vocab unit 2 Flashcards
Active Transport
moves molecules from lower to higher concentration with the use of energy.
Passive Transport
moves molecules from higher to lower concentration, no energy is required.
flagellum
found on some bacteria and allows them to swim
cilium
found on some epithelial cells (lungs). They wave rhythmically to move dirt and mucus out.
microvilli
found in the small intestine, to increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
Microtubules
in the interior of the cell and maintain cell shape by resisting compression.
microfilaments
thicken the inner edge of a cell to resist tension (stretching).
Chromosomes
part of the nucleus. occur in pairs. each gene on the chromosome has two alleles (such as T and t on a punnett square), one on each chromosome of the pair.
Integral Proteins
inserted into the lipid bilayer
Interphase
the long life stage of the cell when it is not dividing (mitosis).
peripheral proteins
bound to the outside of the membrane indirectly by protein-protein interactions.
telophase
the last step of mitosis, when the chromosomes reach the poles. Telophase is followed by cytokinesis, or the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.
anaphase
the sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell.
metaphase
the microtubules of the spindle have attached and the chromosomes have lined up.
Helicase
enzymes that unwind DNA whenever a single-stranded DNA is required (DNA replication, DNA repair/recombination, and transcription of RNA)
DNA
make up genes
mitochondria
the organelles responsible for energy conversion and ATP production in eukaryotic cells.
ribosomes
small organelles and are the site of protein synthesis.
Autosomes
any chromosomes not considered a sex chromosome.
somatic cells
(non sex cells) and singly in sex cells (gametes).
genotype
their unique sequence of DNA (the two alleles a person has inherited for a particular gene).
phenotype
the detectable expression of this genotype – a patient’s clinical presentation.
mitotic spindle
a structure composed of microtubules.
microtubules
a rope-like component of the cytoskeleton occurring during mitosis.
germ cell
refers the the sex cells (eggs and sperm). They contain 23 individual chromosomes.
stem cells
cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body through mitosis and contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
cell cycle
refers to the entire life cycle of a cell.
mitosis
refers to the part of a cell’s life where cell division occurs.
Golgi apparatus
a factory in which proteins received from the ER are processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion.
Haploid Cells
those that have only a single set of chromosomes
Diploid Cells
have two sets of chromosomes
mRNA
makes a template (instructions) of the code for the protein from DNA.
tRNA
is a carrier molecule that transfers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Nucleus
an organelle in the cell, bound by a nuclear envelope
nucleolus
a sub-organelle present inside the nucleus that contains RNA and is not bounded by a membrane.
cytoplasm
where the the nucleus, ER, and mitochondria are located
organelles
nucleus, ER, and mitochondria
lysosome
contain enzymes (lysozyme) that degrade molecules for phagocytosis.
peroxisomes
contain enzymes (catalase) that convert H2O2 to water and oxygen, neutralizing toxicity.
cytokinesis
the last step of mitosis in which the cytoplasm of the cell divides.
cell division
occurs when a whole cell divides
translation
converts mRNA into proteins
transcription
involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
osmolality
concentration of dissolved solids
osmosis
the movement of water in or out of cells
membrane channels
complexes of membrane proteins that mediate passive transport of solutes by forming an aqueous diffusion pore.
Phagocytosis
the movement of large particles or whole cells
pinocytosis
involves the transport of solutes or fluids in and out of a cell
rough ER
studded with millions of ribosomes, is involved with the production and folding of some proteins.
smooth ER
associated with lipid and steroid hormone production
isotonic
has the same or very similar concentration of solute as another solution, meaning the water will stay the same.
hypotonic
has a lower concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow out of it.
hypertonic
has a higher concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow into it.
sodium potassium pump
moves sodium and potassium ions against large concentration gradients through active transport. It moves two K+ ions into the cell where potassium levels are high, and pumps three Na+ ions out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid.
Semi-permeable
a membrane that allows some particle to pass through (by size)
selectively permeable
“chooses” what passes through (size is not a factor)
stem cell
can produce additional stem cells
progenitor cells
already partially differentiated and display a limited capability of differentiation
