

Answer 28

where the the nucleus, ER, and mitochondria are located

Question 29

organelles

Answer 29

nucleus, ER, and mitochondria

Question 30

lysosome

Answer 30

contain enzymes (lysozyme) that degrade molecules for phagocytosis.

Question 31

peroxisomes

Answer 31

contain enzymes (catalase) that convert H2O2 to water and oxygen, neutralizing toxicity.

Question 32

cytokinesis

Answer 32

the last step of mitosis in which the cytoplasm of the cell divides.

Question 33

cell division

Answer 33

occurs when a whole cell divides

Question 34

translation

Answer 34

converts mRNA into proteins

Question 35

transcription

Answer 35

involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

Question 36

osmolality

Answer 36

concentration of dissolved solids

Question 37

osmosis

Answer 37

the movement of water in or out of cells

Question 38

membrane channels

Answer 38

complexes of membrane proteins that mediate passive transport of solutes by forming an aqueous diffusion pore.

Question 39

Phagocytosis

Answer 39

the movement of large particles or whole cells

Question 40

pinocytosis

Answer 40

involves the transport of solutes or fluids in and out of a cell

Question 41

rough ER

Answer 41

studded with millions of ribosomes, is involved with the production and folding of some proteins.

Question 42

smooth ER

Answer 42

associated with lipid and steroid hormone production

Question 43

isotonic

Answer 43

has the same or very similar concentration of solute as another solution, meaning the water will stay the same.

Question 44

hypotonic

Answer 44

has a lower concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow out of it.

Question 45

hypertonic

Answer 45

has a higher concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow into it.

Question 46

sodium potassium pump

Answer 46

moves sodium and potassium ions against large concentration gradients through active transport. It moves two K+ ions into the cell where potassium levels are high, and pumps three Na+ ions out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid.

Question 47

Semi-permeable

Answer 47

a membrane that allows some particle to pass through (by size)

Question 48

selectively permeable

Answer 48

"chooses" what passes through (size is not a factor)

Question 49

stem cell

Answer 49

can produce additional stem cells

Question 50

progenitor cells

Answer 50

already partially differentiated and display a limited capability of differentiation